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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/230
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondogenet Agricultural Research Center P.O. Box:198, Shashemene, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: Aman Getiso, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondogenet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box:198, Shashemene, Ethiopia.
Citation: Aman Getiso and Diribi Mijena, (2024), Trend Analysis of Poultry production, population growth and distribution in Ethiopia, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 7(7); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/230
Copyright: © 2024, Aman Getiso -Ardila. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 28 May 2024 | Accepted: 17 June 2024 | Published: 01 July 2024
Keywords: poultry production, population growth, distribution, trend analysis, mann-kendall test
Ethiopia's poultry sector plays a vital role in agricultural development, food security, and rural livelihoods. Despite its importance, there remains limited understanding of the trends in poultry production, population growth, and distribution across the country. Hence, this manuscript presents a comprehensive trend analysis of poultry production, population dynamics, and distribution patterns in Ethiopia from 2004 to 2022. Data from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) and FAOSTAT were analyzed using non-parametric statistical methods to assess trends in poultry production and population growth. The analysis reveals a consistent upward trend in the poultry population across various regions of Ethiopia except for a slight decrease observed in Addis Ababa during 2004-2007, with indigenous breeds dominating the landscape. Despite challenges such as disease outbreaks and limited commercialization, the poultry sector has experienced significant growth, driven by factors like population increase and shifting dietary preferences. The study also highlights increasing trends in egg and meat production, indicating the sector's potential for further expansion. Recommendations are provided for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to promote sustainable growth, enhance food security, and improve the livelihoods of poultry farmers in Ethiopia. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of continued investment and innovation in the poultry sector to realize its full potential in contributing to Ethiopia's agricultural development and economic prosperity.
Ethiopia is home to numerous livestock species and is naturally endowed with various agroecological zones and acceptable environmental conditions (Leta and Mesele,2014)1. Ethiopia has large poultry population, estimated to be 41.35 million preceded by cattle, 66 million (CSA,2022)2. Poultry production plays a significant role in Ethiopia's agricultural sector, contributing to food security, income generation, and employment opportunities (Fekadu et al., 2023)3. Ethiopia boasts a substantial livestock resource, with poultry being the second most populous category after cattle. However, despite their significance in terms of numbers, there remains limited knowledge about poultry production systems, population growth, egg utilization trends, and development strategies in the country (Urgesa,2023)4. Ethiopia's indigenous poultry production system is an essential component of the country's farming system and it is typified by small flocks, low input, and an unstructured marketing system (Yadesa et al., 2017)5. One of the most significant agricultural subsectors for Ethiopia's rural populations is poultry. The population of poultry is almost exclusively made up of native chicken; according to recent estimates, the percentages of native, hybrid, and exotic fowl are, respectively, 78.04%, 17.58%, and 4.34% (CSA, 2022)2. Mekuriaw and Harris-Coble (2021)6 also reported recent estimates of which 81.7% of the breeds are native, 10.9% are hybrids, and 7.4% are exotics.
Because of this, poultry is the largest group of livestock species, accounting for over 30% of all animal protein consumed worldwide (Alemneh and Getachew, 2019)7. According to Urgesa (2023)4, the proportionate share of poultry in the global animal protein production was expected to rise to 40% by 2020, with the developing world experiencing the largest increase.
Ethiopia's poultry industry has expanded significantly in recent years due to a number of factors including population increase, urbanization, and shifting dietary preferences. The country's poultry sector is characterized by a mix of traditional and commercial production systems, with different regions showing varying levels of development and adoption of modern practices (Erdaw and Beyene, 2022)8.
Ethiopia, with its large and growing population, presents a unique case study for understanding the dynamics of poultry production, population growth, and distribution. Studying poultry production, productivity and population growth trends is crucial for advancing agricultural development, promoting food security, supporting rural livelihoods, and fostering sustainability within the poultry sector and the broader agricultural landscape (Dixon et al.,2020)9. Hence understanding these trends is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to develop strategies that promote sustainable growth, improve food security, and enhance the livelihoods of poultry farmers across the country. Therefore, this trend analysis aims to explore the historical patterns and current trends in poultry production, population growth, and distribution across Ethiopia.
Data (Information) on annual poultry production, population growth and distribution in Ethiopia for the period of 2004 to 2022 were collected from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2004 -2022)10 and FAOSTAT (2024)11.
Trend Analysis
The statistical significance of the trend in poultry production and population growth data was assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods, which are less susceptible to outliers and identify trends in time series without indicating whether they are linear or non-linear (Partal and Kahya, 2006; Yenigun et al., 2008; Hadgu et al., 2013)12,13,14. The trends in Poultry production and population growth dataset were analyzed using the tidyverse, trend and Kendall R packages of R-4.3.3 version. This package has useful functions for data visualization and analysis. The Mann-Kendall trend test and p-value at 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) on Production and population growth data for annual time series from 2004 to 2022 was performed/computed using RStudio and R Programming software. The Mann-Kendall test is a frequently utilized nonparametric test for annual time series data to determine the trend (Chisang et al., 2024; Butler and Vance,2022; Akinbile et al., 2015)15,16,17
The annual trend and its statistical significance were calculated using the trend R package (McLeod,2005; Pohlert,2016)18,19. The Sen’s slope function in trend R package was used to calculate the slope of the trend (increase/decrease per year) while the MK test function (Mann-Kendall test) was used to verify if the trend is statistically significant or if it is the result of the variability within the production and population growth (Mangiafico, 2016)20. More information on trend analysis is provided by Akinbile et al. (2015)17, Butler and Vance (2022) and Mcleod (2005)16.
The equation (1), (2), (3) and (4) were used to compute the Mann-Kendall’s test statistic, the sign function, the variance of S and ZMK (approximates the standard normal distribution) respectively.
The Mann-Kendall’s test statistic is given as:
where S is Mann-Kendall’s test statistics; xi and xj are the sequential data values of the time series in the years i and j (j >i); and N is the length of the time series. A positive S value indicates an increasing trend, and a negative value indicates a decreasing trend in the data series. The sign function is given as:
Equatio (2)
The variance including the correction term for ties is:
Equation (3)
where p is the number of the tied groups in the data set and tj is the number of data points in the jth tied group.
For n larger than 10, ZMK approximates the standard normal distribution (Partal and Kahya, 2006; Yenigunet al., 2008)12,13 and is computed as follows:
Equation (4)
The presence of a significant trend is evaluated using the ZMK value. The null hypothesis Ho should be accepted in a two-sided trend test if ZMK Z1-a/2 at a given level of significance. The critical value of ZMK in the standard normal table is Z-a/2.
Distribution of chicken flocks geographically
The distribution of Ethiopia's total poultry population by regions from 2004 to 2022 is displayed in Table 1. Ethiopia is home to over 60% of all East African chicken breeds, including hybrid, exotic, and native varieties (Sisay et al., 2018)21. According to the CSA (2004-2022)10 and FAOSTAT (2024)11 data, the Oromia region has the most hens, followed by the Amhara, SNNPR, and Tigray regions. Together, the regions of Oromia (35.9%), Amhara (31.6%), SNNPR (18.1%), and Tigray (10.5%) account for 96.1 percent of the country's chicken population. The regions of Afar, Somalia, Benshangul Gumuz, and Gambela account for the majority of the remaining 3.9 percent.
Over the years, the number of chickens has increased slowly; in 2022, the total population was projected to be 41.35 million (fig 1). One key explanation for the slow expansion in the chicken population could be the high death rate from diseases and predators in the scavenging production systems. One further factor is the restricted growth of commercial poultry production, concerning both the quantity and the number of producers. FAO (2019)22.
NA = Not Available
Table 1. Distribution of total Poultry Population by Region in Ethiopia (in thousands)
Figure 1: Distribution and Trends of Poultry Population in Ethiopia
Distribution Trend Analysis
The Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics is a non-parametric test used to detect trends in time series data. It's particularly useful when the data doesn't meet the assumptions of normality required by parametric tests (Agbo et al., 2023)23. Hence, the Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics analysis reveals a consistent increasing trend in the poultry population across various regions in Ethiopia from 2004 to 2022, except for a slight decrease observed in Addis Ababa during 2004-2007 (Table 2). Tigray exhibits a significant increasing trend (P-value = < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed>
With the exception of a minor decline in Addis Ababa between 2004 and 2007, the Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics analysis concludes that there is a continuous upward trend in the number of chickens in Ethiopia's different regions from 2004 to 2022. The findings show how the Ethiopian poultry sector has expanded and become more significant over the given time frame.
| S/N | Region | ZMK | MK statistics | P-value | Sen’s slope | Trend |
| 1 | Tigray (2004-2021) | 4.848 | 129 | <0> | 223213.7 | Increase |
| 2 | Afar | 2.729 | 79 | 0.0063 | 4755.8 | Increase |
| 3 | Amhara | 4.338 | 125 | <0> | 617031.6 | Increase |
| 4 | Oromia | 3.499 | 101 | 0.00047 | 482069.0 | Increase |
| 5 | Somali | 3.436 | 102 | 0.00041 | 13505.5 | Increase |
| 6 | Benishangul-Gumuz | 3.009 | 87 | 0.0026 | 42798.4 | Increase |
| 7 | SNNPR | 1.889 | 55 | 0.059 | 157827.0 | Increase |
| 8 | Gambella (2008-2022) | 2.474 | 51 | 0.013 | 10833.5 | Increase |
| 9 | Harari | 5.108 | 147 | <0> | 4511.0 | Increase |
| 10 | Diredawa | 4.890 | 141 | <0> | 4664.8 | Increase |
| 11 | Addis Ababa (2004-2007) | -0.340 | -2 | 0.734 | -7096.0 | Decrease |
| Total (CSA, 2004-2022)10 | 3.569 | 103 | 0.00034 | 1664052.0 | Increase | |
| Total (FAOSTAT, 2024)11 | 2.799 | 81 | 0.0051 | 1346250.0 | Increase | |
Table 2. Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics for Poultry Population by Region in Ethiopia for 2004-2022
Trends in Eggs and Meat Production
Table 3 presents the number of eggs produced per breed of chicken (CSA, 2004–2022)10, the overall number of eggs produced (FAOSTAT, 2024)11, and the total amount of meat produced (FAOSTAT, 2024)11 during the period of 2004–2022. Egg production (measured in thousands) for native chicken breeds began in 2005 at approximately 97458 thousand eggs, reached a peak of 123,624 thousand eggs in 2021, and then declined to 105,204 thousand eggs in 2022. Even though, data is missing for some years exotic breeds produce eggs started from 5,992 thousand eggs in 2009, peaked at 407,012 thousand eggs in 2022. Exotic Breeds started from 792 thousand eggs in 2008, peaked at 34,606 thousand eggs in 2021, then slightly decreased to 17,822 thousand eggs in 2022. Overall, Egg production in Ethiopia has shown a consistent upward trend over the years, with occasional fluctuations. The total number of eggs produced has increased substantially from 2004 to 2022. While there is a general upward trend, there are fluctuations in egg production from year to year. These fluctuations could be attributed to various factors such as changes in market demand, disease outbreaks affecting poultry, changes in government policies, and variations in weather conditions affecting poultry farming. From 2004 to 2009, egg production showed relatively steady growth, with some fluctuations. The growth during this period might be attributed to increased investment in poultry farming, improved farming practices, and rising demand for eggs. The period from 2010 onwards witnessed a significant increase in egg production. The growth rate appears to accelerate during this period, with the total number of eggs produced more than doubling between 2010 and 2022. This rapid growth could be influenced by several factors, including increased investment in the poultry sector, improved infrastructure, technological advancements in poultry farming, and rising demand for eggs due to population growth and changing dietary habits. Notably, there is a substantial spike in egg production from 2020 to 2022. The total number of eggs produced more than doubled between 2019 and 2020, and then again between 2020 and 2022. This sharp increase could be due to several factors, including increased government support for the poultry sector, expansion of commercial poultry farms, adoption of advanced farming techniques, and a surge in demand for eggs driven by population growth, urbanization, and changes in dietary preferences. The increasing trend in egg production indicates a growing poultry industry in Ethiopia. This has several implications, including economic benefits such as job creation, income generation for farmers, and contribution to food security. However, it also brings challenges such as ensuring sustainable production practices, addressing environmental concerns associated with poultry farming, and maintaining quality standards to meet consumer demands (CSA, 2004-2022)10.
According to the FAOSTAT (2024)11 total meat production from all chicken breeds shows fluctuation over the years, with a peak of 73,000 tons in 2015 and total eggs have been increasing steadily over the years, reaching a peak of 1146670 thousand tons in 2022.
Indigenous breeds consistently contribute to egg production, with a notable increase over the years. Hybrid breeds have shown a significant increase in egg production, becoming a major contributor by 2022. Exotic breeds also contribute to egg production, although their numbers are comparatively lower than the other breeds. Total egg production has been steadily increasing over the years. Meat production shows fluctuations but generally maintains a significant level. These trends indicate a growing demand for both eggs and meat, with various breeds contributing to meeting this demand.
| Year | Eggs Production per chicken breeds in numbers in 1000s | Total eggs production in number in 1000s (CSA, 2004 – 2022)10 | Total eggs production in number in 1000s (FAOSTAT, 2024)11 | Meat total (t) (FAOSTAT, 2024)11 | ||
| Indigenous | Hybrids | Exotic | ||||
| 2004 | NA | NA | NA | 63523 | 915000 | 47 |
| 2005 | 97458 | NA | 5326 | 102784 | 835000 | 43 |
| 2006 | 57495 | 7395 | 2569 | 67460 | 890000 | 45 |
| 2007 | 61204 | 7949 | 12506 | 81660 | 905000 | 46 |
| 2008 | 68241 | 6251 | 792 | 75284 | 875000 | 49 |
| 2009 | 71748 | 5992 | 1348 | 79089 | 885000 | 50 |
| 2010 | 78066 | NA | NA | 78066 | 877500 | 59 |
| 2011 | 89725 | 7771 | 805 | 98301 | 900000 | 54 |
| 2012 | 78895 | 14845 | 936 | 94676 | 909000 | 60 |
| 2013 | 85491 | 6218 | 1424 | 93133 | 932000 | 62 |
| 2014 | 89560 | 9578 | 1703 | 100841 | 967000 | 69 |
| 2015 | 93801 | 7605 | 5164 | 106571 | 1208000 | 73 |
| 2016 | 95767 | 8097 | 10772 | 114636 | 1187000 | 72 |
| 2017 | 92692 | 12137 | 22126 | 126956 | 1196000 | 67 |
| 2018 | 85919 | 16138 | 34708 | 136764 | 1138609 | 71 |
| 2019 | 82243 | 30594 | 38636 | 151473 | 1182610 | 58 |
| 2020 | 110569 | 176443 | 29809 | 316821 | 1112745 | 68 |
| 2021 | 123624 | 210564 | 34606 | 368794 | 1144655 | 49 |
| 2022 | 105204 | 407012 | 17822 | 530038 | 1146670 | 49 |
NA = Not available
Table 3: Trends in eggs and meat production per chicken breeds from CSA and FAOSTAT
Trend Analysis of Eggs and Meat
The Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics provides insights into the trends in meat and egg production across different chicken breeds and the total production in Ethiopia from 2004 to 2022 (Table 4). The indigenous breed shows a significant increasing trend (p-value = 0.0011) in egg production, supported by a high ZMK (3.26) and the Sen’s slope is 2950215, suggesting a substantial increase in egg production over time. Hybrids also exhibit a significant increasing trend (p = 0.00027 in egg production, with a higher ZMK (3.65) and Sen’s slope is 2258041, indicating a considerable increase in egg production over the years. The exotic breed shows a significant increasing trend (P-value = 0.0045) in egg production, although with a slightly lower ZMK (2.84) value compared to hybrids and the Sen’s slope is 1778507, suggesting a notable increase in egg production over time. The total poultry production, including meat and eggs from all chicken breeds according to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2004-2022)10, exhibits a significant increasing trend, with a high ZMK (4.83) value and a very low P value = 0.0001 with the Sen’s slope is 6462604, reflecting a substantial increase in total egg production over the analyzed period.
Both meat and egg production from all chicken breeds show significant positive trends. The total meat production from all chicken breeds, according to FAOSTAT in 2024, shows a significant increasing trend (p = 0.0063), although with a lower ZMK (2.73) value compared to the total production reported by CSA with Sen’s slope of 1,585, showing a considerable increase in total egg production over the analyzed period. The total egg production from all chicken breeds, according to FAOSTAT in 2024, exhibits a significant increasing trend (p= <0>
Generally, from 2004 to 2022, Ethiopian chicken breeds' egg and meat output increased consistently and significantly, according to the Mann-Kendall trend analysis. This suggests that the nation's chicken industry is expanding favorably and may eventually advance.
| S/N | Breeds | Production parameter | ZMK | Mk-statistics | P-value | Alpha | Sen’s Slope | Trend |
| 1 | Indigenous | Eggs | 3.258 | 87 | 0.0011 | 0.05 | 2950215 | Increase |
| 2 | Hybrids | Eggs | 3.647 | 82 | 0.00027 | 0.05 | 2258041 | Increase |
| 3 | Exotic | Eggs | 2.842 | 70 | 0.0045 | 0.05 | 1778507 | Increase |
| 4 | Total (CSA, 2004-2022)10 | 4.828 | 139 | <0> | 0.05 | 6462604 | Increase | |
| 5 | Total Meat and Eggs from all Chicken (FAOSTAT, 2024)11 | |||||||
| 6 | From all Chicken | Meat of chicken (tons) | 2.729 | 79 | 0.0063 | 0.05 | 1585 | Increase |
| 7 | Egg (tons) | 4.446 | 128 | <0> | 0.05 | 1000 | Increase | |
Table 4. Mann-Kendall Trend Statistics of Poultry Production (Meat and eggs) by chicken breeds type and total in Ethiopia for 2004-2022
Based on the comprehensive trend analysis of poultry production, population growth, and distribution in Ethiopia from 2004 to 2022, several conclusions can be made:
Based on the comprehensive analysis of poultry production, population growth, and distribution trends in Ethiopia, several recommendations can be made:
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
