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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-4787/029
1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Misurata University.
2 Department of Histopathology, National Cancer Institute, Misurata.
3 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Misurata University.
4 Department of Urology, National Cancer Institute.
5 Genetic Engineering Centre, National Cancer Institute, Misurata.
*Corresponding Author: Omar Alqawi, Genetic Engineering Centre, National Cancer Institute, Misurata.
Citation: E Elshahmi, F Emaetig, F Elgaraboli, A Abushnaf, O Alqawi. (2022). The Evaluation of PSA levels in Libyan Prostate Cancer Patients. Clinical Oncology Research and Reports. 3(1); Doi:10.31579/2693-4787/029
Copyright: © 2022 Omar Alqawi, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 28 September 2021 | Accepted: 24 December 2021 | Published: 03 January 2022
Keywords: prostate cancer; psa level; gleason score
Background: Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men with higher prevalence in the developed countries. The use of biomarkers for prostate cancer can improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer and clinical management of the patients. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used to screen for prostate cancer and there is evidence that PSA testing reduces prostate cancer mortality.
Objective: In this report we have studied the relationship between the Gleason score, age and PSA levels of prostate adenocarcinoma tissues from Libyan patients to evaluate the levels of PSA in prostate cancer patients.
Materials and methods: The data was collected from medical files of 40 patients who underwent curative surgical prostatectomy or prostate true cut biopsy at National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Misurata, Libya during 2016 to 2018. The clinical and histopathological information included age, PSA levels, and Gleason score grade.
Results: Our data showed that PSA level was statistically significant correlation with Gleason score grade (p- value = 0.007, <0.05). The increased serum PSA level was associated with the progression of prostate cancer. However, we found no statistically significant correlation between PSA and the age of patients (p- value = 0.435).
Conclusion: Our data confirmed the association of high levels of PSA and the progress of prostate cancer.
One of the most main health problems in men is prostate cancer. The rate of prostate cancer surges significantly after the age of 40 years, and around two-thirds of all prostate cancers happen in men of 65 years and older [1]. Prostate cancer is a unique heterogeneous disease. Prostate tumors can be indolent or very aggressive, often metastasizing to bone and other organs, thereby causing significant morbidity and mortality [2]. Prostate cancer has various features, so the prognosis following diagnosis is greatly variable. Some patients have inactive form of disease with no significant effect on mortality for 15 years. However, some patients have aggressive form of the disease as metastasis during 2 years [3]. PSA is a biomarker that is used for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. It is the most greatly noninvasive screening tool which causes enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients [4]. PSA is a kallekrein-like serine protease secreted by the epithelial cells of prostate. It functions to liquefy serum, promote sperm motility and dissolve cervical mucus [5]. It is present in normal prostatic secretions and is often raised in prostate cancer [6]. Serum PSA level is age and race adjusted, 6 ng/ml was defined as the upper normal limit [7]. Since high levels of PSA are found in more progressive stages, this biomarker has been used as a prognostic and staging tool [8]. Histopathological grading performed by Gleason scoring also used as an important prognostic indicator of prostate cancer [9]. The Gleason system is based on the degree of glandular differentiation where five patterns of growth are recognized and numbered in order of increasing aggressiveness. Because tumors may display variable histology, two patterns are recorded for each case: a primary pattern (Gleason 1-5) and a secondary pattern (Gleason 1-5). The Gleason score is the sum of the primary and secondary patterns and ranges from 2 to 10 [10].
In this report, we studied the correlation between PSA levels and Gleason scores of patients to evaluate the significant of PSA in detection of advanced prostate tumors, and to improve the management of the disease.
The data was collected from medical files of 40 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent curative surgical prostatectomy or prostate true cut biopsy at National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Misurata, Libya during 2016 to 2018. The clinical and histopathological information included age, PSA levels, and Gleason score of the tumor which obtained from the archive of Histopathology Department. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the NCI-Misurata, and the consents were signed by the patients.
The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. The results were evaluated for significance with chi-squared test. P value < 0>
The studied cases of prostate cancer were aged between 60 and 90 years (average 76.3 years). The most recurrence rate was found in 70 years and over 33/40 (82.5%) which included 18/33 (54.5%) under the age of 80 years, and 15/33 (45.4%) under the age of 91 years. Patients aged under 70 years were 7/40 (17.5%). Concerning the Gleason score of the prostate tissues, the study showed that 15/40 (37.5%) were in score 4 (2+2), 11/40 (27.5%) in score 6 (3+3), 2/40 (5%) in score 7 (3+4), 7/40 (17.5%) in score 8(4+4), 1/40 (2.5%) was in score 9 (4+5), and 4/40 (10%) were in score 10 (5+5). The grading of the examined tissues revealed that 26/40 (65%) were in well differentiation, 2/40 (5%) in moderate differentiation and 12/40 (30%) in poor differentiation (Figure-1). Regarding the levels of serum PSA of prostate cancer patients, we found that 2/40 (5%) were under the level of 10 ng/dl while 38/40 (95%) were higher than 10 ng/dl, which distributed as; 13/38 (34%) < 40ng> 100 ng/dl. (Figure-2).
The statistical analysis showed that PSA level was statistically significant correlation with Gleason score grade (p- value = 0.007,) (table1). This indicates the increase of serum PSA levels in advanced progression of prostate cancer cases. However, we found no statistical significance between PSA level of prostate cancer patients and the ages of patients (p- value = 0.435). Our results showed a trend for a higher PSA levels in ages >70 years, particularly at the ages between 70 and 79 years (table2).
Prostate cancer has a slow growth rate and most patients have slowly progressive disease and should be treated conservatively. Unfortunately, 10% of patients will progress to metastatic prostate cancer which is a high fatal malignancy, causing large number of deaths annually. Patients with metastatic prostate cancer should have aggressive treatment at the initial sign of the disease [11]. The surviving rate for patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer remains humble, and more screening strategies are necessary to reduce the possible increase in prostate cancer mortality [12]. The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the following approval of PSA screening have made it possible to diagnose the disease early. After the introduction of PSA testing, the rate of prostate cancer diagnosis increased, and its associated mortality decreased [13]. High levels of PSA were found in progressive stages of prostate cancer. As a result, PSA has been used as a staging and prognostic biomarker. Our data supported the notion that PSA increases more in prostate cancer tissues with higher Gleason scores (Figure 3). Kumari et al., (2020) [14] at their prospective study on 100 prostatic tissues including 29 adenocarcinoma tissues, concluded that PSA is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer with a positive correlation between serum PSA level and Gleason’s grading. The mean serum PSA level of moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma was 30.15 ng/dl and 325.3ng/dl respectively. Albasri et al., (2014) [15] and Zivkovic et al., (2004) [16] also had a similar observation. A study carried by Hayashi et al., (2017) [17] on 966 men with suspicion of prostate cancer, 553 of them were positive for prostate cancer including 422 with high Gleason score. The data showed a positive correlation between PSA and Gleason score (p <0 xss=removed>
This study has found a significant increase in PSA levels in prostate cancer patients with advanced Gleason scores. Our results supported the significant role of PSA as a prognostic tool. PSA test remains the most greatly noninvasive screening tool enhanced detection at earlier stage and reducing the number of metastatic cases.
We would like to thank the team of Histopathology Department at NCI-Misurata for their help and support. Our gratitude is extended to the administration of NCI-Misurata for the support during the study.
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