AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Chat with us
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/CCOR-2021/006
*Corresponding Author: Benjamín Ruiz Loyola, Department Of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Unam
Citation: Benjamín R. Loyola. (2021) Synthetic Biology, Dual-Use and Biosecurity. Clinical Cancer and Oncology Research 1(2) DOI:10.31579/CCOR-2021/006
Copyright: © 2021, Benjamín Ruiz Loyola, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 16 June 2021 | Accepted: 14 June 2021 | Published: 27 August 2021
Keywords: synthetic biology; biosecurity
An industrial process is the set of operations designed to obtain, transform or transport one or more products. Industrial processes include the development and manufacture of chemicals, food and beverages, gasoline, paint and the pharmaceutical industry, among others. The purpose of an industrial process is based on the effective use of natural resources so that they become materials, tools and substances capable to satisfy the needs of human beings and improve their quality of life. However, the role that industry plays in the production of products known as “dual use” is becoming more and more relevant every day. For this reason, today governments around the world increasingly recognize that partnering with industry is a prerequisite for preventing, or at least increasing barriers to the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their systems. Vectors (the means in which these weapons can be transported such as insects, tanks, airplanes, etc.). In recent years, these factors have changed the nature of the relationship between the government and the private sector in the field of dual-use product controls.
An industrial process is the set of operations designed to obtain, transform or transport one or more products. Industrial processes include the development and manufacture of chemicals, food and beverages, gasoline, paint and the pharmaceutical industry, among others. The purpose of an industrial process is based on the effective use of natural resources so that they become materials, tools and substances capable to satisfy the needs of human beings and improve their quality of life. However, the role that industry plays in the production of products known as “dual use” is becoming more and more relevant every day. For this reason, today governments around the world increasingly recognize that partnering with industry is a prerequisite for preventing, or at least increasing barriers to the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their systems. Vectors (the means in which these weapons can be transported such as insects, tanks, airplanes, etc.). In recent years, these factors have changed the nature of the relationship between the government and the private sector in the field of dual-use product controls.
Synthetic Biology is defined as the intersection area of Biology and Engineering oriented to the design and manufacture of biological components and systems that do not exist in the natural world and to the re-design and manufacture of biological systems [1, 2]. Researchers dedicated to this discipline can be divided into two branches according to their activities: the use of non-natural components to reproduce emergent behaviors of natural Biology, with the goal of creating artificial life; and the search for natural interchangeable parts to assemble into an unnaturally functioning system. When the specific field of intersection is between engineering and genetics, we are talking specifically about Genetic Engineering, a key tool of modern Biotechnology.
This field of research has the ability to increase our understanding of biological and genetic processes and suggests a human potential that goes beyond evolutionary processes. However, adequate regulation must be generated. The executive vice president of the industrial and environmental section of the Industrial Biotechnology Organization Brent Erickson, comments that Synthetic Biology can be considered as an extension of genetic science that has been used safely for more than 40 years by the biotechnology industry in the development of commercial products and that their use by biotechnology companies illustrates the potential of this new discipline for reducing research, development and production times of a product in the market. The increase in the speed of DNA synthesis and the decrease in the cost that it represents, allow scientists to design modified bacterial chromosomes that can be used in the production of: renewable chemical compounds, biofuels and health care products among others. And he says that regulatory options should support innovation and commercial development of new products, while protecting the end consumer from potential harm [3].
Biotechnology is the set of commercial techniques that uses living organisms or substances of these organisms to produce or modify a product, including techniques to improve the characteristics of animals, plants or microorganisms of economic importance. It combines with the academic objectives and the needs of the industry, the scientific foundations of microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetic engineering and synthetic biology [4].
The term "dual use" in the industry is applied to any technology that uses its knowledge and tools differently from the original idea. Previously this definition applied only for military purposes and viable commercial applications; however, it has a second meaning in the context of potential weapons development: tools, equipment and knowledge can lead to the search and development of these technologies for the development of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons.
In the life sciences, dual-use research “encompasses biological research for legitimate scientific purposes, the results of which may be misused and pose a biological threat to public health and/or national security” (NSABB dual-use definition). In general, the term “dual use” tends to refer to technologies that have both civilian and military use. The dilemma that exists in dual-use research in the life sciences refers to the fact that the production and publication of scientific research whose purpose is to improve public health, animal health or agricultural productivity, can be used for other purposes. That threaten public health in the hands of a rogue State, terrorist group, or individual. That is, "dual-use research" is research that generates new technologies or information with the potential use of beneficial and hostile applications.
The European Commission defines "dual use of technology" as materials, equipment, including software and technology that can be used for commercial and military purposes. On the other hand, the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States government defines it as "the elements that can be used both in the military field and in other uses ... and in commercial applications". Both definitions focus on the characteristics of the technology and are consistent in the way it is used in discussions of nuclear technology. However, there are other definitions that are based on the context in which the technology is used or those who use it. This is reflected in the 004 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) discussing how Biotechnology Research in an era of terrorism can have dual use "when the same technologies can be legitimately used for human well-being and misused for bioterrorism." Biotechnology research that is intended for beneficial purposes can also cause harm, either inadvertently or as a result of intentional misuse.
Control mechanisms It is important to mention the most important international conventions for the prevention, regulation and prohibition of the use of chemical and biological weapons, in relation to dual use processes.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) is an international agreement ratified in the Convention on Biological Diversity on September, This Protocol, which applies to the 6 member countries, provides an international regulatory framework to ensure in the field of genetically modified organisms (GMO), safe use and handling, result of modern biotechnology. However, the protocol is controversial; many of the major GMO exporting countries, such as the United States and Canada, are not members. All GMOs, defined as organisms that possess a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology, are contained under the CPB. However, regulations are primarily concerned with the safe transfer, handling and use of those that may have adverse effects on the conservation of biological diversity. The CPB establishes a comprehensive and transparent regulatory framework, as well as legal obligations to assess and manage the risks of GMOs, including emergency procedures for involuntary release. The benefits of the framework include its guidance on how to assess and compare risks between GMOs.
The Australia Group (AG) is a consultative group made up of nations in addition to the European Commission, which meets annually with the objective of “ensuring, licensing measures for the export of certain chemicals, biological agents, facilities and equipment manufacturing dual-use chemical and biological agents”. This group was formed in 995, in response to evidence of the use of chemical weapons in the Iraq-Iran war, in which Iraq obtained many of the materials for the development of these weapons from the CW (Chemical Weapons) programs of the United States. The international chemical industry. The main theme in the discussions about the misuse of biotechnology is about the role played by the scientist, the need to develop strategies for awareness and concretization of scientists, as well as the important role that the code of conduct of scientists plays. Scientists. The conduct of each scientist is of vital importance for the successful management of dual-use technology, in addition to there being greater responsibility on the part of the scientific community regarding the natural dispersion of materials and dual-use agents found in their environment. The most recent change has been the development of a code for dual-use biological agents and the technology associated with their development. Dual-use goods and technology export controls are some of the targets that intervene in the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These controls include products and technologies (including software and technologies such as fax or electronic media) that may be destined for civilians or military bases. These products and technologies should be periodically reviewed in order to take into account scientific and technological advances.
As Synthetic Biology introduces biological architectures not present in nature and go beyond the natural limit that currently exists, many ethical questions must be addressed. What will be the limits of Synthetic Biology research? And therefore, what will be the limits of its applications? The risk generated by the development of Synthetic Biology is of two types according to EASAC [5]: biosafety, where the adverse consequences are the result of accidental or unforeseen events, and bio protection: where knowledge, technology, and products generated from Synthetic Biology are used for destruction purposes, for example in the production of weapons.
Many areas of biological research raise safety concerns, but Synthetic Biology shows some particular threats. It takes a bit of imagination to appreciate that a completely new self-replicating organism escaping from the laboratory and entering an environment could cause all kinds of damage depending on the properties and activities with which said organism was designed. It could be a GMO or a bioweapon and could be accidentally or intentionally released; it could happen from problems in a very safe laboratory or disputes with groups of ideological, religious or political origin. The range of possibilities and, therefore, of consequences, is enormous.
One method to minimize the probability of unforeseen consequences could be to generate organisms that can survive only on nutrients or other materials that are not found in nature. However, this solution may not be a completely efficient solution because many microorganisms have the ability to transfer genes horizontally, that is, to exchange genetic information with other microorganisms of the same type, and even with members of other species. A new, self-replicating microorganism could presumably evolve, and could develop dangerous properties. Any synthetic organism will need to be treated with the highest safety standards, and these standards will probably have to be adapted from those that apply to genetically modified organisms, and subject to global regulation. A further complication is that the introduction of a synthetic organism is not accidental. For example, a new microorganism designed to reduce environmental pollution must be released into the environment. Scientists consider that an action of this type must have an exceptionally high certainty, which guarantees that the probability that said microorganism does not generate events that are not contemplated.
Good regulation, while essential, can offer only limited protection against bioterrorism, which is probably interested in Synthetic Biology as a weapon. The true extent of this threat is widely debated. Some scientists point out that it would be much easier to misuse natural pathogens than to misuse new pathogens. However, as suggested by The Darker Bioweapons Future report, published in 00 by the CIA, "The effects of some of these engineered biological agents could be worse than any disease known to man [6]." Improving biosecurity is clearly prudent. The issue of biosecurity has already been taken into consideration by a panel that has listed the principles that must be taken into account when formulating codes of conduct to minimize the misuse of Synthetic Biology research [7]. These principles include:
- Become aware of the potential consequences of Synthetic Biology research and, as a consequence, refuse to undertake work that has potentially negative consequences.
- Stick to good laboratory work practices.
- Know and support national and international laws and policies, to prevent the misuse of research.
- The acceptance of generating a report of activities that violate biosafety codes, for example the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.
- The increase in the ease of access to DNA sequences will cause Molecular Biology techniques to be adopted by disciplines such as Engineering, which have little experience of working with biological agents in comparison. If the biosecurity and biosecurity standards are maintained, it will be very important to ensure that all those involved in bioscience are aware of the risks involved [8].
In parallel with these developments there is a continuous debate on the correct balance between scientific decentralization and regulation by statute. The scientific community has not shied away from raising awareness of the potential risks of synthetic life. Ethics has played a role in international conferences, during which the need for an ethical debate around Synthetic Biology, internal regulation and safe practices has been indicated. In a statement made by members of the second international meeting of Synthetic Biology (Synthetic Biology 2.0), the importance of international guidelines, national laws, and safe practices is recognized and supported, accompanied by public education and awareness-raising initiatives about of Synthetic Biology. An ethics and guidelines similar to those that have emerged for Engineering must emerge for Synthetic Biology [9].
At the international level, there is an agreement on the need to evaluate the possible risks and follow up, case by case, based on solid scientific knowledge, on the release of GMOs into the environment. Once a GMO has been released, it is necessary to monitor in the short, medium and long term the presence of GMOs in different ecological niches. The analysis must consider both the benefits and the risks as a result of the use of transgenic organisms, as well as the risks of not using them if current production processes continue [10].
The use of biotechnology for the development of weapons is not new, it goes back to the use of advanced recombinant DNA techniques for the generation of military databases [11 ], and the evident concern expressed by the CIA in its report The Darker Bioweapons Future, published in 2003, where it describes a very dark panorama due to the potential use of designed biological agents for the manufacture of weapons. Alex David Hatch in 2010 proposes four steps to help specifically address the problem of synthetic bioterrorism that are listed below [12 ].
1. Initiative by the community to regulate the reception of DNA constructs.
In conjunction with the Synthetic Biology 2.0 and 3.0 conferences held in 2006 and 2007 respectively, it is suggested to establish best practices for gene synthesis companies. It is suggested that the community refuse to do business with companies that do not implement a safety and security routine. A license or registration of the individuals and equipment necessary to carry out automated DNA synthesis. Carrying out this search could significantly diminish the ability of terrorist groups to obtain the necessary equipment to carry out potentially dangerous actions through the use of Synthetic Biology.
2. International Regulation.
When dealing with bioterrorism and Synthetic Biology in general, the existing regulation should be international. A failure could have consequences at the international level, the fusion of cultures to generate a global international policy, which covers all the needs of the international community, can be very complicated due to the differences that exist between cultures and the technological development that exists between countries. However, the generation and implementation of international regulation is still urgent.
3. Increased investment in risk research and public perception.
David Rejeski in 2009 in front of the National Academy of Sciences stated that approximately 0 million dollars of federal funds from the United States of America are to finance Synthetic Biology each year. It points out that, despite the existence of studies that ensure that public opinion wishes there to be greater risk research and regulation regarding Synthetic Biology, the financing made by the United States of North America is not directed to risk research, nor to improve public perception regarding Synthetic Biology. The direction that Synthetic Biology research takes, as well as its applications for the production of consumer products, will largely depend on public perception, and on technological advances, which are constantly changing and progressing.
4. Education
While Bioterrorism is a valid concern, a major attack using weapons generated derived from Synthetic Biology research is not realistic, Zilinskas R assures in 2006[13], Synthetic Biology is presented to the public by the media when there is talk of bioterrorism; In addition to this, the lack of investment in dissemination about Synthetic Biology, have generated a negative public perception and full of mistrust about Synthetic Biology. To change this perception, investment in dissemination, regulation, and safe practices within Synthetic Biology must be increased.
The development and distribution of foundational technologies that facilitate engineering biology will have a direct impact on exposure to natural and synthetic biological hazards. However, analyzing the risk impact of such technology is not straightforward; For example, DNA synthesis has recently aided in the "resurrection" of the 1918 strain of influenza virus, and it is believed that there is a possibility of producing the smallpox genome; variants of these viruses and other pathogens could be easily constructed. However, in the face of a synthetic or designed biological threat, DNA synthesis could be used to accelerate a risk analysis, and therefore the response to this risk. Meanwhile, at present, it is known that DNA synthesis is engaged in constructive experimental research.
Dual-use processes must be subject to such regulations that, without restricting freedom of research, reduce international biosafety risks, collaborate in the biosecurity of countries and their inhabitants, and avoid monopolistic practices that could be generated by abuse or misconduct. Handling of patent registrations in this sector.
Science plays an important role in human development. During the last years, biotechnology has had a decisive advance in the development of new techniques (such as genetic engineering) and research methods that allowed obtaining biological products (such as genetically modified organisms), novel methods for isolation, identification and purification of biologically active products. Thanks to this development, to mention a recent example, progress has been made in obtaining vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that has the world in suspense in the 21st century, but in less than two years there are already vaccines being applied to most of the humanity. Genetic engineering, biotechnology and, above all, synthetic biology, have played a major role in this great advance. Let’s just hope that sanity prevails in humanity and that science is not perverted by interests beyond our reach. Paraphrasing the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons may science serve to enhance mankind by unrestricted respect for the environment?
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
