AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/074
1 Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology- Anand-388001, Gujarat, India.
2 Georgian Technical University, Faculty of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy,ImeretiStreet 45, Tbilisi, 0180, Georgia.
3 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Department of Sociology and Social Work, VazhaPshavela Ave 25a, Tbilisi, 0177, Georgia.
4 Ilia State University, School of Arts and Sciences, Vazha Pshavela Ave 25a, Tbilisi, 0177, Georgia.
*Corresponding Author: Dr.Mahendra Pal, Founder Director of Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Aangan, Jagnath Ganesh Dairy Road, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India.
Citation: M Pal, D Ketchakmadze, N Durglishvili and I Ketchakmadze. (2022). Staphylococcus aureus: A Major Pathogen of Food Poisoning: A Rare Research Report. Nutrition and Food Processing. 5(1); DOI: 10.31579/2637-8914/074
Copyright: © 2022 Mahendra Pal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 15 November 2021 | Accepted: 22 December 2021 | Published: 06 January 2022
Keywords: bacterium, enterotoxins; food handlers; food poisoning; staphylococcus aureus; unhygienic handling
Food poisoning that involves multiple etiologies is reported from developing as well as developed nations.Among the microbial causes, Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of food poisoning that can occur in sporadic and epidemic form. It may cause life-threatening infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Staphylococcal food poisoning is responsible for 241,000 cases in the United States annually. A variety of foods, such as meat and meat products, milk and milk products, poultry, egg, fish, vegetable salad, and cream-filled pastries are implicated as a source of staphylococcal food poisoning. Unhygienic handling of food is considered an important source of S. aureus contamination. Enterotoxins produced by S. aureus play a vital role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal food poisoning. Due to ingestion of preformed toxins in the food, the incubation period of staphylococcal food poisoning is very short. The main symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. The detection of enterotoxin is highly imperative for the investigation of staphylococcal food poisoning. Most of the patients do not require any treatment as the disease is generally self-limiting and normally resolves within 24–48 h after onset. Hygienic production of food and education of food handlers about the principles of food hygiene are the main strategies for the prevention of staphylococcal food poisoning. The objective of this communication is to delineate the growing significance of S. aureus as a leading cause of foodborne intoxication.
Foodborne disease, also known as foodborne infection, foodborne illness, or food poisoning, is any illness caused by eating or drinking the contaminated food or water that contains pathogenic microbes (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths), as well as chemical or natural toxins [1]. These diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Foodborne infections affect both men and women, all age groups, all seasons, and both rural and urban areas and they can occur in sporadic or epidemic. Foodborne infections affect roughly 20% of people in industrialized countries each year [2].
Contamination that occurs during production, collecting, transporting, and preparation, as well as during processing, makes food a possible source of human infection. Potential sources of food contamination include feces-contaminated water or soil, unsanitary handling, and the use of unclean utensils and equipment [3]. The presence of foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat foods, milk and milk products, meat and meat products puts the consumers at risk and also causes the producers to suffer significant financial losses [4].
In many countries around the world, including India, Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of foodborne illness [5]. The bacterium is non-motile, non-encapsulated, and non-spore-forming, and it can be found as normal flora of human and animal skin and mucous membranes [6, 7]. Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus that appears as grapelike clusters under a microscope and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, typically with haemolysis, when cultured on the blood agar plates [8, 6]. Many strains of S. aureus show resistance to several antibacterial antibiotics [7].
Staphylococcus aureus is a desiccation and high osmotic condition tolerant organism that can survive in potentially dry and stressful habitats including the human nose, skin, and inanimate surfaces like clothing and surfaces. It can thrive in a wide variety of temperatures (7°C-48.5°C; ideal 30-37°C) and pH (4.2-9.3; optimum 7-7.5) conditions [9]. Bacterial growth thrives in foods with a pH of around 7, and most animal food products, such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk, have a pH of around 7 [10].
Staphylococcus aureus infections range from mild skin infections to life-threatening ones; such as bacteremia, endocarditis, necrotizing pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning [11]. The ingestion of food containing pre-formed Staphylococcus enterotoxins causes staphylococcal food poisoning [12]. There are five serologically distinct enterotoxins (A, B, C, D, and E), with enterotoxin a being the most common cause of food poisoning outbreaks [13]. It is estimated that 30-80% of the human population are carriers of S. aureus, with 50% of them carrying food poisoning variants. As a result, unsanitary food handling must be regarded a major source of S. aureus contamination [14].
Food handlers or other surfaces, such as processing equipment, are usually where Staphylococcus aureus gets access to the foods. Although bacteria can be found on the skin of animals, water, soil, and other surfaces, bacteria from food handlers and other human sources are thought to be the most major contributors to food poisoning [15]. Baked desserts, such as cream-filled pastries, cream pies, and chocolate éclairs, meat and meat products, potatoes, tuna, chicken, turkey, ready-to-eat salads, eggs, poultry, milk, and dairy products are regularly contaminated by Staphylococcus enterotoxins (SEs) [15, 16 ,17 ].
Staphylococcal food poisoning is a major concern in public health programs around the world [18]. Staphylococcal food poisoning symptoms onset quickly (30 minutes-8 hours) and include nausea, violent vomiting, abdominal cramping, with or without diarrhea [19]. If there is significant fluid loss, physical examination may reveal signs of dehydration and hypotension [12]. Although staphylococcal food poisoning is generally self-limiting and resolves within 24-48 hours of onset, it can cause life-threatening infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people [20, 6].
Staphylococcus aureus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality both in the developing and developed nations [21]. It accounts for up to one third of foodborne gastrointestinal illnesses [22]. It is a major cause of foodborne illness, causing an estimated 241,000 illnesses in the United States each year. However, because this condition is self-limited, there is a low (10%) rate of presentation to health-care facilities, resulting in a massive underreporting of the estimated 6 to 80 million cases that occur each year [23]. Foodborne illness surveillance systems in developing countries are poor. As a result, determining the true scope of the problem is challenging. As a result, the incidence of staphylococci-related foodborne infections is thought to be significantly greater than recorded, with many cases going unreported [24].
The diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus is based performing tests with colonies. Coagulase, haemolysins, and thermostable deoxyribonuclease tests are all commonly performed [8]. Recent genetic advances have made it possible to identify and characterize clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a reliable and timely manner [25]. Real-time PCR and quantitative PCR are two of these techniques that are increasingly being used in clinical laboratories [26, 27] Several immunological methods based on monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ELISA, ELFA, and Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination) for determining the enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods, as well as methods for separating and detecting toxins in foods, have been developed and used successfully to aid in the diagnosis of illness [28, 27]. Agglutination assays can be used to identify toxins generated by S. aureus, such as enterotoxins A to D and TSST-1. There are commercial latex agglutination tests on the market [29].
Effective approaches for preventing staphylococcal food poisoning strive to eliminate food contamination by high personal hygiene standards, hence preventing food contamination by food handlers. This will be accomplished through public awareness campaigns emphasizing the importance of hand washing, wearing gloves during food preparation, and storing foods at the proper temperature to inhibit pathogen growth and minimize toxin production, as heating food after toxin has formed will not be an effective control measure. Furthermore, people with purulent exudates on their skin should not be allowed to touch food until they have sought medical guidance. In general, measures, such as serving hot meals right after cooking, thoroughly reheating of cooked foods, rapid refrigeration of cooked foods, proper hand washing before and after food preparation, avoiding food service workers with skin infections in food establishments, and using clean utensils and equipment will certainly reduce the incidence of food poisoning outbreaks caused by S. aureus [30,31,32].
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive bacterium that is the leading cause of food poisoning throughout the world. The organism is ubiquitous in distribution, and is found in the healthy and diseased humans as well as animals. The environmental contamination of foods is an important cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. It is emphasized that food handlers must be closely monitored during the preparation of food. Attempts should be made to develop a simple, sensitive and low cost technique to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins in food, and clinical specimens of the patients.
The authors are very thankful to Prof.Dr.R.K.Narayan for his suggestions during the preparation of manuscript Anubha Priyabandhu for computer help, and Dr.Pratibha Dave for providing some literature on the subject. This paper is dedicated to the scientists who did pioneer research work in the field of staphlycococcosis.
Author’s Contribution
All the authors contributed equally. They read the final version, and approved it for the publication.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest.
Source of Grant
There was no financial support for this manuscript.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
