AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/048
1 Department of Food Process Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Gashaw Abebaw, Department of Food Process Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
Citation: Gashaw Abebaw, Solomon Duguma, (2021). Review On: Progress in Wheat Bread Improvement: Emphasis on Ingredient Functionality. J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 4(3); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/048
Copyright: © 2021, Gashaw Abebaw, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 07 April 2021 | Accepted: 19 April 2021 | Published: 30 April 2021
Keywords: functional bread; nutritional fibers; antioxidants; gluten-free bread; dietary fibers; phenolic antioxidants; marine ingredients; n-3 fatty acids; wheat; starch gelatinization; egg protein coagulation; marine foods
Bread is one of the oldest functional foods which its health effects have been investigated in many studies. The current communication presents a review of the in recent years on the topic and looks at possible future trends in the improved nutritional and health qualities which have been applied in the bakery industry, directing it further to the formulation design and production of functional pieces of bread. The results show that many beneficial ingredients such as dietary fibers, phenolic antioxidants, marine ingredients, and n-3 fatty acids can be used in the bread industry to increase its functionality and result in healthy products, low in calories, cholesterol, and celiac disease. Moreover, the use of psyllium seed, amaranth seed, chestnut flour, and prebiotics in gluten-free bread (GFB) baking may be the promising frontier to improve the overall appearance, quality, sensory properties, and shelf-life of gluten-free bread. To improve the quality of life of these patients from a dietary standpoint, food-processing researchers have been seeking to develop high-quality gluten-free bread. As the quality of wheat pieces of bread depends largely on the viscoelastic properties of gluten, various ingredients have been employed to simulate its effects, such as hydrocolloids, transglutaminase, and proteases.
Functional foods can be used not only to solve consumer starvation and provide health needs by having the necessary nutrients but also can prevent nutrient shortages related to diseases [1]. Meanwhile, functional bakery products are becoming increasingly popular and are normally consumed with adjuncts in households, industrial canteens, restaurants, etc. Dietary fibers as a group of compounds contain a mixture of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides such as resistant gums, inulin, and hemicelluloses which may be associated with lignin and other non-carbohydrate components. The functionality increases of pieces of bread by replacing dietary fiber with a percentage of flour can lead to the breaking of a gluten-starch matrix, limiting the gas cells and the increase of dough plasticity [2]. Recent studies on the production of mixtures of flour-hydrated fiber have shown that they could be a suitable viscoelastic profile for formulated bread doughs and final bread could have acceptable sensory properties and favorable shelf life [3]. Addition of natural antioxidants to bread Phenolic components are found frequently in food products such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. Natural antioxidants are phenolic compounds that have different biological activities including anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutation, and anti-cancer properties. The functionality of their main ingredients (wheat flour, sugar, egg, and fat or oil) differs between cake types. The processes during cake making are not fully understood. During baking, the cake structure sets as a result of starch gelatinization and egg protein coagulation. Whether egg white and egg yolk proteins on the one hand and the same proteins and wheat gluten proteins on the other form (a) mixed protein network(s) is unclear. Sugar controls oven rise, structure fixation, and collapse. Fat enhances aeration for leavening and improves tenderness and mouthfeel. We here discuss the basics of ingredient functionality during batter-type cake making. The supplementation with a combination of ingredients from different sources has been applied in research to enhance nutritive value and health-promoting components of cereal-based foods. For example, replacement of 22.5 up to 45% of wheat flour by teff, green pea, and buckwheat flours blend provided multigrain bread with superior nutritional composition, higher amounts of total bioaccessible phenolics, higher radical scavenging activity, and higher dietary fiber content. In another study, 20% of wheat flour was replaced by a blend of oat bran concentrate, whole oat flour, and finely ground chia seeds in the preparation of cookies.
Functional and nutritional values of these products can be improved by alternative dietary fibers and protein sources of cereals, tubers, corn gluten, corn germ, and rice bran. The functionality increases of loaves of bread by replacing dietary fiber with a percentage of flour can lead to the breaking of a gluten-starch matrix, limiting the gas cells and the increase of dough plasticity. Recent studies on the production of mixtures of flour-hydrated fiber have shown that they could be a suitable viscoelastic profile for formulated bread doughs and final bread could have acceptable sensory properties and favorable shelf life.
1.1 Dietary fibers to produce functional bread
Dietary fibers as a group of compounds contain a mixture of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides such as resistant gums, inulin, and hemicelluloses which may be associated with lignin and other non-carbohydrate components [4]. Shows some of the various sources of dietary fibers for the production of functional pieces of bread with their practical applications. Increase of water and oil holding capacities, modification of textural properties, reduction of syneresis (separation of liquid from a gel caused by contraction), prevention of lipid oxidation, emulsification and/or gel formation, stabilization of high-fat food and emulsions, slowing down the retrogradation of starch, and improving shelf-life are some functional properties of dietary fibers,
1.1 Addition of green tea extract to bread
Tea and its products contain polyphenols, mainly catechins which are considered natural antioxidants. In recent years, the health effects of tea especially green tea have attracted much attention. Green tea contains several biologically active compounds including epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) [5].
1.2 Rye bread and improvement of intestine function
Rye is often consumed as a whole grain product and is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and different biologically active compounds.
Gluten-free bread
Celiac disease is a genetic disease that sick persons who have a long intolerance to wheat gliadin components; rye prolamin, barley hordein, and oat avidin, and nearly 1 % of the world’s population are involved [6].
1.3 Marine foods as novel healthy food ingredients in bread
Marine foods are excellent sources of many healthy food ingredients and biological components as fish oils, bioactive peptides, and microalgae. These foods contain omega-3 fatty acids, chitin and chitosan, algal ingredients, antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins like calcium, carotenoids, and bioactive compounds. Bread is an excellent product in which the incorporation of marine functional ingredients especially omega-3 fatty acids is attempted [7].
1.4 Effect of flaxseed and quinoa flours on bread functionality
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) or linseed is a dark brown seed that is used in the food industry as a supplement in bread preparation or/and other bakery products. This seed is a healthy ingredient with appropriate levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFA has an important role in the prevention and regulation of cardiovascular diseases and cancer types. Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal with high-quality protein and without gluten. This cereal is used as an alternative ingredient in oil production due to high levels of fatty acid and having good oxidative stability [8]. It is currently used as a substitute for wheat flour in gluten-free bread.
1.5 Marine foods as novel healthy food ingredients in bread
Marine foods are excellent sources of many healthy food ingredients and biological components as fish oils, bioactive peptides, and microalgae. These foods contain omega-3 fatty acids, chitin and chitosan, algal ingredients, antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins like calcium, carotenoids, and bioactive compounds. Bread is an excellent product in which the incorporation of marine functional ingredients especially omega-3 fatty acids is attempted [9].
1.6 Production of gluten-free bread with psyllium
Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk) seed shell contains functional hydrocolloids which is a rich source of natural soluble fibers, almost eight times higher than soluble fiber found in oat bran. Also, psyllium hydrocolloid as an emulsifier or thickener has considerable benefits including reduction of cholesterol, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, laxative properties, treating colds, coughs, and other respiratory problems [10]. The shell of psyllium seed can be a valuable source of minerals to balance other minerals in foods.
1.7 Soybeans flours
Soybean flour is more commonly used in bakery products because of its functional properties. It has high protein (38–40 %), fat (18–20 %), and lysine (5–6 %) contents, which have great potentials in overcoming protein-calorie malnutrition. Found that soy flour (full fat and defatted) and barley flour could be added to bread flour up to levels of 10 and 15 %, respectively, separately and in combinations without any significant changes in organoleptic characteristics. Moreover, the pieces of bread containing barley and defatted soy flours (up to 15 % level) were considered as most acceptable, organoleptically and nutritionally as they contained an appreciable amount of protein, total lysine, dietary fiber, β-glucan, and minerals.
1.8 Effect of prebiotics on quality of gluten-free bread
Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria such as probiotic bacteria in the colon, thus increasing host health.
In this review, different types of nutritional ingredients for the production of functional bread are investigated. The results showed that the addition of functional ingredients including fiber-rich compounds and phenolic antioxidants to slices of bread not only had physiological effects on the blood cholesterol levels and preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers and inflammation, but also had a positive effect on the sensory properties of slices of bread. The functional compounds such as the shell of psyllium seeds and prebiotics are consumed in GFB and have a good effect on their quality, safety, and acceptability. Also, recent studies have shown that marine foods, flaxseeds, and quinoa seeds.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
