Optimization of Volatile Component Analysis Technique for Salt-Baked Chicken

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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/133

Optimization of Volatile Component Analysis Technique for Salt-Baked Chicken

Hao Jiang ¹

Mutang Zhang ²

Junjie Ye ²

Xinman Zhan ²

Heming Qi ³

Min Qian ¹

Wenhong Zhao ^1*

Xiaofang Zeng ^1*

Weidong Bai ¹

1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering; Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
2 College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
3 Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China.

*Corresponding Author: Wenhong Zhao, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.

Citation: Hao Jiang, Mutang Zhang, Junjie Ye, Xinman Zhan, Heming Qi., et all (2023), Optimization of Volatile component Analysis Technique for Salt-Baked Chicken, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 6(2); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/133

Copyright: © 2023 Wenhong Zhao, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 21 March 2023 | Accepted: 10 April 2023 | Published: 18 April 2023

Keywords: salt-baked chicken; volatile component; headspace solid-phase microextraction; optimization

Abstract

A Method for volatile components analysis of salt-baked chicken was established by using the headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology. The optimum process is determined by analysis of single factor. Specifically, the SPME fiber (carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane, CAR/PDMS, 75 µm) was used in the extraction of the volatile compounds in salt-baked chicken. Meantime, equilibrium time and extraction temperature were 10 min and 60 °C, respectively. For the rest, the extractions were carried out for 30 min and desorption of the samples for 5 min. After preliminary analysis, 65 volatile components were detected in the salt-baked chicken. The extraction parameters were reasonable, feasible and practical, which was conducive to further qualitative and quantitative analysis of aroma substances in salt-baked chicken.

1. Introduction

Salt-baked chicken is a Hakka dish with Cantonese characteristics in China. It is quite palatable and tender meat with high fat content [1]. As for the recipe of salt-baked chicken, kosher salt was used as the heat transfer medium to bake the chicken which had marinated with seasoning [2, 3]. Nowadays, the sales volume of salt-baked chicken was among the top of deli meat, which was made widely in our country. High baking temperatures and long cooking time would lead to a great thermal degradation/oxidation of lipids in salt-baked chicken, generating high content of lipid-derived volatile substances [4]. The flavour of the salt-baked chicken was an important indicator of its sensory quality. Therefore, it was of great significance to clarify the volatile components of salt-baked chicken, in order to further explore its flavor formation mechanism and improve its preparation technology. However, there were little research on the volatile components and flavour of salt-baked chicken at home and abroad.
Nowadays, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been widely used in odor research of deli meat products. SPME had the advantages of high efficiency, green and simple operation. A series of technological processes such as extraction, enrichment and injection could be completed on the SPME device alone, which greatly reduced the analysis time. Meantime, compared with static headspace, it enriched volatile organic compounds at a lower concentration [5, 6]. Zhang et al. used electronic nose, electronic tongue and the headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology to evaluate the volatile flavor components of sugar-smoked chicken drumsticks, and 75 volatile compounds were identified [7]. The volatile compounds in braised pork with brown sauce were also revealed by HS-SPME-GC-MS, and 109 volatile flavour compounds were detected [8]. These data intuitively demonstrated the variation of the type and concentration of the volatile compounds that affect the flavour of meat products, which had an important effect on the exploration of flavour components.
The volatile flavor components of salt-baked chicken were complex and needed to be analyzed by precise instruments such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Therefore, the detection method of SPME extraction technology combined with precise instruments has been recognized by researchers [9]. Consequently, the HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was manipulated to establish an analytical method for volatile components of salt-baked chicken in this research. The optimum sampling conditions were investigated, including the variety of SPME fiber, the extracting temperature, the equilibrium time, the extraction time and the desorption time. Subsequently, the volatile flavor components of salt-baked chicken were preliminarily analyzed by the optimized process. This research explored the optimum technology of qualitative and quantitative analysis of aroma substances in salt-baked chicken, so as to provide experimental and theoretical basis for improving the flavour and promoting industrial production of salt-baked chicken.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Ethics statement
The housing and treatment of the animals were carried out following national and international laws as well as with institutional guidelines. Since all chicken used in this study were obtained from a restaurant (Meizhou, Guangdong). We were explicitly issued a formal waiver of ethics approval.
2.2 Materials and reagents
Salt-baked chicken (white feather broilers) were purchased from a restaurant in Meizhou, Guangdong. 2-Methyl-3-heptanone (AR) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer Gmbh (Augsburg, Germany). A standard mixture solution containing C7-C40 hydrocarbons (1000 mg/L, dissolved in n-Alkane) was purchased from o2si smart solutions (Charleston, SC, USA).
2.3 Instruments and equipment
The extraction of the volatile compounds was performed using SPME with a manual microinjection needle (5190-1483, Guosheng Experimental Instrument Factory, China) and was separated, identified and quantified in a gas chromatograph (7890A GC-System, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipping with a mass selective detector (5975C MSD, Agilent Technologies). The magnetic stirrer (85-2A) was supplied by Guosheng Experimental Instrument Factory.
2.4 SPME Extraction
SPME fiber, extraction temperature, equilibrium time, extraction time and desorption time had the potential to affect the volatile aroma components. Meantime, the optimal detection conditions of the volatile aroma components of salt-baked chicken were explored by HS-SPME-GC-MS [10]. Briefly, the sample (4.0 g) was added to a 20 mL headspace vial (CNW Technologies, Duesseldorf, Germany). Next 2-methyl-3-heptanone (1 µL; 0.812 µg/µL in ethanol) was added as the internal standard (IS). The mixture solution was homogenized in a magnetic thermostatic water bath and the volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS.
2.5 Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the least-squared means of the three replicates with the standard error of the mean (SE).Statistical analysis was performed using Tukey–Kramer multiple-comparison tests as indicated in the table and figure legend. The JMP13 software was used to analyze the statistical significance level (p < 0>
Figure 1: The effect of using different SPME conditions ((A) SPME fiber, (B) extracting temperature, (C) equilibrium time, (D)extraction time and (E) desorption time) on extraction efficiency. The total peak area and the effective number of peaks obtained by GC-MS were compared and analyzed. Values were shown as the mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters within the histogram of the same color indicates significantly differences by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test (p < 0>

3. Results

3.1 The optimum conditions of SPME fibers
The SPME fiber is the core of the SPME extraction device. Different extraction coating materials have different adsorption capacities. The effects of 5 kinds of SPME fiber (50/30 µm thickness of divinylbenzene (DVB)/ carboxen (CAR)/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 65 µm thickness of PDMS/ DVB, 75 µm thickness of CAR/ PDMS, 85 µm thickness of polyacrylate (PA) or 100 µm thickness of CAR/ PDMS) on chicken flavour compounds were explored. For the rest, the extractions were carried out for 10 min, after equilibration of the samples for 30 min, and desorption of the samples for 5 min at 40°C. As shown in Figure. 1(A), the fiber (CAR/PDMS, 75 µm thickness) showed greater adsorption capacity, which had the largest total peak area and more effective number of peaks. PDMS/ DVB (65 µm thickness) had the very small total peak area compared to the maximum value although it had the largest number of effective peaks. So, according to the total amount of volatile compounds, the fiber of 75 µm thickness of CAR/ PDMS was chosen in follow-up extraction experiments.

RT
(min)
Compound Name CAS
Matching
degree (%)
content（μg/g） Threshold Value (mg/kg)
1 7.08 Hexanal 66-25-1 91 0.296322893 0.21
2 9.08 Meta-xylene 108-38-3 95 0.012761039 5.5
3 9.16 Ortho-xylene 95-47-6 89 0.005919554 3
4 9.86 2-Methyl-3-heptanone 13019-20-0 91 0.20298 -
5 10.49 Heptaldehyde 111-71-7 80 0.013436485 0.005
6 11.27 Cinene 005989-27-5 94 0.071761278 0.5
7 12.6 2-Pentylfuran 3777-69-3 93 0.043429049 0.0048
8 12.95 Styrene 100-42-5 97 0.022595713 0.022
9 13.57 2-Methylpyrazine 109-08-0 90 0.011440678 0.25
10 14.18 2-Octanone 111-13-7 94 0.004273606 0.05
11 14.25 Octyl aldehyde 124-13-0 91 0.094986742 0.0001
12 15.44 trans-2-Heptenal 57266-86-1 93 0.00421757 0.15
13 15.64 2, 3-Dimethylpyrazine 5910-89-4 86 0.00317469 0.1
14 15.84 2,3-Octanedione 585-25-1 80 0.174331578 -
15 16.81 Hexanol 111-27-3 90 0.066548497 0.2
16 17.53 3-Ethylpyridine 536-78-7 95 0.003454931 -
17 18.03 Nonyl aldehyde 124-19-6 94 0.121707269 0.0035
18 18.34 2, 3, 5-Trimethylpyrazine 14667-55-1 90 0.008431219 0.01
19 18.432 Tetradecyl 629-59-4 91 0.013979536 300
20 18.6 (Z)-3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1, 3-hexadiene 61142-36-7 94 0.026453806 -
21 19.11 2-Octene aldehyde 20664-46-4 84 0.032362144 0.05
22 19.74 3-Ethyl-2, 5-dimethylpyrazine 13360-65-1 93 0.007560117 0.025
23 19.88 Acetic acid 64-19-7 64 0.0041039 900
24 20.17 Furfural 98-01-1 87 0.164034001 0.01
25 20.36 Heptanol 111-70-6 80 0.034629878 0.2
26 21.7 Coumarone 271-89-6 93 0.038124762 -
27 21.84 Decanal 112-31-2 87 0.01612584 0.005
28 22.1 Pentadecane 629-62-9 96 0.004148139 -
29 22.41 Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 96 0.094545994 0.3
30 23.43 trans-2-Nonenal 18829-56-6 95 0.009296848 0.000065
31 23.59 3-Butyl-cyclopentanone 57283-81-5 96 0.009776674 -
32 24.64 2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran 1746-11-8 91 0.00119869 -
33 24.73 α-Cedrene 469-61-4 98 0.001751652 -
34 25.11 Octanol 111-87-5 87 0.067109201 0.054
35 25.58 2-Butylpyridine 5058-19-5 87 0.005290704 -
36 25.96 2-Methylbenzofuran 4265-25-2 94 0.009149949 -
37 27.43 2-Acetylpyrazine 22047-25-2 96 0.01017287 0.1
38 28.33 Acetophenone 98-86-2 93 0.037623924 3
39 29.59 Nonyl alcohol 143-08-8 91 0.012277373 0.002
40 29.73 O-Methylacetophenone 577-16-2 94 0.004693842 -
41 31.62 β-Bisabolene 000495-61-4 84 0.009819877 0.05
42 33.18 α-curcumene 644-30-4 98 0.003313802 -
43 33.57 Methoxy-phenyl-oxime 91 0.016621356 -
44 34.31 (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal 25152-84-5 95 0.008580047 0.00003
45 34.78 Anethole 104-46-1 98 0.037386118 0.1
46 35.62 Caproic acid 142-62-1 90 0.008312433 80
47 35.7 Guaiacol 90-05-1 97 0.010156153 -
48 36.19 Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 97 0.001609666 5.5
49 37.25 γ-Symplectic lactone 104-50-7 90 0.003109064 0.095
50 37.91 3-(4-Methylphenyl) -2-propenal 1504-75-2 87 0.001750304 -
51 38.46 P-Methyl guaiacol 93-51-6 95 0.001777907 0.01
52 38.71 Heptanoic acid 111-14-8 81 0.001117007 0.1
53 38.86 2-Acetylpyrrole 1072-83-9 83 0.00084633 100
54 39.15 Diphenyl 92-52-4 91 0.001400275 -
55 39.81 Phenol 108-95-2 93 0.011791037 5.5
56 40.1 anisaldehyde 123-11-5 96 0.012729052 0.01
57 40.34 γ-Nonyl lactone 104-61-0 93 0.001260664 0.065
58 41.77 m-Cresol 106-44-5 95 0.001289311 0.002
59 42.69 Cedrol 77-53-2 98 0.001623855 -
60 43.04 Ethyl cinnamate 4192-77-2 98 0.000381516 0.00006
61 44.05 2-Ethylphenol 90-00-6 90 0.000574448 0.03
62 44.23 Pelargonic acid 112-05-0 93 0.001463142 1.5
63 45.04 Cadalene 483-78-3 95 0.000750931 -
64 45.93 ar-Turmerone 532-65-0 95 0.000690779 -
65 47.08 4-Methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole 137-00-8 97 0.014946091 10.8
RT: Retention Time; Matching value meant the matching degree of the compound to its chromatographic peak and mass spectrum peak; Threshold value meant the lowest concentration of the flavour substance which would be felt by human body.
Table 1: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in salt-baked chicken
3.2 The optimum conditions of the extracting temperature
Extraction temperature is a significant factor in affecting extraction speed and efficiency. The effects of different extraction temperatures on the detection of volatile flavour compounds in salt-baked chicken were evaluated. Samples were extracted at different extraction temperatures (50℃, 55℃, 60℃, 65℃, 70℃) under the conditions of SPME fiber with 75 µm, CAR/PDMS, fixing equilibrium time at 10 min, extraction time at 30 min and desorption time at 5 min.
When the extraction temperature was between 50-60℃, the number of detected effective peaks showed an increasing trend with a rise in temperature and reached the maximum value at 60℃ (Fig. 1(B)).At the extraction temperature of 60℃, it had the biggest effective peaks. Meantime, the total peak area increased gradually with the increasing temperature, and became almost stable after 55℃. Interestingly, as the temperature further increased, the number of effective peaks decreased and reached a lower value at 65℃. Thus, 60℃ was the optimal extraction temperature.
3.3 The optimum conditions of the SPME equilibrium time
Equilibration time was affected by interactions between the solid, liquid and gas phases in the sample. This step would explore the effect of different equilibration time on the detection of volatile flavour compounds in salt-baked chicken. Samples were extracted with different equilibrium times (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min) fixing extraction time and desorption time at 30 min and 5 min, respectively. When the equilibration time was 10 min, the number of effective peaks reached the maximum (Fig. 1(C)). After 10 min, the number of effective peaks gradually decreased. So, the equilibrium time of 10 min was chosen in follow-up extraction experiments.
3.4 The optimum conditions of the SPME extraction time
The extraction time of SPME fiber is a key factor affecting the extraction results as well. The extraction was repeated by varying the extraction times (20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min). The desorption time was set at 5 min. As the figure 1(D) showed, the total peak area increased significantly with the prolonging of time until 35 minutes. After that, the total peak area tended to decrease. In addition, the number of effective peaks increased with the extraction time extension, and the peak value was obtained at 30 minutes. Generally, 30 min is the optimal extraction time with the largest number of effective peaks.
3.5 The optimum conditions of the SPME desorption time
This step explored the effect of different desorption times of the SPME fiber in the GC injection port on the detection results. Using the parameters determined above (SPME fiber, extracting temperature, equilibrium time and extraction time), chicken samples were extracted at different desorption times from 1 to 9 min (1 min, 3 min, 5min, 7min, 9 min). With the prolongation of the desorption time, the number of effective peaks represented as a bell-shaped curve, and reached the maximum value at 3-5 minutes (Fig. 1(E)). Furthermore, the total peak area was significantly high when the desorption time was 5 min. So, the desorption time was selected as 5 min.
3.6 Analysis of volatile components in salt-baked chicken
According to the optimized HS-SPME extraction conditions, the volatile components in the salt-baked chicken samples were extracted and desorbed. The volatile components in the salt-baked chicken samples were separated and identified by GC-MS. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile compounds were performed by comparing MS with the NIST08 library (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg) and by comparing the chromatographic peak area of volatile substances with the internal standard [11]. Detailed quantitative principles of GC-MS referred to the article of Jiang et al [12]. According to the optimized SPME extraction conditions, 65 volatile flavour compounds were found in salt-baked chicken (table1). These volatile flavour compounds included aldehydes (12), alcohols (7), alkanes (12), heterocycles (15), ketones (7), acids (4), phenols (5) and esters (3).

4. Discussion

In the optimizing of the SPME fibers, the phenomenon which PDMS/ DVB (65 µm thickness) had the very small total peak area and the largest number of effective peaks was also reported by Yu et al [13]. In the volatile flavour detection experiment of traditional smoke-cured bacon, it was also found that CAR/PDMS (75 µm thickness) coated fiber extracted the higher total peak area of volatile compounds than 65 µm thickness of PDMS/ DVB and the PDMS/ DVB (65 µm thickness) was given up because of its total peak area [13].
Next, a possible explanation for the phenomenon of the lower value at extracting temperature of 65℃ was that high temperature would accelerate solvent containing flavour substances evaporation and some flavour substances were decomposed [14]. Meantime, high temperature promoted the enrichment and adsorption of target compounds by SPME fiber. However, extraction is an exothermic process. As the temperature increased, the distribution coefficient of volatile substances between the SPME fiber and the sample would decrease, resulting in a reduced number of effective peaks. At the same time, the adsorptive capacity of the analyte and the sensitivity were reduced. This result was similar to the conclusion of Liang et, al [15]. The extraction efficiency showed an obvious increase from 40-80℃. However, when the extraction temperature was further increased to 100℃, no significant increase was observed [15]. Another possible explanation was that some volatile compounds were denatured and cracked at high temperatures, affecting the accuracy of the number of effective peaks [16].
Furthermore, the changes of volatile species in the chicken took time to reach equilibrium during the process of headspace absorption. Equilibration time was affected by the time for the sample to reach equilibrium in three-phase (the solid, liquid and gas phases) during the process of headspace absorption. The extraction efficiency increased with increasing equilibration time. However, the target sample would redissolve in the solvent if took a long time to equilibrate, resulting in lower extraction efficiency [16]. Interestingly, under the equilibration time of 20 min, the total peak area reached a maximum value. The phenomenon probably because some volatile compounds were redissolved with further increase in the equilibration time. This possible explanation needs to be confirmed in the future.
Moreover, the number of effective peaks and the total peak area increased with the extraction time extension before reaching the extraction equilibrium state. Therefore, during the extraction time of 35 minutes, some compounds might be redissolved, while some analytes continued to be adsorbed, so that the total concentration still increased. Li, T et al measured the effect of different extraction times of SPME on the extraction of volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene) and found that the peak area of each analyte increased significantly within the extraction time of 5-15 min. However, excessive extraction times no longer increased extraction efficiency and sometimes caused desorption after 15 min [17, 18]. Similarly, at this moment, the degree of separation had shown a downward trend, and influenced the quantification of the peak area method.
What’s more, in the matter of the SPME desorption time, the volatile substances evaporated at 3-5 minutes, but the concentrations gradually grew, which they could not be absorbed in a short time [19]. Meantime, too long absorption time would affect the service life of the SPME fiber [20]. Therefore, a lack of desorption time could easily lead to incomplete desorption, affecting the peak area. Some volatile aroma components would be decomposed with the passage of time. Thereby, the service life of the SPME fiber and the separation effect were affected.
Among the flavoring substances, hexanal, 2-methyl -3-heptanone, 2, 3-octanedione, furfural, nonyl aldehyde, octyl aldehyde and benzaldehyde were the main volatile components with high content. Meantime, the volatile flavour compounds (65) which detected by the optimum process condition were obviously more than the volatile flavour compounds (36) of salt baked chickens in research of Wu et al [21]. The results of this study provided credible data basis for the accurate evaluation of aroma components of salt-baked chicken, and provided reference for formation improvement and industrial production of salt-baked chicken.

Conclusions

In this research, the extraction conditions of SPME for volatile components analysis of salt-baked chicken were optimized. After thorough consideration, the volatile compounds of salt-baked chicken were extracted by SPME ﬁber of 75 µm, CAR/PDMS, equilibrium time and extraction temperature were 10 min and 60 °C. Furthermore, extraction time and desorption time were 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Then the HS-SPME-GC-MS method was established and further volatile components in salt-baked chicken were detected. The result reflected 65 volatile flavour compounds were identified (12 aldehydes, 7 alcohols, 12 alkanes, 15 heterocycles, 7 ketones, 4 acids, 5 phenols and 3 esters). Based on the analysis of salt-baked chicken by HS-SPME-GC-MS, the material data affecting the flavour were obtained, which provided a theoretical reference for the preparation and industrial production of salt-baked chicken products.

Acknowledgments

Wenhong Zhao, Weidong Bai, Xiaofang Zeng, Heming Qi and Min Qian conceived and designed the experiments; Junjie Ye and Xinman Zhan performed the experiments; Mutang Zhang, Hao Jiang, Junjie Ye analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. This work was supported by the pigeon industry key technology research and demonstration Integration, Grant Number 2020B0202080002 (Xiaofang Zeng) from Guangdong Province key field research and development program project, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Grant Number 2021B1212040013, China, Key Realm R&D Program of GuangDong Province, Grant Number 2020B0202080002, China and Key Research Base of Sichuan Province -- Sichuan Food Development Research Center, Grant Number CC22Z18, China.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of interest

None of the authors has any financial or other interest that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of this manuscript.

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To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

Dr Elvira Farina

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

Virginia E. Koenig

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

Delcio G Silva Junior

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

Layla Shojaie

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

Sing-yung Wu

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

Orlando Villarreal

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

Luiz Sellmann

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

Zhao Jia

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

Thomas Urban

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

Cristina Berriozabal

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

Dr Shweta Tiwari

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

Dr Elvira Farina

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

Virginia E. Koenig

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	RT (min)	Compound Name	CAS	Matching degree (%)	content（μg/g）	Threshold Value (mg/kg)
1	7.08	Hexanal	66-25-1	91	0.296322893	0.21
2	9.08	Meta-xylene	108-38-3	95	0.012761039	5.5
3	9.16	Ortho-xylene	95-47-6	89	0.005919554	3
4	9.86	2-Methyl-3-heptanone	13019-20-0	91	0.20298	-
5	10.49	Heptaldehyde	111-71-7	80	0.013436485	0.005
6	11.27	Cinene	005989-27-5	94	0.071761278	0.5
7	12.6	2-Pentylfuran	3777-69-3	93	0.043429049	0.0048
8	12.95	Styrene	100-42-5	97	0.022595713	0.022
9	13.57	2-Methylpyrazine	109-08-0	90	0.011440678	0.25
10	14.18	2-Octanone	111-13-7	94	0.004273606	0.05
11	14.25	Octyl aldehyde	124-13-0	91	0.094986742	0.0001
12	15.44	trans-2-Heptenal	57266-86-1	93	0.00421757	0.15
13	15.64	2, 3-Dimethylpyrazine	5910-89-4	86	0.00317469	0.1
14	15.84	2,3-Octanedione	585-25-1	80	0.174331578	-
15	16.81	Hexanol	111-27-3	90	0.066548497	0.2
16	17.53	3-Ethylpyridine	536-78-7	95	0.003454931	-
17	18.03	Nonyl aldehyde	124-19-6	94	0.121707269	0.0035
18	18.34	2, 3, 5-Trimethylpyrazine	14667-55-1	90	0.008431219	0.01
19	18.432	Tetradecyl	629-59-4	91	0.013979536	300
20	18.6	(Z)-3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1, 3-hexadiene	61142-36-7	94	0.026453806	-
21	19.11	2-Octene aldehyde	20664-46-4	84	0.032362144	0.05
22	19.74	3-Ethyl-2, 5-dimethylpyrazine	13360-65-1	93	0.007560117	0.025
23	19.88	Acetic acid	64-19-7	64	0.0041039	900
24	20.17	Furfural	98-01-1	87	0.164034001	0.01
25	20.36	Heptanol	111-70-6	80	0.034629878	0.2
26	21.7	Coumarone	271-89-6	93	0.038124762	-
27	21.84	Decanal	112-31-2	87	0.01612584	0.005
28	22.1	Pentadecane	629-62-9	96	0.004148139	-
29	22.41	Benzaldehyde	100-52-7	96	0.094545994	0.3
30	23.43	trans-2-Nonenal	18829-56-6	95	0.009296848	0.000065
31	23.59	3-Butyl-cyclopentanone	57283-81-5	96	0.009776674	-
32	24.64	2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran	1746-11-8	91	0.00119869	-
33	24.73	α-Cedrene	469-61-4	98	0.001751652	-
34	25.11	Octanol	111-87-5	87	0.067109201	0.054
35	25.58	2-Butylpyridine	5058-19-5	87	0.005290704	-
36	25.96	2-Methylbenzofuran	4265-25-2	94	0.009149949	-
37	27.43	2-Acetylpyrazine	22047-25-2	96	0.01017287	0.1
38	28.33	Acetophenone	98-86-2	93	0.037623924	3
39	29.59	Nonyl alcohol	143-08-8	91	0.012277373	0.002
40	29.73	O-Methylacetophenone	577-16-2	94	0.004693842	-
41	31.62	β-Bisabolene	000495-61-4	84	0.009819877	0.05
42	33.18	α-curcumene	644-30-4	98	0.003313802	-
43	33.57	Methoxy-phenyl-oxime		91	0.016621356	-
44	34.31	(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal	25152-84-5	95	0.008580047	0.00003
45	34.78	Anethole	104-46-1	98	0.037386118	0.1
46	35.62	Caproic acid	142-62-1	90	0.008312433	80
47	35.7	Guaiacol	90-05-1	97	0.010156153	-
48	36.19	Benzyl alcohol	100-51-6	97	0.001609666	5.5
49	37.25	γ-Symplectic lactone	104-50-7	90	0.003109064	0.095
50	37.91	3-(4-Methylphenyl) -2-propenal	1504-75-2	87	0.001750304	-
51	38.46	P-Methyl guaiacol	93-51-6	95	0.001777907	0.01
52	38.71	Heptanoic acid	111-14-8	81	0.001117007	0.1
53	38.86	2-Acetylpyrrole	1072-83-9	83	0.00084633	100
54	39.15	Diphenyl	92-52-4	91	0.001400275	-
55	39.81	Phenol	108-95-2	93	0.011791037	5.5
56	40.1	anisaldehyde	123-11-5	96	0.012729052	0.01
57	40.34	γ-Nonyl lactone	104-61-0	93	0.001260664	0.065
58	41.77	m-Cresol	106-44-5	95	0.001289311	0.002
59	42.69	Cedrol	77-53-2	98	0.001623855	-
60	43.04	Ethyl cinnamate	4192-77-2	98	0.000381516	0.00006
61	44.05	2-Ethylphenol	90-00-6	90	0.000574448	0.03
62	44.23	Pelargonic acid	112-05-0	93	0.001463142	1.5
63	45.04	Cadalene	483-78-3	95	0.000750931	-
64	45.93	ar-Turmerone	532-65-0	95	0.000690779	-
65	47.08	4-Methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole	137-00-8	97	0.014946091	10.8