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research article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/088
1 Minstery of Agricultural and Fishering , El-Obied, North Kordofan state, Sudan.
2 Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Production, University of East Kordofan, Sudan.
3 Department of Animal Production. Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan El-Obied, Sudan.
*Corresponding Author: Ibrahim Elimam, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Production, University of East Kordofan, Sudan
Citation: Fathia, G.I. Godah, Ibrahim Elimam, Hind, A. Salih and I, Bushara. (2022). Evaluation Of Feeding Residual of Sesame Capsule on Growth Rate of Sudanese Desert Kids in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Nutrition and Food Processing. 5(2); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/088
Copyright: © 2022, Ibrahim Elimam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 07 March 2022 | Accepted: 28 March 2022 | Published: 12 April 2022
Keywords: goat; desert; kids; supplementation; birth weight; growth rate; weaning; Sudan
The experiment was conducted in ELobied locality, Northern Kordofan state, to evaluate the effect of supplementation of residual sesame capsule on growth performances of grazing Desert kids. Thirty-seven (37) Sudanese desert kids were used in this experiment. Kids were divided to four groups as (B, C, D) supplemented and group (A) unsupplemented as control depends on natural grazing only. Supplemented kids were allocated to three feeding regimes in a complete random design. The results indicated that the supplementary rations that given to the experimental goats, had highly significant (p<0.01) effect on kid birth weight, heavier at birth than control group (1.99±0.12, 2.42±0.11 and 2.22±0.12kg for B, C and D groups respectively versus 1.85±0.13kg for control). The results reveled that supplementary ration had no significant effect on kid growth from after birth up to 8th weeks pre –kidding, but during 8-12th week did. Also ration that offered to kids significantly (p<0.01) effected body weight at weaning and daily gain. The heavier weaning weight for groups B, C and D were 9.14, 9.55 and 9.47 kg vs 8.46 kg for A group with lightest weaning weight. Results showed that the effect of supplementary feeding was exerted no significant effect on pre weaning mortality rate. Highest rates were scored by group B 22% whereby group A, C and D were scored 12%, 9 % and 11% respectively. It may be concluded that the supplementation of with residues of sesame capsule had showed an impact on birth, growth rate and weaning weight of Desert kids under traditional farming system.
Goat is one of the major livestock of the subcontinent in Sudan; they play a very important role in the rural economy and provide many poor urban and rural families with milk and meat (Abu Nikhaila and EL Hag, 2003). In Sudan, goats are estimated to be about 42.5 million heads, which is a very large population compared to other African countries. In greater Kordofan total goats is estimated at 7.9 million and about 4 million are found in north Kordofan (MARF, 2012). Desert goats are mainly raised for meat production especially in rural areas, and they also provide milk for family needs. The Sudanese Desert goats are reared under traditional agro-pastoral and pastoral systems depended on grazing poor natural pastures with no supplementary feeding in arid and semi-arid areas of western Sudan particularly in Kordofan and Darfur region where they are well adapted to the local environmental conditions. This system of production (traditional agro-pastoral and pastoral) causes reduced growth and poor reproductive performance, which in turn, results severe economic losses. The genetic potentiality and productivity of these goats are deteriorating day by day due to indiscriminate breeding, lack of improved feeding and management practices.
Management practice by farmers influences the reproductive performance of all animals, and was responsible for a decrease in the overall productivity of goats (Elabid, 2008). Nutritional research to improve goat production lags behind that for goat population has increased throughout the world (Pashaa and Saithanoob, 2000). Very little information is pertinent to the performance of Desert goat`s kids under natural range conditions is available, since the level of productivity of goats is generally low, owing to poor husbandry practices, where goats are subject to wide fluctuations in the availability of feed and water (Hassan 2009).
On other hand information on Kid growth, birth and body weights of other ages and kid growth rate is important for goat breeding and production and sustainability of any goat enterprise depends upon the successful raising of kids for replacement stock. The reproduction and production performances are always considered to be the most vital factor ensuring to increase the productivity in certain environmental situation and are directly influenced by genetic potential of animal, nutrition, environment and management of farm (Kunbhar et al., 2016).
Keeping the above points in mind, this study was therefore adopted to fill in this gap, this experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of nutrition and supplementation on desert goat kids’ performance reared under traditional management. The productive performances of the goats were measured in terms of birth weight of kids, growth rate, weaning weight and mortality rate.
The experiments carried out in ELObeid in North Kordofan State, Sudan (Latitudes 11o:15’-16o:30’N; Longitudes 27-32oE). Average temperature varies between 30-35oC during most of the year with peaks of above 40oC during April, May and June. The rainy season extends from July to October with maximum rainfall in August. Long-term averages annual rainfall is about 280 mm (Technoseve, 1987).
Experimental animals
Thirty-seven (37) Sudanese desert kids were used in this experiment. The kids born belong to does supplement with concentrate ration and other does un-supplemented with concentrate ration. Kids were divided to four groups similar to their does groups as (B, C and D) supplemented and group (A) unsupplemented as control depend on natural grazing only. Kids monitored from birth up to weaning at 90 days post kidding. Kids were treated with the necessary medication against endo-and ecto-parasites (AGVET, USA 1.0 ml/50 kg body weight subcutaneously Ivomec super drench) and vaccinated against goat pox, Anthrax and Hemorrhagic Septicemia. All kids were kept in separate enclosures equipped with feeders and water troughs. Inside each enclosure the animals were individually tethered at sufficient distance away from each other and offered supplement type in separate troughs. Kids were kept in a separate during the night and left with their does during the day with special means to ensure no suckling.
Management and method of feeding
The newly born kids were left to suckle freely during the first week after birth, after which they were allowed suckling twice daily during the early morning before grazing time and in the evening after grazing time. All kids were daily allowed grazing on pasture from 8.00 am to 6.00 pm after 30 day post birth. On their returning from pasture kids in group B, C and D were offered 100-150 g/ head/day increase to 200g /day/ head of concentrate ration 1, 2 and 3, respectively (Table 1). The supplement diets were fed at night when the animals were kept in individual pens. The increment of supplement diets was based on body weight gain. The kids were weighed at weekly interval from birth to weaning (90days). The kids were fasted overnight before being weighed.
Chemical composition of feeds
The ingredients used in concentrated ration formulation, supplemented diets (ration 1, 2 and 3) and the natural grazing (Grasses, shrubs, herbs and trees) were analyzed using proximate analysis according to procedures described by the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC (1997) (Table 1).
Statistical analysis
The data from feeding trials were analyzed statistically according to the analysis of variance procedure using the General Linear Model (GLM) applicable to the experimental design of complete random design by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software package (SPSS, 2005). Duncan Multiple Range test was used to identify the significant differences between Means.
Components (%) | Ration 1(%) for group B | Ration 2(%) for group C | Ration 3(%) for group D |
sesame residual capsule(Jaojaw) | 99 | 74 | 49 |
Sorghum grains | 0 | 10 | 20 |
Rosella seeds | 0 | 10 | 20 |
Groundnut hulls | 0 | 5 | 10 |
Common Salt | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
Lick stone salt | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Supplement types | DM% | CP% | CF% | E.E% | NFE% | Ash% |
| Ration 1 | 97.75 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 3.04 | 57.75 | 5.7 |
| Ration 2 | 96.75 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 8.65 | 34.85 | 4.10 |
| Ration 3 | 96.55 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 3.45 | 52.9 | 6.75 |
Table 1: Ingredients and Chemical composition of the rations
Effect of supplementation on kid's birth weight
The data on birth weight of kids as affected by feeding regime was shown in Table (2). The supplementary rations that given to the experimental goats, had highly significant (p<0>
Means ±SE | N | Animal Group |
| 1.85±0.13c | 8 | Group A |
| 1.99±0.12c | 9 | Group B |
| 2.42±0.11a | 11 | Group C |
| 2.22±0.12b | 9 | Group D |
| 2.11±0.12* | 37 | Overall mean ±SE |
abc Values in same column with different superscripts differ at P<0>
Table 2: Effect of supplementation on birth weight
Effect of supplementation on growth performance
The supplementary ration had highly significant (p<0>
8-12 weeks | 4-8 weeks | 1-4 weeks | N | Animal Group |
8.40c | 6.27 | 4.04 | 7 | Group A |
9.14b | 6.39 | 4.10 | 7 | Group B |
9.55a | 6.91 | 4.16 | 10 | Group C |
9.45a | 6.40 | 4.30 | 8 | Group D |
9.20±0.2** | 6.53 ±0.27 | 4.15±0.25 | 32 | Overall mean ± SE |
abc Values in same column with different superscripts differ at P<0>
Table 3: The effect of supplementation and sex kid on kid growth change
Effect of supplementation on weaning weight
Ration that offered to does and kids significantly (p<0>
daily body weight gain/g | body weight gain/kg | Weaning weight | N | Animal Group |
71.41c | 6.42c | 8.46c | 7 | Group A |
76.51b | 6.89b | 9.14b | 7 | Group B |
80.06a | 7.21a | 9.55a | 10 | Group C |
77.04b | 6.93b | 9.47a | 8 | Group D |
76.63±1.65** | 6.90±0.15** | 9.20±0.20** | 32 | Overall mean ± SE |
abc Values in same column with different superscripts differ at P<0>
Table 4: The effect of supplementation on weaning and bodyweight gain
Effect of supplementation on kid's mortality rate:
The effect of supplementary feeding was exerted no significant effect on pre weaning mortality rate Table (5). Highest number of kids died was in group B (2 kids) 22% whereby the number of kids died in group A, C and D were 12%, 9 % and 11% respectively. Average mortality rate was 13.51.
Mortality % | No. of kids died | No. of kids | Animal Group |
12.5 | 1 | 8 | Group A |
22.22 | 2 | 9 | Group B |
9.09 | 1 | 11 | Group C |
11.11 | 1 | 9 | Group D |
13.51 | 5 | 37 | Overall mean ± SE |
Table 5: Effect of supplementation on kids mortality
Effect of supplementation on birth weight
Birth weights for Desert kids in the current study were within the range found in the literature with Bushara et al. (2017a) for same breed reared in Peri-urban system (2.13kg and 2.15kg) and Wang et al.(2011), and higher than that reported by Hagan et al. (2014) for WAD goat (1.20 kg) and Bharathidhasan et al. (2009) for Barbari goat (1.88 kg), also result here of birth weight is lower that reported by Atoui et al. (2015) for Tunisian local goat (2.34 Kg), Mioč et al. (2011) (2.28 kg), Zahraddeen et al. (2008), Hagan et al. (2014) (2.73 kg).The Sudanese deserts goat, its meat breed and its production depends on the performance starting from birth weight to weaning point. Evidence that there was a highly significant effect of feed supplementation during gestation on the birth weight of kids has been observed in this study, where supplemented does with sesame capsule residual (SCR) recorded higher birth weight compared with un-supplemented does, this results similar to Sumartono et al. (2016), Bushara et al. (2015) on Taggar goats, Zahraddeen et al. (2008), Ng’ambi et al. (2008), Zeleke (2007) and Berhane and Eik (2006) whom reported that Kids from supplemented does were heavier at birth than those from un supplemented does. The differences in birth weight may be attributed to effect of the dams uterine environmental mostly in late gestation through it availability nutrition. Low plane of nutrition during late pregnancy period will be unable to adequately nourish the foetus in the final stage of pregnancy and consequently birth weight will be reduced. The average birth weight of kids in the present study might be attributed to the dietary treatments; since it was revealed that, the higher the levels of concentrate diet, the higher the kids’ birth weights. Therefore, a major factor contributing to the low birth rates in traditionally reared flocks is likely to be nutrition, since goats are kept almost exclusively on the natural pasture, which agree with Malau-Aduli et al. (2004) who reported that nutrient during foetal growth in early-and-mid pregnancy could impact a legacy of developmental changes that affect size, viability and health.
Effect of Supplementation on weaning and growth performance
The growth rate and pre weaning gain of kids from supplemented does with sesame capsule residual (SCR) showed no significant effect but weaning weight did. So the supplementation in late pregnancy had marked effect on kids birth weight and improved growth weight ,the significant difference in birth weight of kids resulting from the random effects of the dams can be attributed to the natural variation occurring in the prenatal and post birth nutrient supplied by mothers. These results agreed with Idirs et al. (2016), Zeleke (2007) and Oeak et al. (2005) whom stated that supplementation of pregnant ewes during late two month of gestation may provide adequate energy and protein so they produce more milk yield that reflected on growth rate of their lambs, which supports embryonic and foetal growth and maintenance of animal physiological needs. The average body weight gain in this study was 76.63 g, this result is lower than that obtained by Browning and Leite-Browning (2011) and higher than reported by Bharathidhasan et al. (2009) for Barbari goat. kids from supplementation showed higher gain compared with unsupplemented groups, Similarly, concentrate supplementation to kids has been shown to improve greatly growth performance especially when milk yield is low ( Zahraddeen et al., 2008; Yiakoulaki et al., 2009, and Malau-Aduli et al., 2004) they showed that supplementation of different pastures during weaning increase average body gain of kids and lambs. Those results suggestion that the growth rate of kids was influenced by the type of ration offered to their dams during post and pre lactation period, Which agreed with Rankins and Pugh (2012), Andries (2011) and Mandal et al. (2006) who stated that the early growth rate of animals are determined not only by the genetic potential but also by maternal and environmental factors, since milk production in goats peaks within 2-3 weeks after parturition and then declines rapidly to a low level by 8-10 weeks after parturition, and higher growth performance of kids cannot only be sustained by milk supply from their dams. On contrast to those results Titi et al. (2010) reported that the partial to complete replacement of alfalfa in Shami goat kids did not adversely affect the growth performance.
Weaning weights are crucial and indicate the milking ability of the herds as well as the growth potential of the kids. The body weight at weaning at 90 days of age was significantly heaviest for supplemented kids. The average weaning weight for desert was 9.20 kg, these results were higher that what reported by Bushara et al. (2017a) for same breed 5.73 vs 6.63 managed in Urban and peri-urban respectively, also the result was lowered than reported by Bushara et al. (2017b) for same breed 10.84 kg. The effect of supplementation of residual of sesame capsule were clearly mentioned in this study, when kids born from supplemented scored heavier weaning weight compared with kids depended to natural grazing only, this result match the finding of Htooet al. (2015), Acero-Camelo et al. (2008) and Tedonkeng et al. (2006) who reported that supplementation to the dam’s significant increased kid growth rate. So, the availability of enough milk from the dams’ results to faster pre-weaning weight gain.
Generally, the growth traits particularly pre-weaning in mammalian are not only influenced by the genetic effect but some other effects such as direct maternal effect and permanent environmental effects (Rashidi et al., 2008; Baneh et al., 2010). These maternal effects reflect mainly the dam’s milk production and mothering ability, though effects of the uterine environment. The discrepancies may be due to breed variation and differences in management particularly the age of weaning in which highly gain is calculated when weaning is conducted in early age and that due to the weight gains during the early-pre-weaning growth stages, also the variation may be due to small size of experimental animals used in study.
Effect of supplementation on kid's survivability and mortality rate
Supplementary feeding with sesame capsule residual (SCR) was exerted no significant effect on per-weaning mortality rate, these results contrast the finding of Rastogi et al. (2003) and Alexandre et al. (2002) whom reported that mortality was less in kids from supplemented does. In this study the overall mean pre-weaning survivability was 86.49%, with mortality rate was 13.51%. These results match the finding of Turkson et al. (2004) and Adenaike and Bemji (2011) for the West African dwarf goat and higher than what obtained by Hagan et al. (2014) and Baiden (2007) 79.9% for West African dwarf goats. Bushara and Godah (2018) and Hagan et al. (2014) reported that birth type, parity of does and year of birth affected pre-weaning survivability. Mortality rate here were higher than what observed by Sumartono et al. (2016).
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Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
