AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Mini Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/057
* Department of Horticulture, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Shashemene, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Desta Fikadu Egata, Department of Horticulture, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Shashemene, Ethiopia.
Citation: Desta Fikadu Egata (2021). Benefit and use of Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilicum l.) In Ethiopia: -A Review. J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 4(5); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/057
Copyright: © 2021, Desta Fikadu Egata. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 25 June 2021 | Accepted: 31 July 2021 | Published: 12 August 2021
Keywords: inflorescence; leaf; sweet basil; Ethiopia; raw material; pharmaceutical; cosmetics; aromatherapy industries
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant directly used for spice, medicine, feed of honeybee, ornamental and also used as raw material for different industries. Sweet basil is most widely cultivated due to its high economical value, popularity and demands among the economically important species of basil. Sweet basil is widely distributed throughout subtropic and tropical regions and currently widely cultivated in India, Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, Japan, China and Turkey. Commercially, it extensively cultivated for essential oil production in many continents around the world for its numerous economical, medicinal and aromatic values. In Ethiopia, sweet basil is popular spice plant used by population and each Ethiopian ethnic groups have different names for sweet basil throughout the country. Ethiopian farmers conventionally cultivate and use this crop for house consumption and provide for local market mainly as spice. Sweet basil’s aromatic leaf directly used as flavouring agent in different foods and beverages industries. Oil and oleoresin of sweet basil indirectly widely used for flavour and fragrance in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries. It also used extensively in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, aromatherapy and food industry. The other use of sweet basil is for production of honey and can be used as ornamental plant. Sweet basil is very important crop that can play great role on the economy of Ethiopian farmers. Generally, Sweet basil plant is can be considered as; easily available, easy to grow, have multipurpose advantages that should be produced as high value crop.
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant directly used for spice, medicine, feed of honeybee, ornamental and also used as raw material for different industries [1]. The name basil is derived from the Greek word basileus which means "king” and it belongs to the Lamiaceae family [2]. Basil consists of more than 150 species and the most widely cultivated in the world are; (O. basilicum), (O. gratissimum) O. xcitriodorum, O. americanum L., O. minimo L., and O. tenuiflorum L. They are grown widely throughout temperate where frost is not a serious problem and tropical regions of the world for their essential oil product [3]. Common basil or sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) is most widely cultivated due to its high economical value, popularity and demands among the economically important species of basil [4]. The Origin of sweet basil is may be from the North-West India, North-East Africa, East Africa including Ethiopia and Central Asia [5]. Currently, it is widely cultivated in India, Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, Japan, China and Turkey [6] commercially, it extensively cultivated for essential oil production in many continents around the world for its numerous economical, medicinal and aromatic values [7]. In Ethiopia, basil is locally known as “Besso bila” in Amharic, “Siqaqime” or “duguno” in Afan Oromo, “seseg” in Tigrigna, “Gimenja “in Hadiya, “Qantalama” in sidamigna, “Kepowa” in Wolayita and other different Ethiopian ethnic groups have different names for sweet basil throughout the country [8].
Ethiopian farmers conventionally cultivate and use this crop for house consumption and provide for local market mainly as spice. The demand of sweet basil is high in the international market and currently some private companies started cultivation of sweet basil for exportation as fresh or dried herb to different countries [9]. At this time, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research considered sweet basil as prioritized Medicinal and Aromatic Plant and Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center release two varieties at national level. Even though, sweet basil is one of the high value Medicinal and Aromatic plant, still there is the limitation of information, knowledge and experience on the cultivating and utilization of the crop. Therefore, this research paper aimed to give some clue and provide some additional source of information about use and proper utilization of sweet basil in Ethiopia like another high value cash crops.
Direct use
Sweet basil (O. basilicum) is a popular herb grown for the fresh market or for its aromatic leaves which are dried and used as a spice or flavoring. This aromatic basil’s leaf is primarily required for its essential oil distillation, or for use as flavoring in different foods and beverages industries [10]. This plant is commercially cultivated for the extraction of essential oils in southern France, Italy, Spain, Germany, North America, Bulgaria, Egypt, Sicily, Haiti, Comoros, Madagascar and the Seychelles and cultivated in India [2]. Basil is primarily cultivated for its aromatic leaves which are used fresh or dried for essential oil distillation and flavorings or spices in a wide variety of foods and widely used as a spice, in aromatherapy, cosmetics, as well as in phytotherapy all over the world [11]. The main economical part for spice or essential oil extraction are leaf and inflorescence. Fresh leaf yield varied from 14 to 713 g per plant that most popularly produced for fresh or dry herb and for essential oil extraction [12]. Fresh or dried leaves can be used directly in soups, stews, and sauces; meat, fish, and egg dishes; salads and vegetables. The extracted essential oils of sweet basil highly demanded due to its numerous chemical composition it contained. The chemical composition of sweet basil extracts is camphor, tymol, methylchavicol, linalool, eugenol, 1-8-cineol and pinenes. Beside fresh leaves have been used, an extract essential oil from sweet basil, used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavors for food and beverages (A. May et al., 2008). The most valuable basil essential oil in the market is mainly constituted by linalool (40.5 to 48.2 %) and methyl-chavicol (28.9 to 31.6 %). Dried leaves of basil are used to flavor many products in the food industry, in flavored vinegars and teas. In Ethiopia its fresh and dried leaves are used for centuries and considered as low-level families’ traditional spices and directly added in common daily food of Ethiopian Shiro wot for flavoring purpose by simply putting fresh matured basil inflorescence with stalk which used for replacement of butter and also, they believe it serve them as appetizer in many parts of the country [8].
Indirect use
Sweet basil (O. basilicum L.), the oldest spices belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is commercially and extensively cultivated for essential oil production in many continents around the world. Oil and oleoresin of basil are widely utilized for flavor and fragrance in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries. Sweet basil O. basilicum is one of the most popular aromatic plants and it has been used extensively in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, aromatherapy and food industry [4]. Medicinally used in the treatment of malaria, colic vomiting, common cold, cough, headaches, diarrhea, inflammation, pain, skin diseases and others [13]. A number of authors have mentioned the biological activity of basil plant on microbial, fungal and insect-repelling properties [14]. These plants are economically important due to the large quantity of diverse essential oil compounds that are derived from them. For centuries, basil leaves have been a very popular spice and also today, basil essential oils are used in hygiene and cleaning products, perfumes, cosmetics and as local aesthetics and antiseptics. Most commercial basil cultivars available belong to the common basil (O. basilicum L.). Because of the constant human demand for new flavors, many O. basilicum cultivars have been bred during the long cultivation of the herb [15].
Other use
This plant widely grown in India, Brazil and several Mediterranean countries including Turkey as annual plant for its aromatic plant of decorative habit, leaves and flowers. It is also a highly valued melliferous or highly honey producing plant. The visiting and pollinating insects are mainly honeybees and solitary bees, as well as bumblebees [16]. Flowers of basil seem to be a good source of nectar for the honeybee because of high yield of sugars and long flowering period [17]. Basil flowering starts in June and lasts up to September. The flowers are of different colors: from white in green-leaved cultivars, to pink violet in purple-leaved cultivars.
Economic Impact of Sweet Basil in Ethiopia
Sweet basil can be considered as high value with small volume crop that can be reach at a short period of time to fetch quick income for local farmers. Ethiopian farmers encouraged to cultivate sweet basil at their garden for their house consumption and for local markets as source of income generation. Traditionally, women of Ethiopia easily cultivate sweet basil at their home garden mainly to use in the family dish and some investors also started producing of sweet basil for the international markets. According to [9], export of sweet basil is mainly destined to Sudan with 91.4% share of total export value of basil from Ethiopia, and the rest of export goes to Israel (7.4%), and USA (1.2%). Ethiopia gets a total of 60,162.20 US dollar total income from export of sweet basil/annual in 2010 year.
Even though, limited issues were raised in this mini review paper, many important key ideas were revealed about the benefit and use of sweet basil in Ethiopia. Depending on this information, I hope that many key important information can be enriched and broaden by another author. Generally, this mini review this paper revealed that sweet basil is a very important crop grown for house home consumption and have high demand in local and international market. Sweet basil plant is easily available, easy to grow, have multipurpose advantages and all local farmers and investors should be encouraged to produce this crop as high value crop to properly utilize.
I like to confirm that this review paper was not written by another author before and there is no conflict interest on this paper in general.
I like to acknowledge Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center for their support during implementation of these information collection activity. We are also grateful to Medicinal and Aromatic, Plants Research Program for providing all the necessary funds for executing daily entire experimentation and I like to appreciate and acknowledge all authors mentioned in this paper for references.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
