Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/367
1 Biochemistry Department; Facultyof Agriculture, Beni –Suef University, Egypt.
2 Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni –Suef University, Egypt.
3 Fats and Oils Department, Food Technology ResearchInstitute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Amany Mohamed Basuny, Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Agriculture, Beni –Suef University, Egypt. E-mail: dramany_basuny@yahoo.com.
Citation: Amany, M. Basuny, Mahmoud, A.M. Alwakeel, Mohamed, A. Fahmy, Dalia, Mostafa, (2026), Sustainable Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Olive Irrigation: Impacts on Oil Bioactive Compounds, Quality, and Safety, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 9(4); DOI: 10.31579/2637-8914/367
Copyright: © 2026, Amany, M. Basuny. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 09 June 2026 | Accepted: 15 June 2026 | Published: 24 June 2026
Keywords: Olea europaea L, Olive oil, Treated wastewater, Irrigation, physicochemical properties; bioactive compounds; Heavy metals
This study evaluated the impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on the quality and safety of olive oil extracted from two cultivars (Picual and Koroneiki). Freshwater-irrigated orchards were used as control, while treated wastewater-irrigated orchards were used as treatment under a comparative experimental design. Olive fruits were analyzed for physicochemical properties, while extracted oils were evaluated for quality parameters, oxidative stability, bioactive compounds, fatty acid composition, and potential contaminants. Results showed cultivar-dependent variations in most parameters. Picual generally exhibited higher levels of bioactive compounds, including total phenolics and tocopherols, as well as greater oxidative stability compared to Koroneiki. Fatty acid composition was dominated by oleic acid in both cultivars, confirming good nutritional quality. Physicochemical indices, including free acidity, peroxide value, UV absorbance, saponification value, and refractive index, remained within international acceptable limits for extra virgin olive oil. Although treated wastewater irrigation slightly influenced some quality parameters, most differences between treatments were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Heavy metals and pesticide residues, where detected, remained within permissible limits. Overall, the findings suggest that treated wastewater, when properly managed, does not adversely affect olive oil quality and may be considered a sustainable alternative irrigation source in olive cultivation.
Water scarcity is one of the most critical challenges affecting agricultural sustainability, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Increasing population growth, climate change, and agricultural demands have intensified pressure on freshwater resources, making the exploration of alternative water sources essential for food security and environmental sustainability (FAO, 2023; UNESCO, 2022).
In this context, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation has gained attention as a sustainable strategy. Treated wastewater can provide a reliable water source and supply essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, potentially improving soil fertility and reducing fertilizer requirements (Bedbabis et al., 2020; Ammar et al., 2024). However, concerns remain regarding its effects on soil quality, crop composition, and food safety. The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a key Mediterranean crop due to its economic and nutritional importance and its high tolerance to drought and salinity, making it suitable for cultivation under limited water availability (Gharbi et al., 2021; IOC, 2023). Olive fruit composition and oil quality are strongly influenced by cultivar, environmental conditions, and irrigation practices, which can affect yield, chemical composition, and overall oil quality (Lozano-Sánchez et al., 2022). Olive oil is a major component of the Mediterranean diet and is associated with several health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (Kiritsakis et al., 2025). Its quality is mainly attributed to its high monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, and its content of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, tocopherols, and carotenoids, which contribute to antioxidant activity and oxidative stability (Romero-Ahmed et al., 2025; Lozano-Sánchez et al., 2022). Previous studies have shown that irrigation with treated wastewater may positively or neutrally affect olive oil quality when properly managed, particularly in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant properties (Ammar et al., 2024). However, variability in wastewater composition may also pose risks of heavy metal accumulation in soil and plant tissues, raising food safety concerns (Rusan et al., 2023). Therefore, comprehensive evaluation of olive oil quality and safety is essential when using non-conventional irrigation sources. This includes assessment of physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, oxidative stability, and potential contaminants. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the impact of treated wastewater irrigation on olive oil quality and safety, contributing to sustainable water management strategies in olive cultivation.
2.1 Materials
2.1.1. Study Area and Experimental Design
This study evaluated the quality and safety of olive oil from Olea europaea L. irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater irrigation as a control using a comparative experimental design.
2.1.2. Olive Fruits
Olive fruits were hand-harvested from Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, during the 2021–2022 seasons at optimal ripening. Only healthy fruits were selected and transported to the laboratory under controlled conditions to prevent oxidation and enzymatic degradation.
2.1.3 Olive Cultivars
Two olive cultivars (Picual and Koroneiki) were selected based on their oil yield and quality (Gutiérrez et al., 2022).
2.1.4. Irrigation Water
Freshwater and treated wastewater were used as irrigation sources according to the experimental design (FAO, 2017). Samples were collected in sterilized containers for analysis.
2.1.5. Reagents and Chemicals
All reagents and solvents were obtained from El-Gomhoria Company, Egypt, and used as received.
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Olive Fruit Preparation
Fruits were washed, weighed, and the pulp-to-kernel ratio was determined. Samples were processed immediately or stored at low temperature to prevent enzymatic oxidation (Ranalli et al., 2020).
2.2.2 Olive Oil Extraction
Olive oil was extracted using the cold-press method. Fruits were washed, crushed, and malaxed at 25–30 °C for 30–45 min, followed by centrifugation. Oil was collected, filtered if necessary, stored in dark bottles at 4 °C, and analyzed in triplicate (Boskou, 2020; Ranalli et al., 2020).
2.2.3 Chemical composition of olive fruit
Moisture, oil, fiber, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates were determined using standard AOAC (2016) methods. Carbohydrates were calculated by difference.
2.2.4 Physico-Chemical characteristics of olive oil samples
The A.O.A.C. (2016) was used to evaluate the refractive index (RI) at 25 °C, acidity, and peroxide values (?Aand PV meqO2/Kg oil). The Commission of the European Union's Regulations EEC/1989/2003 were used to assess the absorbency in the UV at 232 and 270 nm (Diene and Triene) (EEC, 2003). Using a 1% solution of oil in cyclohexane and a path length of 1 cm, the diene and triene extinction coefficients were determined from absorbance at 232 and 270 nm, respectively, using a UV spectrophotometer (JENWAY 6405 UV/Vis. Spectrophotometer, England).
Iodine (I2/100g oil) and saponification (mg KOH / g oil) values (IV and SV) were calculated from fatty acids content according to Nelson and Susana (1995).
2.2.5 Fatty Acid Composition (GLC)
Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) with FID according to IOC (2021) guidelines. Fatty acids were identified by comparison with standards and expressed as % of total fatty acids.
2.2.6 Oxidative Stability (Rancimat)
(Velasco & Dobarganes, 2002), the Rancimat method was used to assess the extracted olive oils' oxidative stability. By measuring the induction time (hours) with an oil sample of 5 g heated to 100°C and an air flow rate of 20 L/h, stability was determined using the Rancimat 679 instrument (Metrohm Herisou, Co., Switzerland).
2.2.7 Determination of bioactive components of oil samples
I. Total polyphenols:
Total phenolics were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg GAE/kg oil (Singleton et al., 1999; Servili et al., 2014).
II. Tocopherols
Tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection and expressed as mg/kg oil (Boskou, 2015).
2.2.8 Pigments (Chlorophylls and Carotenoids)
Pigments were determined spectrophotometrically, as they influence oil color and oxidative stability (Aparicio et al., 2013).
2.2.9 Heavy Metals
Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr) were determined after acid digestion using AAS or ICP-OES (Gómez-Gómez et al., 2018; AOAC, 2016).
2.2.10 Pesticide Residues
Pesticide residues were analyzed using QuEChERS extraction followed by GC–MS or LC–MS/MS and compared with EU MRLs (EU, 2021).
2.2.11 Statistical Analysis
All analyses were performed in triplicate. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at p less than
Proximate Analysis
The proximate analysis results revealed noticeable variations between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, indicating a clear effect of cultivar type and treatment conditions on the chemical composition, as graphically illustrated in table. (1). Moisture content ranged from approximately 48.20% to 52.00%, with Picual (TW) exhibiting the highest value, while Koroneiki (FW) showed the lowest, reflecting the influence of varietal characteristics and maturity stage. Conversely, dry matter content varied between 40.80% and 47.20%, showing an inverse relationship with moisture levels, as expected. Protein content was relatively low across all samples, ranging from 1.40% to 1.85%, with Picual (TW) recording the highest value, which may be attributed to genetic differences between cultivars. Fiber content ranged from 12.10% to 13.90%, with higher values observed in Picual samples, suggesting a richer structural composition. Ash content, an indicator of total mineral content, ranged from 1.80% to 2.55%, with Picual (TW) showing the highest value, reflecting higher mineral accumulation. Meanwhile, carbohydrate content ranged from 13.50% to 15.20%, with Koroneiki (TW) exhibiting the highest value, which may be linked to increased accumulation of storage compounds.
From a statistical perspective, the observed variations among cultivars and between FW and TW samples were generally small to moderate, and most differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating that the effects of cultivar type and treatment conditions on proximate composition were limited under the present study. However, slight trends were still noticeable, particularly in moisture, ash, and carbohydrate contents, suggesting minor compositional differences within normal experimental variation.
The present findings are largely consistent with those reported by Ryan et al. (2001) and Boskou (2015), who demonstrated that chemical composition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and processing factors. However, the relatively limited variations observed in the current study are in partial disagreement with some previous reports that indicated more pronounced differences, which may be attributed to differences in cultivar, maturity stage, and experimental conditions.
Table 1: Proximate chemical composition of olive fruits/ oil.
| Components (%) | Picual - (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moisture | 50.01 ± 0.42 b | 52.00 ± 0.51 a | 48.20 ± 0.39 c | 50.30 ± 0.48 b |
| Oil | 42.50 ± 0.41 c | 40.80 ± 0.35 d | 45.30 ± 0.38 b | 47.20 ± 0.45 a |
| Protein | 1.70 ± 0.03 b | 1.85 ± 0.04 a | 1.40 ± 0.02 c | 1.66 ± 0.05 b |
| Fiber | 13.50 ± 0.12 b | 13.90 ± 0.15 a | 12.10 ± 0.11 c | 12.40 ± 0.14 c |
| Ash | 2.00 ± 0.04 b | 2.55 ± 0.06 a | 1.80 ± 0.03 c | 2.00 ± 0.05 b |
| Carbohydrates | 14.30 ± 0.15 b | 13.50 ± 0.19 c | 15.10 ± 0.22 a | 15.20 ± 0.18 a |
= Fresh Water and Tww= Treatment waste Water
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P＜0.05.
Free Acidity
The free acidity results illustrated in table. (2), showed that the free acidity values of Picual oil were 0.35% (FW) and 0.48% (TW), while Koroneiki recorded 0.28% (FW) and 0.36% (TW). All values were within the acceptable limit for extra virgin olive oil (≤0.8%), indicating good oil quality. The increase observed in TW samples compared to FW may be attributed to storage conditions or slight hydrolytic degradation. Moreover, Koroneiki exhibited lower acidity than Picual, reflecting better oil stability and quality. From a statistical perspective, the differences between Picual and Koroneiki were small and not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating a limited varietal effect. Similarly, the increase observed between FW and TW samples was not statistically significant, suggesting that storage conditions had a minimal impact on acidity levels. These findings are in agreement with García et al. (2014), who reported that high-quality olive oils typically have low acidity values. However, the relatively slight increase in acidity observed in this study disagrees with Servili et al. (2015), who found a more pronounced increase during storage.
Table 2: free acidity (% oleic acid) of olive oil samples as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar (horizontal layout).
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 0.35 ± 0.02 c | 0.28 ± 0.01 d |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 b |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.all values should be compared with the OIC limit for extra virgin olive oil (≤ 0.8% oleic acid).
Peroxide Value
The peroxide values revealed noticeable variations between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, indicating a clear effect of cultivar type and treatment conditions on the oxidation status of the oil, as graphically illustrated in table. (3). The peroxide values were 5.45 and 5.95 meq O₂/kg for Picual (FW and TW, respectively), and 4.80 and 6.80 meq O₂/kg for Koroneiki. These values indicate low levels of primary oxidation and fall within acceptable limits. The increase in TW samples suggests progression of oxidation during storage. Additionally, Koroneiki showed a lower peroxide value in FW but a higher increase in TW, indicating sensitivity to storage conditions. Statistically, the variation between cultivars and between FW and TW samples was not significant (p > 0.05), indicating that the observed changes in peroxide value were within the normal experimental variation and not strongly influenced by cultivar or treatment. These results agree with Kalua et al. (2007), who reported that peroxide values increase gradually with time. In contrast, the current findings are in disagreement with Psomiadou and Tsimidou (2002), who observed higher oxidation levels under similar conditions.
Table 3: Peroxide value of olive oil samples as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar (horizontal layout).
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 5.45 ± 0.15 c | 4.80 ± 0.12 d |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 5.95 ± 0.18 b | 6.80 ± 0.22 a |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
UV absorption indices (K232 and K270 and Δk)
The UV absorption indices (K232 and K270 and Δk) showed differences between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, as graphically illustrated in table. (4). The results indicated that K232 values were 1.62 (FW) and 1.85 (TW) for Picual, and 1.48 (FW) and 1.60 (TW) for Koroneiki. Similarly, K270 values were 0.12 and 0.16 for Picual and 0.10 and 0.13 for Koroneiki. All values were within permissible limits, confirming good oxidative stability. The increase in TW samples reflects secondary oxidation processes. Furthermore, Koroneiki showed lower values compared to Picual, indicating better resistance to oxidation. From a statistical point of view, the differences between cultivars as well as between FW and TW samples were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that both varietal type and storage conditions had a limited effect on these oxidation indices. These findings are consistent with Di Giovacchino et al. (2002) and agree with Mailer et al. (2010), who reported higher stability for Koroneiki oils. However, the relatively small differences between treatments disagree with Aparicio and Luna (2002), who found more pronounced variations.
ΔK
The ΔK values were very low, ranging from 0.002 to 0.005 for Picual and from 0.001 to 0.003 for Koroneiki, indicating the absence of adulteration and confirming oil purity. The slightly higher values in TW samples may be linked to minor oxidative changes. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between cultivars or between FW and TW samples (p > 0.05), confirming that ΔK values remained stable and unaffected by the studied conditions. These results are in agreement with the International Olive Council (2022), which considers low ΔK values as a key quality criterion. Moreover, the present findings agree with Hermoso et al. (1991), who confirmed the reliability of ΔK in detecting oil authenticity, with no observed disagreement
Table 4: UV absorption indices (k232, k270 and Δk) of olive oil as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Quality Parameters | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K232 | 1.62 ± 0.04 b | 1.85 ± 0.05 a | 1.48 ± 0.03 c | 1.60 ± 0.04 b |
| K270 | 0.12 ± 0.01 bc | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
| ΔK | 0.002 ± 0.000 bc | 0.005 ± 0.001 a | 0.001 ± 0.000 c | 0.003 ± 0.001 b |
UV absorption coefficients were determined spectrophotometrically. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. k 232 reflects primary oxidation products, while k272 and k indicate secondary oxidation products and oil quality.
Iodine Value
The iodine value results showed difference between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, as graphically illustrated in table. (5). The iodine value results indicated that Koroneiki olive oil exhibited slightly higher values (84.00–85.50) compared to Picual (82.00–83.50), reflecting a relatively higher degree of unsaturation. This suggests that Koroneiki oil contains a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid. The slight increase observed in TW samples for both cultivars may be attributed to minor compositional changes or concentration effects during processing.
From a statistical point of view, the differences between Picual and Koroneiki were minimal and not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating a weak varietal effect. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between FW and TW samples, confirming that the applied treatment had no substantial impact on the degree of unsaturation.
These findings are in agreement with Aparicio and Harwood (2013) and Boskou (2015), who reported that Koroneiki oils generally show higher iodine values than Picual. However, they are in partial disagreement with Choe and Min (2006), who reported more pronounced changes due to oxidative processes.
Table 5: Iodin value (gl2/100g oil) of olive oil samples as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 82.00 ± 0.65 d | 84.00 ± 0.58 b |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 83.50 ± 0.72 c | 85.50 ± 0.61 a |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. the iodine value reflects the degree of unsaturation of olive oil fatty acids.
Saponification Value
The saponification values, As graphically illustrated in table. (6), ranged from 190.50 to 192.10 for Picual and from 192.50 to 194.50 for Koroneiki, indicating slightly higher values for the latter. This may indicate differences in fatty acid chain length or triglyceride composition between the two cultivars, as higher saponification values are generally associated with shorter-chain fatty acids. Statistically, the variation between the two cultivars was small and overlapping, with no significant differences detected (p > 0.05). In addition, the comparison between FW and TW samples revealed no statistically significant variation, indicating that processing conditions did not significantly affect triglyceride composition. These results are consistent with Codex Alimentarius (2019) and Kiritsakis (1998), who emphasized the influence of varietal characteristics on oil composition. On the other hand, they disagree with García-González et al. (2008), who suggested that environmental and processing factors could lead to more noticeable changes.
Table 6: saponification value (mg KOH/g oil) of olive oil as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 190.50 ± 1.50 c | 192.50 ± 1.80 b |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 192.00 ± 1.20 b | 194.50 ± 1.60 a |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. saponification value provides an indication of the average molecular weight of fatty acids present in olive oil.
Refractive Index
The Refractive Index results showed difference between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, as graphically illustrated in table. (7). The refractive index values were very close for both cultivars, ranging from 1.4680 to 1.4689, indicating high purity and compositional consistency. The slight increase observed in TW samples may be due to minor compositional variations or early stages of oxidation. From a statistical perspective, no significant differences were observed between Picual and Koroneiki or between FW and TW samples (p > 0.05), confirming that refractive index is a highly stable parameter with limited sensitivity to varietal or processing factors. These findings are consistent with Firestone (2006) and Aparicio and Harwood (2013), who reported that refractive index is not highly sensitive to varietal differences. However, they slightly contradict Aparicio and Luna (2002), who observed clearer distinctions between cultivars.
Table 7: Refractive Index (Rl, at 20c) of olive oil as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 1.4680 ± 0.0001 d | 1.4685 ± 0.0001 b |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 1.4683 ± 0.0002 c | 1.4689 ± 0.0001 a |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. Refractive Index was measured at 20c and is related to the degree of unsaturation and purity olive oil.
Fatty Acids Composition
The fatty acid profile showed clear variation between Picual and Koronaki cultivars under both fresh weight (FW) and turgid weight (TW) conditions, As graphically illustrated in table. (8). Specifically, Oleic acid (C18:1), which is the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid, was higher in Picual (FW = 76.50, TW = 74.60) compared to Koronaki (FW = 72.40, TW = 70.16). This indicates that Picual oil has a higher oxidative stability, as oleic acid is strongly associated with resistance to oxidation. In contrast, linoleic acid (C18:2), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, was higher in Koronaki (FW = 9.10, TW = 9.80) than in Picual (FW = 6.20, TW = 7.40), suggesting that Koronaki oil may be more prone to oxidation due to its higher PUFA content.
Palmitic acid (C16:0) was also higher in Koronaki (FW = 13.80, TW = 14.30) compared to Picual (FW = 12.00, TW = 12.85), indicating slight differences in saturated fatty acids between cultivars. Regarding total fractions, saturated fatty acids (SFA) were slightly higher in Koronaki (16.48–16.70) than Picual (15.20–15.75), while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher in Picual (77.45–75.75) compared to Koronaki (73.60–71.50). On the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were higher in Koronaki (9.85–10.70) than in Picual (6.85–8.12). These results indicate that Picual is characterized by a higher MUFA/PUFA ratio, which is a key indicator of better oil stability and quality.
From a statistical perspective, the differences in major fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2) between cultivars are likely significant (P ≤ 0.05), reflecting true genetic variation. In contrast, minor fatty acids (such as C18:3 and C20:0) show small differences that may be considered non-significant (P > 0.05). Differences between FW and TW are relatively limited and are likely not significant for most fatty acids, indicating that fatty acid composition is mainly genetically controlled rather than affected by water content. These findings are consistent with previous studies. Boskou (2006) and Aparicio & Luna (2002) reported that olive oil quality is strongly influenced by fatty acid composition, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. Additionally, Gutiérrez et al. (2001) confirmed that Picual cultivar is characterized by higher oleic acid content and greater oxidative stability, while cultivars with higher linoleic acid content tend to have lower stability.
Overall, the results demonstrate that Picual oil has superior fatty acid composition in terms of oxidative stability and quality, whereas Koronaki shows higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may reduce its resistance to oxidation.
Table 8: Fatty acid composition (%) of olive oil determined by GLC as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Fatty Acid Fractions (%) | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 12.00 ± 0.22 c | 12.85 ± 0.19 b | 13.80 ± 0.25 a | 14.30 ± 0.31 a |
| Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | 0.95 ± 0.02 c | 1.15 ± 0.03 b | 1.20 ± 0.04 b | 1.40 ± 0.05 a |
| Stearic acid (C18:0) | 2.80 ± 0.06 a | 2.55 ± 0.08 b | 2.30 ± 0.05 c | 2.10 ± 0.04 d |
| Oleic acid (C18:1) | 76.50 ± 0.85 a | 74.60 ± 0.92 b | 72.40 ± 0.78 c | 70.16 ± 0.88 d |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 6.20 ± 0.14 b | 7.40 ± 0.18 a | 4.10 ± 0.11 d | 4.80 ± 0.15 c |
| Linolenic acid (C18:3) | 0.65 ± 0.02 c | 0.72 ± 0.03 bc | 0.75 ± 0.02 b | 0.90 ± 0.04 a |
| Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | 0.38 ± 0.01 ab | 0.30 ± 0.01 c |
| Total SFA | 15.20 ± 0.28 c | 15.75 ± 0.33 b | 16.48 ± 0.30 a | 16.70 ± 0.35 a |
| Total MUFA | 77.45 ± 0.88 a | 75.75 ± 0.95 b | 73.60 ± 0.81 c | 71.56 ± 0.90 d |
| Total PUFA | 6.85 ± 0.15 d | 8.12 ± 0.20 c | 9.85 ± 0.22 b | 10.70 ± 0.26 a |
Values are expressed as percentage of total fatty acids as mean ± standard deviation. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) were analyzed gas – liquid chromatography (GLC). Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
Oxidative Stability
The oxidative stability results revealed clear differences between Picual and Koronaki cultivars, As graphically illustrated in table. (9). In fresh weight (FW), Picual recorded a higher value (45.5) compared to Koronaki (32.0). A similar trend was observed in turgid weight (TW), where Picual maintained higher oxidative stability (38.20) than Koronaki (28.50). This indicates that Picual oil exhibits greater resistance to oxidation than Koronaki.
The superior oxidative stability of Picual can be attributed to its higher content of antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and tocopherols, which play a key role in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and delaying oxidative degradation. The decrease in oxidative stability from FW to TW in both cultivars suggests that sample condition and water content influence the measured stability. From a statistical perspective, the differences between the two cultivars are likely significant (P ≤ 0.05), indicating a true varietal effect, while the differences between FW and TW are also considered significant due to concentration-related changes.These findings are consistent with Velasco and Dobarganes (2002), who reported that oils rich in natural antioxidants exhibit higher oxidative stability. In addition, Servili et al. (2004) demonstrated a strong correlation between phenolic content and resistance to oxidation in olive oil. Therefore, the present results confirm that Picual has superior oxidative stability compared to Koronaki, mainly due to its richer antioxidant composition.
Table 9: Oxidative stability (Rancimat induction period, h at 100 c) of olive oil as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Irrigation Water Type | Picual | Koroneiki |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh water control (Fw) | 32.80 ± 0.65 c | 45.50 ± 0.95 a |
| Treated wastewater (Tww) | 28.50 ± 0.58 d | 38.20 ± 0.72 b |
oxidative stabilitywas determined using the Rancimat method at 100 c. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
Bioactive Compounds (phenolic compounds and tocopherols)
The bioactive compounds results revealed clear differences between Picual and Koronaki cultivars, As graphically illustrated in table. (10). Total phenolic content was higher in Picual (FW = 480.50, TW = 410.20) compared to Koronaki (FW = 350.20, TW = 300.00), indicating that Picual is richer in natural antioxidants. Similarly, α-tocopherol levels were greater in Picual (FW = 215.00, TW = 195.50) than in Koronaki (FW = 185.00, TW = 160.00), while γ-tocopherol also followed the same trend (Picual: FW = 12.50, TW = 10.20; Koronaki: FW = 9.50, TW = 7.50). Consequently, total tocopherols were higher in Picual (FW = 227.50, TW = 205.70) compared to Koronaki (FW = 194.50, TW = 167.50).
These results indicate that Picual possesses a stronger antioxidant system due to its higher content of phenolics and tocopherols. In addition, all bioactive compounds showed higher values in FW than TW, reflecting the influence of sample condition and possible dilution effects. From a statistical perspective, the differences between cultivars are likely significant (P ≤ 0.05), indicating true varietal variation, while the differences between FW and TW may also be significant due to changes in water content and concentration.
These findings are consistent with Servili et al. (2004), who reported that phenolic compounds are the main contributors to antioxidant activity in olive oil, and with Velasco & Dobarganes (2002), who emphasized the role of tocopherols in enhancing oxidative stability. Therefore, the present results confirm that Picual has superior bioactive composition compared to Koronaki, which explains its higher oxidative stability.
Table 10: Bioactive compounds content of olive oil (phenolic compounds and tocopherols) as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Bioactive Compounds | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Phenolic Content ((mg GAE/kg oil) | 480.50 ± 6.20 a | 300.00 ± 4.50 d | 350.80 ± 5.10 c | 410.20 ± 5.80 b |
| a-tocopherol (mg/kg oil) | 215.00 ± 3.10 a | 195.00 ± 2.80 b | 185.00 ± 2.50 c | 160.00 ± 2.10 d |
| y-tocopherol (mg/kg | 12.50 ± 0.35 a | 10.20 ± 0.22 b | 9.50 ± 0.18 bc | 7.50 ± 0.15 c |
| Total tocopherols (mg/kg oil) | 227.50 ± 3.45 a | 205.70 ± 2.95 b | 194.50 ± 2.62 c | 167.50 ± 2.25 d |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Tocopherols were quantified using chromatographic methods. Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
Photosynthetic Pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids)
The Photosynthetic Pigments results revealed noticeable variations between the studied samples (FW and TW) for both Picual and Koroneiki cultivars, indicating a clear effect of cultivar type and treatment conditions on pigment content, as graphically illustrated in table. (11). Specifically, Chlorophyll content was higher in Koronaki (FW = 8.50, TW= 10.00) compared to Picual (FW = 5.80, TW = 7.20), representing an increase of approximately 30–40%. This suggests that Koronaki has a more efficient photosynthetic system and a greater capacity for light absorption and biomass production.
A similar trend was observed for carotenoids, where Koroneiki recorded higher values (FW = 4.80, TW = 5.90) than Picual (FW = 3.40, TW = 4.10). This indicates a stronger photoprotective mechanism in Koroneiki, as carotenoids play a key role in protecting chlorophyll from oxidative damage under stress conditions. Despite these differences, the chlorophyll/carotenoid (Chl/Car) ratio showed very slight variation between the two cultivars (Picual: 1.71–1.75; Koronaki: 1.77–1.69), indicating a stable balance between photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection. Statistically, the differences observed in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents between the two cultivars are likely significant (P≤ 0.05), reflecting true varietal differences. In contrast, the Chl/Car ratio showed no significant difference (P > 0.05), suggesting that both cultivars maintain a similar internal physiological balance.
Additionally, pigment values in TW were consistently higher than FW in both cultivars, and these differences are considered statistically significant due to the concentration effect caused by water loss. These findings are consistent with Lichtenthaler (1987) and Lichtenthaler & Buschmann (2001), who reported that pigment composition varies with plant genotype and physiological condition. Moreover, Demmig-Adams & Adams (1996) confirmed that increased carotenoid levels enhance plant torance to environmental stress. Therefore, the present results agree with previous studies and indicate that Koronaki possesses superior photosynthetic performance compared to Picual.
Table 11: Pigments content of olive oil (chlorophylls and carotenoids) as affected irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Pigment Parameters | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Chlorophylls (mg/kg oil) | 5.80 ± 0.12 d | 7.20 ± 0.15 c | 8.50 ± 0.18 b | 10.00 ± 0.22 a |
| Total Carotenoids (mg/kg oil) | 3.40 ± 0.08 d | 4.10 ± 0.11 c | 4.80 ± 0.10 b | 5.90 ± 0.14 a |
| Chlorophyll/Carotenoid Ratio | 1.71 ± 0.02 bc | 1.75 ± 0.03 ab | 1.77 ± 0.02 a | 1.69 ± 0.03 c |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Pigments were determined spectrophotometrically. Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
Heavy Metals
As shown graphically illustrated in table. (12), The heavy metal analysis results showed variation between cultivars and between FW and TW measurements. In general, TW values were consistently higher than FW for all elements, which can be attributed to the reduction in water content resulting in a concentration effect of minerals. Lead (Pb) concentrations were slightly higher in Picual (FW = 0.012, TW = 0.045) compared to Koronaki (FW = 0.010, TW = 0.040), while cadmium (Cd) levels were very low in both cultivars (Picual: 0.002–0.008; Koronaki: 0.001–0.009). These low values indicate minimal environmental contamination. Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) showed moderate to low concentrations, with only slight differences between cultivars. In contrast, essential elements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) recorded higher values, particularly iron which ranged from 2.20 to 4.80, reflecting its essential role in plant metabolism and chlorophyll synthesis.
From a statistical perspective, differences between FW and TW for all elements are likely significant (P ≤ 0.05) due to concentration effects. However, differences between cultivars for Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr are relatively small and can be considered non-significant (P > 0.05). On the other hand, variations in essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu) may be significant depending on plant metabolic activity and nutrient uptake efficiency. These results are in agreement with Alloway (2013) and Kabata-Pendias (2011), who reported that Pb and Cd remain low in uncontaminated soils. Additionally, Marschner (2012) and Broadley et al. (2007) confirmed that Fe, Zn, and Cu are usually present at higher concentrations due to their vital physiological roles.
Overall, the data indicate that both cultivars accumulate heavy metals within normal physiological ranges, and no toxic levels were detected. The observed variations are mainly attributed to genetic differences and water content effects rather than environmental pollution.
Table 12: Heavy metals content in olive oil (mg/kg oil) as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Element (mg/kg oil) | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead (Pb) | 0.012 ± 0.001 c | 0.045 ± 0.003 a | 0.010 ± 0.001 c | 0.040 ± 0.002 b |
| Cadmium (Cd) | 0.002 ± 0.000 c | 0.008 ± 0.001 a | 0.001 ± 0.000 c | 0.009 ± 0.001 a |
| Nickel (Ni) | 0.050 ± 0.004 c | 0.120 ± 0.008 a | 0.040 ± 0.003 c | 0.130 ± 0.009 a |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.020 ± 0.002 c | 0.080 ± 0.005 a | 0.020 ± 0.001 c | 0.090 ± 0.006 a |
| Copper (Cu) | 0.150 ± 0.011 c | 0.280 ± 0.018 a | 0.120 ± 0.009 d | 0.270 ± 0.015 b |
| Zinc (Zn) | 0.800 ± 0.050 d | 3.500 ± 0.210 a | 1.650 ± 0.090 c | 3.000 ± 0.180 b |
| Iron (Fe) | 2.500 ± 0.150 c | 4.800 ± 0.320 a | 2.200 ± 0.120 d | 4.500 ± 0.290 b |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometrically (AAS/LCP). Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. permissible limits according to international standards (codex/FAO/WHO, where applicable).
Pesticide residues
As shown graphically illustrated in Table. (13), The results revealed the presence of pesticide residues at low but measurable levels in both Picual and Koroneiki olive cultivars, showing clear differences between fresh weight (FW) and turgid weight (TW) measurements. Chlorpyrifos was detected at 0.002 in FW and increased to 0.015 in TW for both cultivars, indicating a noticeable rise in concentration with tissue hydration. Diazinon was not detected (ND) in FW samples of both cultivars, while it appeared at 0.008 in TW, suggesting that its detection is influenced by sample condition and may be close to the analytical detection limit. Malathion showed values of 0.001 in FW and 0.010 in TW for both Picual and Koroneiki, reflecting a consistent increase in TW and suggesting relative stability within plant tissues.
Deltamethrin recorded 0.005 in FW and 0.008 in TW in Picual, while in Koroneiki it showed slightly lower values of 0.004 in FW and 0.006 in TW, indicating minor varietal differences with slightly higher accumulation in Picual. Imidacloprid was not detected (ND) in FW samples of both cultivars but was detected in TW at 0.005 in Picual and 0.004 in Koroneiki, supporting its systemic behavior and movement within hydrated plant tissues.
Overall, all pesticide residues were present at very low concentrations, likely within permissible safety limits. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the two cultivars for most pesticides, whereas significant differences (P < 0>
The present results are in agreement with studies indicating that systemic pesticides such as imidacloprid are more detectable in hydrated tissues; however, some reports have shown higher residue levels in fresh samples, which may be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, agricultural practices, and analytical techniques.
Table 13: Heavy metals content in olive oil (mg/kg oil) as affected by irrigation water type and cultivar.
| Pesticide Residues (mg/kg oil) | Picual (Fw) | Picual (Tww) | Koroneiki (Fw) | Koroneiki (Tww) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.002 ± 0.000 b | 0.015 ± 0.001 a | 0.002 ± 0.000 b | 0.015 ± 0.001 a |
| Diazinon | Nd | 0.008 ± 0.001 a | Nd | 0.008 ± 0.001 a |
| Malathion | 0.001 ± 0.000 b | 0.010 ± 0.001 a | 0.001 ± 0.000 b | 0.010 ± 0.001 a |
| Deltamethrin | 0.005 ± 0.001 c | 0.018 ± 0.002 a | 0.004 ± 0.001 c | 0.016 ± 0.001 b |
| Imidacloprid | Nd | 0.005 ± 0.000 a | Nd | 0.004 ± 0.000 b |
Different letters within the same row indicate statistically significant difference at P ≤ 0.05. MRLS according to codex Alimentarius / EU regulations.
Based on the findings of this study, which demonstrated no significant adverse effects of using treated wastewater for irrigating olive trees on oil quality and its physicochemical characteristics, the following recommendations are proposed:
The study recommends the potential expansion of treated wastewater reuse as an alternative irrigation source in olive cultivation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions facing severe water scarcity. This should be implemented within sustainable water management strategies aimed at optimizing water resources while maintaining agricultural productivity.
It is also recommended that strict adherence to technical and health standards for wastewater treatment be ensured prior to its use in irrigation, in order to minimize potential risks associated with contaminants and to maintain soil and crop safety.
Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of implementing integrated irrigation management systems, including precise irrigation scheduling and continuous monitoring of irrigation water quality. Such practices are essential to maintain long-term soil health and to prevent potential accumulation of salts or heavy metals in the soil profile over time.
The study also recommends conducting long-term field investigations over multiple growing seasons to assess the cumulative effects of treated wastewater irrigation on olive tree productivity, fruit quality, and oil composition, particularly with respect to fatty acid profiles, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and oxidative stability.
In addition, comparative studies among different olive cultivars under identical irrigation conditions are recommended to identify the most tolerant and responsive varieties to treated wastewater irrigation, which would support cultivar selection for water-limited environments.
Moreover, further research is needed to evaluate potential environmental and health risks, including the accumulation of heavy metals and other undesirable compounds in soil, fruits, and oil, to ensure food safety and environmental sustainability.
Finally, the study highlights the importance of strengthening the link between scientific research and agricultural practice by transferring research findings to farmers and policymakers, thereby promoting the safe and sustainable use of non-conventional water resources in agriculture.
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, food technology research institute, agricultural research center (Giza), and national research Centre (Dokki, Cairo), for facilitating the analytical work and experimental requirements of this study.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
