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*Corresponding Author: Isna Hikmawati, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.
Citation: Isna Hikmawati , Royan , H. Fauzi and C. Herawati. (2024), where are the most breeding places for aedes aegypti in endemic areas? : the important role of housewives as volunteers in vector control, J. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews. 9(1); DOI:10.31579/2692-9406/180
Copyright: © 2024, Isna Hikmawati. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 21 February 2024 | Accepted: 25 February 2024 | Published: 29 February 2024
Keywords: volunteers; larvae; breeding place; aedes aegypti; endemic
There is no empirically proven dengue fever vaccination, so vector control is an important measure to prevent dengue fever outbreaks. The involvement of women in vector control has a strategic role in eliminating mosquito breeding places. The purpose of this study is to describe the activities of women's participation as volunteer monitoring larvae in controlling dengue fever in endemic areas. Retrospective cohort study. Observations from April to December 2022. The study population was larvae monitoring volunteers in Kecila Village, Banyumas Regency. a sample of 67 volunteers. The research results show, the participation of women as volunteer monitoring larvae in controlling dengue fever in endemic areas is 94% dominated by housewives, 44.7% have high school education, 70.2% aged between (45-55), 71.6% good knowledge and 79.1% have volunteered to monitor larvae between 1-2 years. Larvae monitoring activities are carried out every 5-7 days, and health education is carried out when monitoring larvae. activity reporting to health center staff and evaluation and dissemination of activities. Container index (1.88-0.7) and house index (2.9-1.21). The most common mosquito breeding places for Aedes aegypti larvae are: bathtubs, barrels and junk. Kecila is an endemic area for dengue fever with a tendency to decrease in the prevalence of dengue fever every year. concluded that housewives have an important role in eliminating mosquito breeding places, which are mostly in: bathtubs, barrels and junk. Volunteers monitoring larvae need to appreciate the role of the local government, so that motivation in vector control activities can be maintained.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a Vector Borne Disease (VBD) which can cause high mortality and morbidity, especially in developing countries. Indonesia as a developing country and a tropical country geographically is a good place for breeding places for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus as a dengue vector. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus has a dual role because it can transmit dengue virus vertically and horizontally, as the results of a study by Mourya, et al found horizontal transmission of the DENV-2 serotype by infected mosquitoes through vertical transmission [1]. Rapid urbanization and industrialization is one of the risks of increasing the prevalence of DHF. Currently there is no empirically proven dengue hemorrhagic fever vaccination, therefore vector control is an important measure to prevent dengue hemorrhagic fever outbreaks by eliminating the vector's habitat. Previous research concluded that the vulnerability of DHF is indicated by the presence of cases (positive DHF) who live close to the controls (negative DHF), if the spread of the vector is not controlled then the spread of DHF will continue to increase, considering the flight distance of the Ae. aegypti mosquito can reach 2 kilometers [2]. Therefore optimizing the community in vector control through mosquito nest eradication activities is important, especially by involving the community component in the household as the key to success in preventing and controlling DHF. The results showed that community organizations, community leaders, community involvement in health campaigns, public relations with various institutions have a significant relationship with community participation in DHF control, mobilizing local communities and activating local leadership with active participation from the government and non-governmental organizations is a strategy appropriate for control activities [3]. The involvement of women in vector control has a strategic role in DHF control activities. The results of previous studies showed that 66.8% of 370 participants carried out control activities in the household by women [4]. Participation can be done by constantly monitoring the existence of a water reservoir inside or outside the home so that it does not become a breeding place for Ae. aegypti. Each family member can play a role in eliminating mosquito breeding places, such as disposing of solid waste outside the home and cleaning the garden area as two risk factors for dengue fever [5]. This shows the importance of vector control by optimizing community participation in mosquito nest eradication activities. The purpose of this study is to describe the activities of women's participation as volunteer monitoring larvae in controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever in endemic areas.
The research design used a retrospective cohort study, observations from April 2022 to December 2022. The study population was larvae monitoring volunteers in Kecila Village, Banyumas Regency. Sampling with a total sampling of 67 people. The project team obtained written consent from the respondents. The instrument used was a questionnaire, with interviews including data on age, employment, length of time volunteering, monitoring time, implementation of health education, evaluation of activity implementation and knowledge of dengue fever. Knowledge of dengue fever adopted from a valid questionnaire, with a validity value between 0.449-0.691 and a reliability of 0.881 [2]. The results of the index container, house index, and dengue prevalence were obtained from the results of activity reports submitted to local health officials. Descriptive analysis of data with percentages.
This study was approved by the ethics committee of the by the Health ResearchEthics Commission, Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto, by Number: KEPK/UMP/20/II/2023.
Table 1: characteristics of larva monitoring volunteers, Kecila Village, Banyumas, Indonesia
2.Larvae Monitoring Activities
Table 2: Vector control activities through monitoring Aedes aegypti larvae
Characteristics of larva monitoring volunteers as shown in Table.1 shows that 94% work as housewives with the education of mostly senior high school (44.7%), the age of most is in the range of 45-55 (70.2%), most of the knowledge about DHF is good (71.6%) and most have volunteered between 1-2 years (79.1%). Table.2 shows that larva monitoring activities are carried out once a week (5-7 days), there are health education activities for the houses visited every time they carry out larva monitoring and reporting to health workers under the working area of the puskesmas and there is evaluation and dissemination of larva monitoring implementation activities to the government local government, private institutions, non-governmental organizations, community leaders, religious leaders in coordination with local health workers.
Breedingplace was detected positive for Aedes aegypti larvae
Figure. 1 Characteristics of Aedes aegypti breedingplace
2.House Index and Container Index
Figure. 2 The value of the container index and house index
Figure. 3 Prevalence of DHF in Kemranjen Health Centers (2019-2022)
The results of monitoring the type of breeding place most frequently detected Ae. aegypti larvae were bathtubs, followed by barrels and junk (Figure 1). Figure.2 shows a decrease in the container index (CI) and house index (HI) and for 9 months. Based on the prevalence of DHF, Desa Kecila is a DHF endemic with a high incidence rate compared to other areas, and the trend for the last 4 years has been a decrease in prevalence (Figure.3).
This research shows the important role of housewives as volunteers to monitor larvae in DHF disease control activities. An important role in maintaining the health of the environment around where they live, such as keeping the house clean, managing household waste so that it does not become a breeding place for mosquitoes and environmental pollution which has a negative impact on human health and the occurrence of various diseases. In Indonesia, involvements of community on fight dengue are conducted through the 3M campaign (Menutup, Menguras, and Mengubur) - which means covering and cleaning water containers, and burying discarded containers - aimed to cut the mosquito life cycle by eliminating their breeding habitat [6]. The study found that one of the failures of the 3M program was the community's lack of motivation to carry out activities [7]. Therefore optimizing housewives as volunteer monitoring larvae can be a solution for the success of the program. The results of previous studies indicate that the role of housewives has more value in health practice. Participants who are housewives were less likely (OR 0.535, 95%CI 0.289–0.950) to have a high increment in practices score compared to the other occupation category [8]. The participation of housewives as larva monitoring officers must be continuously increased, bearing in mind that vector control as primary prevention is often hampered due to low community support. Community participation for successful prevention is related to awareness, knowledge, attitudes about disease, modes of transmission and mosquito breeding sites [9]. The participation of housewives in DHF prevention is the main resource in the family as the key to the success of community-based prevention. The involvement of communities and households was successful. Waste management with the elimination of the most productive water container types (bowls, tins, bottles) led to a significant reduction of pupal indices as a proxy for adult vector densities [10]. Empowering women into leadership and decision-making roles is one of the successful implementations of various programs [11]. The education of most of the volunteer monitoring larvae was middle and above, this certainly contributed to a better level of knowledge. This was shown from the assessment of the level of knowledge about DHF from the volunteers, most of whom were in the good category. The results of previous studies concluded that people with higher education have a high knowledge score compared to people with lower levels of education (β = −2.78, p = 0.003) [12]. Furthermore, good knowledge will contribute to good attitudes and practices in DHF prevention, as the results of research that get a picture of the percentage of good knowledge and good attitudes and practices in prevention with research results of 53.5% of the population who have a good knowledge score, 64.1% had good attitude and 68.4% good practice towards DHF prevention [4].
Respondents have become volunteer monitoring larvae 79.1
The participation of women as volunteer monitoring larvae in controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever in endemic areas is 94% dominated by housewives, 44.7% have high school education, 70.2% aged between (45-55), 71.6% good knowledge of DHF and 79.1% have volunteered to monitor larvae between 1-2 years. Larvae monitoring activities are carried out every 5-7 days, and health education is carried out when monitoring larvae. Activity reporting to health workers and evaluation and dissemination of larvae monitoring activities to the local government, private institutions, non-governmental organizations, community leaders, religious leaders with the coordination of the local Puskesmas. The results of monitoring mosquito breeding places, were mostly found in bathtubs, barrels and junk. Nine-month retrospective data from April 2022-December 2022 shows a decrease in the container index (1.88-0.7) and the house index (2.9-1.21). Based on the prevalence of DHF, Kecila is an endemic area for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with a tendency to decrease in the prevalence of DHF every year. Volunteers monitoring larvae need to appreciate the role of the local government, so that motivation in vector control activities can be maintained.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank profusely to all respondents, especially the volunteers monitoring the larvae in the village of Kecila, Banyumas, Indonesia. Higher Education Council. Muhammadiyah Central Executive, for funding Research Mu Batch 6 research activities through research contract number: 1687.026/PT/1.3/D/2022. Thank you very much to all the teams who have worked as well as possible.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
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