What Management Strategy for Acute Stone-Like Cholecystitis?

Research Article

What Management Strategy for Acute Stone-Like Cholecystitis?

  • Ouahab Ilhem

*Corresponding Author: Ouahab Ilhem, Ferhat Abbas University. Sétif 1. Faculty of Medicine. Research laboratory “Laboratory of Investigation and Specialized Research in Health, Environment and Innovations” (LIRSSEI). General surgery department; Sétif University Hospital.

Citation: Ouahab Ilhem, (2024), What Management Strategy for Acute Stone-Like Cholecystitis? J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice, 7(16); DOI:10.31579/2639-4162/220

Copyright: © 2024, Ouahab Ilhem. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 28 August 2024 | Accepted: 18 September 2024 | Published: 28 September 2024

Keywords: acute stone cholecystitis; abdominal ultrasound; antibiotic therapy; laparoscopic cholecystectomy; laparotomy cholecystectomy

Abstract

Introduction: Acute cholecystitis Lithiasis is an acute inflammation of the gallbladder and its contents following obstruction of the cystic duct or gallbladder neck by a stone. The objective of this study is to study the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic profile of acute stone cholecystitis by showing the management strategy. 
Patients and methods: Retrospective study spread from January 2019 to July 2024 of 389 cases of acute stone cholecystitis operated on in the general surgery department, Sétif University Hospital. 
Results: The female gender was predominant (78% of cases). The average age was 50 years (23-85 years). Obesity, multiparity, taking oral contraceptives and hypercholesterolemia were the risk factors for having cholelithiasis in our patients. The clinical signs found were pain in the right hypochondrium, sometimes the epigastrium (100%), fever in 80% of cases, bilious vomiting in 43% and nausea in 57% of cases. Leukocytosis was found in all patients. Abdominal ultrasound was requested in 100% of cases. Abdominal CT was requested for greater precision in 20% of cases. Comorbidities were found in elderly subjects. Regression of pain, disappearance of vomiting and fever were observed in the vast majority of patients after the start of antibiotic therapy. The patients were operated on after 72 hours of cooling for acute cholecystitis. Others underwent preparation before surgery.
Discussion: Antibiotic therapy is required for painful and febrile syndrome of the right hypochondrium. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the absence of a stone embedded in the infundibulum with pediculitis and signs of severity is the reference method for resecting the biliary reservoir. Conversion to the open route by laparotomy is the wisest consideration to avoid iatrogenic biliary wounds. 
Conclusion: Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis. Appropriate and timely treatment can avoid complications with serious consequences.

Introduction

Gallstone lithiasis is a very common pathology throughout the world [1]. Female gender, obesity, type 2 diabetes, high-protein diet, metabolic syndrome, oral contraceptives, hormonal treatments and genetic factors are risk factors for the occurrence of gallbladder lithiasis [2].                 
They are mainly women around 60 years old. Acute gallstone cholecystitis is the most common complication of gallstone disease. It is an acute inflammation of the gallbladder and its contents [3]. In 90% of cases, it is secondary to entrapment of the stone in the gallbladder neck or in the cystic duct [4]. This entrapment or obstruction, responsible for biliary stasis, will initiate a cascade of inflammatory, ischemic and then necrotic phenomena of the gallbladder wall responsible for bacterial translocation from the digestive type. Cholesterol is the main component of stones in 80% of cases [5].
Acute stone cholecystitis is the 3rd most common cause of emergency admission to visceral surgery departments (6).                                                              Acute stone cholecystitis is a medicosurgical emergency [7]. Acute cholecystitis is defined clinically by the sudden onset and persistence for 24 hours of hepatic colic pain with fever, accompanied by pain and guarding of the right hypochondrium on palpation during inspiration (sign of Murphy) and biological hyperleukocytosis. It is characterized by its clinical polymorphism, the absence of anatomoclinical parallelism and above all by the unpredictability of its evolution. It can resolve spontaneously or with antibiotic therapy, or progress towards perforation. of the gallbladder in free or septate peritoneum. Surgery is the standard treatment accompanied by effective antibiotic therapy. The problem lies in the choice of the moment of surgical intervention due to the perivesicular inflammatory phenomena which can be the cause of iatrogenic wounds of the common bile duct. The objective of this study is to establish which management strategy for acute stone-like cholecystitis?                                                                                               

Patients And Methods:

This is a retrospective study from January 2019 to July 2024 of 389 cases of acute stone cholecystitis operated on in the general surgery department, Sétif University Hospital. The history took into account the age, sex, history, existence of gallstone disease or hepatic colic before the acute episode of acute stone cholecystitis. Determine the onset of symptoms to assess the risk of operating difficulties. Additional examinations have been requested. Blood work, ultrasound and/or CT scan confirmed the clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis. Antibiotic therapy was started upon admission with the placement of an ice pack on the right hypochondrium. Cholecystectomy is the standard treatment. In the event of operational difficulty, conversion is the rule. 

Results:

The study included 389 cases of acute stone cholecystitis operated on in the general surgery department, Sétif University Hospital. There are 302 women and 87 men with a F/M sex ratio of 3.47. The average age of our patients was 50 years (23-80 years). Patients were divided according to Tokyo Guidelines grade into: -Grade 1: 51% (n = 197); -Grade 2: 39% (n = 153); - Grade 3: 10% (n = 39).
Cholecystectomy by laparoscopy was performed in 80% (n = 310) and by laparotomy in 20% (n = 79), including 11% converted. The intraoperative findings showed: - A gallbladder with a thickened wall in 46% (n = 180). - A hydrocholecyst in 33% with embedded stone(s) (n = 130); - A Pyocholecyst with embedded stone(s) in 19% (n = 72). - Gallbladder necrosis in 1% (n = 5). - Biliary peritonitis localized in 1% (n = 2).
Conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy was done in 11% (n = 40).
The duration of postoperative hospitalization was 2 to 4 days in the case of laparoscopy and 5 to 8 days in the case of laparotomy for patients with mainly cardiac morbidity. The postoperative course was simple for all patients except ten patients (3%) who presented with an infection of the surgical site. No cases of death were observed in our series.

Discussion:

The frequency of acute stone-like cholecystitis is parallel to that of vesicular stone disease. A very common pathology throughout the world, cholelithiasis is 4 times more common in women than in men [8]. This frequency is explained by female sex hormones, pregnancies, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, oral contraceptives, etc. Twenty percent of cholelithiasis is complicated by acute gallstone cholecystitis [9]. Serious complications can occur that are life-threatening, especially in elderly people. Therefore, acute stone cholecystitis is a medico-surgical emergency.        Acute cholecystitis is acute inflammation of the gallbladder due to transient or permanent entrapment of a stone in the cystic infundibulum. This results in edema and thickening of the gallbladder wall due to a toxic effect of bile acids and phospholipids [10]. Clinical signs appear such as pain in the right hypochondrium and/or epigastrium radiating towards the right shoulder with fever at 38.5°C. Bile pain is due to the sudden distension of the bile walls following the increase in pressure in the bile ducts resulting from the entrapment of a stone in the cystic duct [11].
The questioning specifies the start of the symptoms which is a very important element for predicting operating difficulties beyond the 7th day. It looks for the persistence of painful symptoms for more than 6 hours with the appearance of a clinical infectious syndrome (fever > 83.5°C and tachycardia).
The clinical examination reveals a defense of the right hypochondrium with a positive Murphy's sign (inhibition of deep inspiration) because it is the sensory receptors of the pre-vesicular parietal peritoneum which are involved. All our patients had this clinical picture. On the biological level, an inflammatory syndrome appears (hyperleukocytosis with neutrophil polynucleosis, elevated sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) [12] but there is no biological cholestasis (conjugated bilirubin, gamma GT, phosphatases normal alkalines). The white blood cell count can be normal in a third of cases [13].
Ultrasound performed in all our emergency patients visualized enclosed cholelithiasis, thickening of the gallbladder wall with sometimes a perivesicular collection. The ultrasound probe, passing at the level of the gallbladder, causes pain, we therefore speak of Murphy ultrasound. These signs are very sensitive and specific [14].
Ultrasound is considered the reference, first-line examination for gallbladder lithiasis and for the positive diagnosis of acute cholecystitis by showing significant thickening of the gallbladder wall (> 4 mm) and/or a peri-abscess. gallbladder and, almost always, a stone embedded in the gallbladder neck or in the cystic duct and more rarely in the common bile duct.  It can also show infection of the vesicular bile which is the consequence of stasis in relation to the stone obstacle of the cystic duct [15].
CT can show lithiasis and thickened gallbladder wall. This examination is less sensitive than ultrasound but it should be performed preoperatively just to assess the importance of gallbladder changes and the presence of a gallstone embedded in the gallbladder infundibulum in order to optimize therapeutic management, in particular the choice between an immediate laparotomy, or an immediate laparotomy (stone embedded in the gallbladder infundibulum and pediculitis) or a delayed cholecystectomy six to eight weeks after cooling by medical treatment with antibiotics (simple thickening of the gallbladder wall).
The treatment strategy and time frame will be adapted to the severity of the cholecystitis and essentially depends on the appearance of general septic signs. Indeed, acute stone-like cholecystitis is classified according to its severity into 3 grades according to the Tokyo recommendations [16]. Patients with grade 1 or mild acute gallstone cholecystitis have only moderate inflammation of the gallbladder without multi-organ failure. Patients with moderate severity (grade 2) have leukocytosis greater than 18,000/mm3, a palpable mass in the right hypochondrium, clinical signs lasting more than 72 hours or a local infection (perivesicular abscess or hepatic abscess or gangrenous cholecystitis). or emphysematous cholecystitis or localized biliary peritonitis). Patients with severe acute stone cholecystitis (grade 3) have one or more signs of cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, hepatic or hematological failure. The study of our population classified our patients into 3 categories of acute cholecystitis after hospitalization: 51% of patients with acute stone-like cholecystitis in grade 1, 39% in grade 2 and 10% in grade 3. Subjects aged over 75 years old have more severe comorbidities (respiratory or cardiac or renal failure with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension) in addition to severe acute stone-like cholecystitis (gangrenous sometimes perforated). Patients under 75 and over 45 were classified in severity category 2 while their younger counterparts (under 45 years) were classified in severity category 1.
Antibiotic treatment, targeted at intestinal germs, is prescribed in the event of fever, an increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis) or on imaging evidence in favor of a superinfection [17]. The germs responsible for acute stone cholecystitis are aerobes of digestive origin (E. Coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus faecalis, enterococci or anaerobes (B. fragilis). Urgent parenteral antibiotic therapy was initially probabilistic established for the two other categories of cholecystitis (broad-spectrum antibiotics, particularly in combination broadening the spectrum of activity (Gram +, certain Gram - and anaerobes) with the implementation of an ice pack on the right hypochondrium in a hospital setting. The main treatment remains laparoscopic cholecystectomy (laparoscopy) or laparotomy. The question that has generated much controversy has been when should one operate on a patient with acute cholecystitis?
The first reason against urgent surgical intervention is the presence of perivesicular inflammatory phenomena with pediculitis, thus making dissection of the callot triangle difficult and even dangerous with the risk of iatrogenic lesions of the common bile duct. The second reason is to improve operating conditions after the initiation of antibiotics. For a long time, surgical treatment was delayed and by laparotomy. The optimal timing of cholecystectomy has long been a matter of controversy [18]. At present and unanimously, the intervention must be carried out at best within 48 to 72 hours after the onset of symptoms and prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics, to avoid complications, sores of the common bile duct and so as not to extend the duration of the post-operative stay.  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a preferred surgical technique for treating acute cholecystitis [19]. In case of operating difficulty, laparoscopy must be converted to laparotomy. The patient must be informed of a risk of conversion [20]. The conversion rate from laparoscopy to laparotomy ranges from 10 to 25% (21). It depends on the experience of the operator and the difficulties encountered intraoperatively. For our population, conversion was made in 11% (n = 40) because of operational difficulties (pediculitis, adhesions, uncontrolled hemorrhage, the existence of another unrecognized biliary element and iatrogenic wound of the common bile duct).
In cases of acute cholecystitis, without visceral failure, cholecystectomy is recommended as early as possible. Ideally within the first 72 hours of development. Any other treatment (deadline, temporary contraindication, modalities) must be a concerted and planned decision. Treatment depends on the patient's anesthetic preparation and operability. Six percent (n=22) of patients were operated on after 10 to 15 days of hospitalization due to their inaccessibility to the surgical procedure. Medical treatment is a valid option to defer surgical management in patients with significant anesthetic risk. The decision for cholecystectomy must be discussed in a multidisciplinary manner. Morbidity was marked by surgical site infection in 3%. Mortality was zero. Acute stone cholecystitis has a good prognosis if caught on time and in a suitable manner. 

Conclusion

The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis must be suspected based on clinical and/or biological signs and confirmed by abdominal ultrasound. The preoperative abdominal scan can help in choosing the surgical intervention from the outset. The management strategy for acute stone-like cholecystitis must be well codified according to its severity and the patient's condition. The surgical timing must be short, 48 to 72 hours, in order to avoid complications or even mortality. Laparoscopy is immediately indicated for grade 1 and 2 of the Tokyo recommendations. Subjects at major risk (grade 3) must be well prepared and operated on by laparotomy.
Declaration of conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

img

Virginia E. Koenig

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

img

Delcio G Silva Junior

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

img

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

img

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

img

Layla Shojaie

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

img

Sing-yung Wu

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

img

Orlando Villarreal

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

img

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

img

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

img

Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

img

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

img

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

img

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

img

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

img

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

img

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

img

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

img

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

img

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

img

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

img

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

img

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

img

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

img

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

img

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

img

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

img

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

img

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

img

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

img

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

img

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

img

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

img

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

img

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

img

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

img

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

img

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

img

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

img

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

img

Luiz Sellmann