Streptomyces, known primarily for their prolific production of antibiotics, have recently garnered attention for their antioxidant properties. Antioxidants play a vital role in neutralizing harmful free radicals, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage and ultimately reducing the risk of various diseases. This review aims to comprehensively explore the antioxidant capabilities of Streptomyces spp., shedding light on their mechanisms of action, bioactive compounds involved, and potential applications in medicine and food industries. Streptomyces is a widely studied genus of bacteria that is known for its diverse metabolic capabilities and production of bioactive compounds. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the antioxidant properties of Streptomyces and their potential applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. Ulcerative diseases, particularly gastric and duodenal ulcers, pose a significant burden on public health worldwide. The search for effective therapeutic agents with anti-ulcer properties has led to the exploration of various natural sources, including Streptomyces. Streptomyces is a diverse genus of bacteria known for its ability to produce bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-ulcer properties of Streptomyces, the antioxidant properties of Streptomyces, including the mechanisms of action, bioactive compounds involved, and the potential therapeutic applications.

Streptomyces, a genus of filamentous bacteria ubiquitous in soil habitats, have long been a treasure trove for antibiotic discovery (Alam et al., 2021). However, beyond their antimicrobial prowess, emerging research has highlighted their significant antioxidant potential (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). Antioxidants act as scavengers of free radicals, thereby safeguarding cellular components from oxidative stress-induced damage. The antioxidant properties of Streptomyces spp present a promising avenue for novel therapeutic and nutritional interventions (Adjimani and Asare, 2015).

Antioxidants are compounds that play a crucial role in neutralizing harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing oxidative stress (Abbasi et al., 2020). Oxidative stress has been associated with the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020). Therefore, the search for effective antioxidants has gained significant attention. Streptomyces, a genus of filamentous bacteria, has been found to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities, including antioxidant properties (Ayswaria et al., 2020).

Gastric and duodenal ulcers are characterized by the erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum, leading to painful symptoms and complications (Barreiro et al., 2012). The development of effective treatments for ulcers is of paramount importance (Bauemeister et al., 2019). Streptomyces, a group of filamentous bacteria, has gained attention for its ability to produce secondary metabolites with various biological activities, including anti-ulcer properties (Azman et al., 2017).

Secondary metabolites of Streptomyces spp

Streptomyces spp. are well-known for their ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, many of which have important biological activities. Here are some examples of secondary metabolites commonly found in Streptomyces spp.:

1. Antibiotics: Streptomyces spp. are renowned for their production of numerous antibiotics, which are essential in combating bacterial infections. Examples of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces include streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, neomycin, and vancomycin (Azerang and Sardari, 2017).

2. Antifungals: Streptomyces spp. also produce secondary metabolites with antifungal properties. Nystatin, amphotericin, and griseofulvin are some examples of antifungal compounds derived from Streptomyces spp (Azman et al., 2017).

3. Antitumor Agents: Streptomyces spp. are a prolific source of compounds with anticancer properties. Examples include bleomycin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and actinomycin D (Ayswaria et al., 2020).

4. Immunosuppressants: Streptomyces-derived immunosuppressants are used in organ transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Examples include rapamycin (sirolimus) and tacrolimus (FK506) (Amann et al., 2019).

5. Anti-parasitic Agents: Many Streptomyces-derived compounds exhibit activity against parasitic infections. Examples include ivermectin, avermectin, and milbemycin (An et al., 2016).

6. Pigments: Streptomyces spp. are known for producing various pigments with diverse colors. For example, Streptomyces coelicolor produces the blue pigment actinorhodin, while Streptomyces griseus produces the red pigment prodigiosin (Al-Ansari et al., 2019).

7. Enzyme Inhibitors: Certain secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp. are known to inhibit enzymes. For example, staurosporine inhibits several protein kinases, while FK506 inhibits calcineurin (Al-Shaibani et al., 2021).

8. Growth Factors: Streptomyces spp. also produce various growth factors, such as vitamin B12 and riboflavin (Apak et al., 2016).

9. Antioxidants: Some Streptomyces-derived compounds exhibit antioxidant properties, such as resveratrol and actinorhodin (Amann et al., 2019).

These are just a few examples of the diverse array of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp. Each species of Streptomyces has the potential to produce a unique set of metabolites, and ongoing research aims to discover new bioactive compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry (An et al., 2021).

Antioxidant Mechanisms of Streptomyces spp.:

Streptomyces spp. exhibit antioxidant activity through various mechanisms, prominently involving the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulation of cellular redox balancem (An et al., 2016). Several studies have identified the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems employed by Streptomyces, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and carotenoids (An et al., 2021). These antioxidative defenses play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and protecting against oxidative damage (An et al., 2016).

Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties:

The antioxidant potential of Streptomyces spp. can be attributed to the production of bioactive compounds with free radical scavenging abilities (Apak et al., 2016). Secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by Streptomyces exhibit potent antioxidant properties (Aryal et al., 2020). These bioactive compounds not only mitigate oxidative stress but also demonstrate anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, further underscoring the multifaceted benefits of Streptomyces-derived antioxidants (Adinarayana et al., 2006).

Bioactive components of antioxidant properties in Streptomyces

1. Coenzyme Q: Streptomyces species are capable of producing Coenzyme Q, also known as Ubiquinone, which acts as a powerful antioxidant in the body, protecting cells from oxidative damage (Ahmad et al., 2021).

2. Landomycin: This compound is produced by Streptomyces globisporus and has been found to possess strong antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020).

3. Rubromycin: Another compound isolated from Streptomyces species, rubromycin displays antioxidant properties that may help in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation (Al-Ansari et al., 2019).

4. Tacrolimus: Also known as FK506, this secondary metabolite from Streptomyces tsukubaensis exhibits antioxidant effects by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation (Ahmad et al., 2021).

5. Oxotremorine: Produced by Streptomyces species, oxotremorine has been shown to possess antioxidant properties and may have potential therapeutic benefits in combating oxidative stress-related conditions (Akintunde, 2014).

Applications in Medicine and Food Industries:

The antioxidant properties of Streptomyces spp. hold promise for diverse applications in medicine and food industries (Alam et al., 2021). The development of antioxidant-rich supplements, functional foods, and nutraceuticals derived from Streptomyces metabolites could offer novel approaches for combating oxidative stress-related disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer (Akintunde, 2014). Furthermore, the incorporation of Streptomyces-derived antioxidants in food preservation and packaging could extend the shelf life of products while maintaining their nutritional quality (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020).

Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action:

Streptomyces-derived antioxidants act through multiple mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). These mechanisms include scavenging of free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, and modulation of signaling pathways involved in cellular redox balance (Azman et al., 2017). Detailed investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Streptomyces-derived antioxidants are crucial to understanding their potential therapeutic applications (Barreiro et al., 2012).

Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties:

The antioxidant properties of Streptomyces can be attributed to various bioactive compounds produced by these bacteria (Bérdy, 2005). These include polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenazines, and other secondary metabolites (Bérdy, 2005). Each of these compounds possesses unique chemical structures and antioxidant activities, making Streptomyces a promising source for the discovery of novel antioxidants (Azman et al., 2017).

Therapeutic Applications:

The antioxidant properties of Streptomyces-derived bioactive compounds have shown promising potential in various therapeutic applications (Barreiro et al., 2012). These include their use as natural antioxidants in the food and beverage industry to enhance product stability and extend shelf life. Streptomyces antioxidants have also demonstrated protective effects against oxidative stress-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders (Azman et al., 2017). Furthermore, their applications in cosmetic formulations have been explored for their ability to protect the skin from oxidative damage and aging (Bauemeister et al., 2019).

Mechanisms of Anti-ulcer Action:

Streptomyces-derived compounds exert their anti-ulcer effects through several mechanisms (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). These include reducing gastric acid secretion, enhancing mucosal defense mechanisms, promoting antioxidant activity, inhibiting the growth of ulcer-causing bacteria, and modulating inflammatory and immune responses (Abbasi et al., 2020). Exploring these mechanisms in detail is vital to comprehending the potential therapeutic applications of Streptomyces-derived compounds in ulcer treatment (Amann et al., 2019).

Bioactive Compounds with Anti-ulcer Properties:

Streptomyces bacteria have been found to produce a vast array of bioactive compounds that exhibit anti-ulcer activity (Al-Shaibani et al., 2021). These include antibiotics, alkaloids, peptides, polyketides, and cyclic compounds (Alam et al., 2021). Each of these compounds possesses unique chemical structures and mechanisms of action that contribute to their anti-ulcer properties. Streptomyces serves as a valuable source for the discovery of novel anti-ulcer agents (Akintunde, 2014).

Bioactive components of anti-ulcer properties in Streptomyces

Streptomyces is a genus of bacteria known for producing a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including secondary metabolites with potential anti-ulcer properties (Adjimani and Asare, 2015). Some of the bioactive compounds derived from Streptomyces strains that have shown anti-ulcer properties include:

1. Streptomycin: While primarily known as an antibiotic, streptomycin has also been studied for its potential gastroprotective effects in the treatment of ulcers (Al-Ansari et al., 2019).

2. Erythromycin: Another antibiotic produced by Streptomyces, erythromycin has been investigated for its ability to help with gastric motility and ulcer healing (Amann et al., 2019).

3. Rifamycin: This antibiotic derived from Streptomyces has shown promising anti-ulcer effects by reducing gastric acid secretion and promoting ulcer healing (Al-Shaibani et al., 2021).

4. Actinomycin D: Known for its anticancer properties, actinomycin D has also been studied for its potential anti-ulcer effects, possibly through its anti-inflammatory actions (Ahmad et al., 2021).

5. Nystatin: While primarily used as an antifungal agent, nystatin has been explored for its gastroprotective properties in the context of ulcer prevention (Azman et al., 2017).

Therapeutic Applications:

The anti-ulcer properties of Streptomyces-derived bioactive compounds hold promise for various therapeutic applications (Bazzano et al., 2002). These include the development of novel anti-ulcer medications, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. Streptomyces compounds have demonstrated efficacy in reducing ulcer formation, promoting ulcer healing, and providing gastroprotective effects (Bauemeister et al., 2019). Furthermore, their potential for combination therapy with conventional ulcer treatments opens up avenues for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects (Barnham et al., 2004).

The anti-ulcer capacity of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces is attributed to their diverse mechanisms of action. Which includes:

1. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion: Many Streptomyces-derived compounds have been found to inhibit the production of gastric acid, which can contribute to the formation and exacerbation of gastric ulcers (Barreiro et al., 2012). By reducing acid secretion, these compounds help create a more favorable environment for ulcer healing (Bacon and White, 2000).

2. Enhancement of mucosal defense mechanisms: Streptomyces metabolites can enhance the protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). They can stimulate the production and secretion of mucus, which forms a protective layer on the gastric epithelium, preventing damage from gastric acid (Bauemeister et al., 2019). Additionally, these compounds can promote the production of bicarbonate ions, which help neutralize acid and maintain mucosal integrity (Aryal et al., 2020).

3. Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium commonly associated with gastric ulcers (Al-Shaibani et al., 2021). Many Streptomyces-derived compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, either by inhibiting its growth or by disrupting its biofilm formation (An et al., 2021). By targeting and reducing the colonization of H. pylori, these compounds help prevent and treat ulcer formation (Amann et al., 2019).

4. Anti-inflammatory effects: Streptomyces secondary metabolites can possess anti-inflammatory properties, which play a significant role in mitigating ulcer development and promoting healing (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). These compounds can suppress the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, and inhibit the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways (An et al., 2016). By reducing inflammation in the gastric mucosa, they help alleviate ulcer symptoms and facilitate the recovery process (Aryal et al., 2020).

5. Antioxidant activity: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers (An et al., 2021). Streptomyces metabolites may exhibit antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage to gastric tissue (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). This antioxidant activity contributes to the preservation of mucosal integrity and the prevention of ulcer formation (Alam et al., 2021).

It is important to note that the exact mechanisms of action may vary among different Streptomyces secondary metabolites, as they can have unique chemical structures and target specific molecular pathways involved in ulcer pathogenesis (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020). Further research is necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms of action of individual compounds and their potential synergistic effects in ulcer treatment (Abbasi et al., 2020).

Compounds present in Streptomyces spp and their potential ant-ulcer effect

There are several individual compounds present in Streptomyces spp. that have been identified for their potential anti-ulcer effects and their mechanisms of action. Here are some examples and their potential synergistic effects in ulcer treatment:

1. Erythromycin: Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (Akintunde, 2014). Specifically, it binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and prevents the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). In addition to its antibacterial effects, erythromycin has been found to inhibit gastric acid secretion and enhance gastric mucosal blood flow. Its therapeutic efficacy for ulcers is attributed to the combined effects of inhibiting bacterial growth and acid secretion, as well as promoting mucosal healing (Alam et al., 2021).

2. Clarithromycin: Clarithromycin is another macrolide antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial effects against H. pylori (Adjimani and Asare, 2015). It acts similarly to erythromycin in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, but has a broader spectrum of action. Clarithromycin also possesses anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020). Its ability to target both bacterial growth and inflammation makes it a potential synergistic agent with other compounds to enhance ulcer treatment (Bauemeister et al., 2019).

3. Geldanamycin: Geldanamycin is a benzoquinone ansamycin that inhibits the activity of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a chaperone protein that regulates the folding and function of other proteins (Bacon and White, 2000). Hsp90 plays a critical role in cell survival and proliferation, and is overexpressed in cancer cells and inflamed tissues (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). Geldanamycin has been found to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in H. pylori and gastric cancer cells (Azman et al., 2017). Its potential synergistic effect in ulcer treatment may lie in its ability to inhibit Hsp90 activity in inflamed gastric mucosa (Barreiro et al., 2012).

4. Albomycin: Albomycin is a thiazolyl peptide antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial effects against a range of bacteria, including H. pylori. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis and has been found to possess substantial anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (Bazzano et al., 2002). Its ability to target both bacterial growth and inflammation makes it a potential synergistic agent with other compounds to enhance ulcer treatment (Asolkar et al., 2006).

5. Polymyxins: Polymyxins are a group of polypeptide antibiotics that interact with the bacterial cell membrane, disrupting its structure and integrity (Azman et al., 2017). Polymyxin E (colistin) and polymyxin B both exert antibacterial effects against H. pylori and promote ulcer healing by inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing inflammatory responses (Ayswaria et al., 2020).

The potential synergistic effects of these compounds lie in their ability to target different components of ulcer pathogenesis, such as bacterial growth, acid secretion, inflammation, and oxidative stress (Apak et al., 2016). By combining agents with complementary mechanisms of action, there is potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the likelihood of antibiotic resistance (An et al., 2021). However, further research is necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapies for ulcer treatment (Amann et al., 2019).

Specific compounds known for their antioxidant activity and their potential synergistic effects:

1. Resveratrol: Resveratrol is a natural compound found in grapes, berries, and red wine. It exhibits potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress (Adjimani and Asare, 2015). Resveratrol activates antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and also inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells (Al-Ansari et al., 2019). In combination with other antioxidants, such as vitamin C or E, resveratrol has the potential to enhance the overall antioxidant capacity and provide a synergistic effect in combating oxidative stress (Ahmad et al., 2021).

2. Curcumin: Curcumin is a polyphenol compound derived from turmeric. It possesses strong antioxidant properties and acts as a free radical scavenger (Akintunde, 2014). Curcumin also enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) (Abdel-Razek et al., 2020). When combined with other antioxidants or phytochemicals, curcumin may exert a synergistic effect in neutralizing a wide range of free radicals and reducing oxidative damage (Abbasi et al., 2020).

3. Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid found in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation (Alam et al., 2021). Quercetin also increases the activity of endogenous antioxidants, such as SOD and GPx. When combined with other antioxidants, such as resveratrol or vitamin E, quercetin may provide additive or synergistic effects in preventing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage (Adinarayana et al., 2006).

4. Vitamin C: Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and regenerates other antioxidants in the body (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). It plays a crucial role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage (Asolkar et al., 2006). Vitamin C can work synergistically with other antioxidants, such as vitamin E or selenium, to enhance their antioxidant effects (An et al., 2021). Together, they create a network of antioxidants that can scavenge different types of free radicals and provide comprehensive protection against oxidative stress (Aryal et al., 2020).

5. Lipoic acid: Lipoic acid, also known as alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is a potent antioxidant with both water and lipid-soluble properties (Barreiro et al., 2012). It serves as a cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes and promotes the synthesis of glutathione, a critical antioxidant molecule in the body (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). ALA can regenerate other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and protect against oxidative damage. Combining ALA with other antioxidants may result in a synergistic effect in combating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular health (Pizzino et al., 2017).

When these antioxidant compounds are combined, they can have a synergistic effect by working together to scavenge different types of free radicals, regenerate other antioxidants, and protect against oxidative damage in various cellular compartments (Tan et al., 2015). It's important to note that the synergistic effects may depend on the specific combination and concentrations used, and further research is needed to determine optimal formulations and dosages for enhanced antioxidant activity (Pizzino et al., 2017).

While Streptomyces spp. are well-known for their production of various bioactive compounds, their specific mechanisms of action and synergistic effects in antioxidant activity may vary (Phaniendra et al., 2015). However, here are some examples of individual compounds produced by Streptomyces spp. and their potential mechanisms and synergistic effects in antioxidant activity (Goh et al., 2019):

1. Actinorhodin: Actinorhodin is a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces coelicolor (Lee et al., 2011). It possesses antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation (Goh and Kadir, 2011). Actinorhodin's antioxidant activity is attributed to its ability to donate electrons and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Giacco and Brownlee, 2010). When combined with other antioxidants, such as vitamin C or quercetin, actinorhodin may exhibit a synergistic effect by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and providing comprehensive protection against oxidative stress (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000).

2. Streptomycin: Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces spp. While it is primarily known for its antibacterial activity, some studies suggest that streptomycin may possess antioxidant properties (Chan et al., 2016). It is believed to inhibit ROS production by interfering with the electron transport chain in mitochondria (Carlsen et al., 2010). Streptomycin's potential synergistic effects in antioxidant activity may arise when combined with other antioxidants, such as resveratrol or curcumin, which can scavenge free radicals and counteract oxidative damage (Bérdy, 2005).

3. Nystatin: Nystatin is an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spp., including Streptomyces noursei. Although its primary role is to combat fungal infections, studies have indicated that nystatin may exhibit antioxidant activity. It is thought to protect against oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Combining nystatin with other antioxidants could potentially enhance its antioxidant effects and provide synergistic benefits in combating oxidative damage (Bazzano et al., 2002).

4. Streptothricins: Streptothricins are a group of cyclic peptides produced by Streptomyces species (Barnham et al., 2004). They possess diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer properties (Bauemeister et al., 2019). While the antioxidant effects of streptothricins are not extensively studied, the presence of certain amino acids in their structure suggests a potential for antioxidant activity (Barreiro et al., 2012). Combining streptothricins with known antioxidants, such as vitamin E or lipoic acid, may result in synergistic effects by targeting different pathways involved in antioxidant defense (Bacon and White, 2000).

It's important to note that the specific mechanisms of action and potential synergistic effects of these compounds in antioxidant activity are still being investigated (Azman et al., 2017). Further research is needed to fully understand their roles and interactions, as well as their potential applications in antioxidant therapies (Azman et al., 2017).

Streptomyces, with its extensive metabolic capabilities and production of bioactive compounds, holds great potential as a source of natural antioxidants (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). The antioxidant properties of Streptomyces-derived bioactive compounds have been demonstrated through various mechanisms and have shown promising therapeutic applications (Ayswaria et al., 2020). However, further research is needed to fully explore and optimize their antioxidant potential and develop novel formulations for various industries. Understanding the antioxidant properties of Streptomyces will contribute to the development of effective and sustainable solutions for oxidative stress-related diseases and product stability in various sectors (Asolkar et al., 2006). Streptomyces spp represent a valuable source of antioxidants with immense therapeutic and commercial potential (Aryal et al., 2020). By elucidating the antioxidant mechanisms and bioactive compounds of Streptomyces, this review emphasizes the importance of harnessing their antioxidant properties for innovative health and nutritional interventions (Apak et al., 2016). Future research endeavors focusing on the isolation, characterization, and application of Streptomyces-derived antioxidants are warranted to fully exploit their beneficial effects in healthcare and food sectors (An et al., 2021).

Streptomyces bacteria, with their ability to produce bioactive compounds with anti-ulcer properties, offer a valuable resource for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents (Aryal et al., 2020). The anti-ulcer effects of Streptomyces-derived compounds have been elucidated through various mechanisms, including gastric acid regulation, mucosal defense enhancement, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory effects (Azerang and Sardari, 2017). Future research should focus on the identification and characterization of specific bioactive compounds, optimization of extraction and purification methods, and clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety. Harnessing the anti-ulcer potential of Streptomyces could potentially lead to improved treatment strategies for ulcerative diseases (An et al., 2016).