AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Bon L.I, Grodno State Medical University, 80, Gorkogo St., 230009, Grodno, Republic of Belarus.
Citation: Bon L.I, Maksmovich N.Ye, Ostrovskaya O.B, Moroz E.V and Vishnevskaya L.I, (2023), The Study of Neuroglia Under an Electron Microscope, Archives of Medical Case Reports and Case Study, 7(6); DOI:10.31579/2692-9392/193
Copyright: © 2023, Bon L.I. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 05 December 2023 | Accepted: 12 December 2023 | Published: 19 December 2023
Keywords: neuroglia; electron microscope; methods
With the help of a light microscope, you can see several types of cells: neuroglia lying next to neurons and their processes. Neuroglia of ectodermal origin consists of oligodendroglia, fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes and cubic ependymal cells with cilia. The latter line the ventricles and the central canal of the brain and spinal cord. The smallest of the glial cells forming microglia are of mesodermal origin and can turn into phagocytes. Various types of glial cells are usually recognized using various staining methods. For example, on preparations stained by Nissl, it can be seen that astrocytes have the largest nuclei, usually oval in shape and most often with fine-grained, evenly distributed chromatin. Oligodendroglia cells have smaller rounded nuclei with dense lumps of chromatin, especially crowded at the nuclear envelope. The nuclei of microglial cells are smaller and more often elongated. Special methods of silvering reveal bundles of glial fibrils in the long undulating processes of fibrous astrocytes; in microglial cells, the cytoplasm is usually stained entirely; their several processes are characterized by branching at an "angle". In oligodendroglia cells, the nuclei are rounded: these are cells with a small number of short processes (as indicated by their name) or without any processes at all. Astrocytes, which are best seen when colored by Golgi, have numerous branching, feathery processes. These are the main features, but there are many differences, and since it is often impossible to reliably recognize all types of cells using light microscopy on a single slice of brain tissue, it is not surprising that even with electron microscopic examination, cells that are difficult to classify are often found. Nevertheless, a number of criteria have been established that can be used, however, with caution.
With the help of a light microscope, you can see several types of cells: neuroglia lying next to neurons and their processes. Neuroglia of ectodermal origin consists of oligodendroglia, fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes and cubic ependymal cells with cilia. The latter line the ventricles and the central canal of the brain and spinal cord. The smallest of the glial cells forming microglia are of mesodermal origin and can turn into phagocytes. Various types of glial cells are usually recognized using various staining methods.
1.Cell types
With the help of a light microscope, you can see several types of cells: neuroglia lying next to neurons and their processes. Neuroglia of ectodermal origin consists of oligodendroglia, fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes and cubic ependymal cells with cilia. The latter line the ventricles and the central canal of the brain and spinal cord. The smallest of the glial cells forming microglia are of mesodermal origin and can turn into phagocytes. Various types of glial cells are usually recognized using various staining methods. For example, on preparations stained by Nissl, it can be seen that astrocytes have the largest nuclei, usually oval in shape and most often with fine-grained, evenly distributed chromatin. Oligodendroglia cells have smaller rounded nuclei with dense lumps of chromatin, especially crowded at the nuclear envelope. The nuclei of microglial cells are smaller and more often elongated. Special methods of silvering reveal bundles of glial fibrils in the long undulating processes of fibrous astrocytes; in microglial cells, the cytoplasm is usually stained entirely; their several processes are characterized by branching at an "angle" [3]. In oligodendroglia cells , the nuclei are rounded: these are cells with a small number of short processes (as indicated by their name) or without any processes at all. Astrocytes, which are best seen when colored by Golgi, have numerous branching, feathery processes. These are the main features, but there are many differences, and since it is often impossible to reliably recognize all types of cells using light microscopy on a single slice of brain tissue, it is not surprising that even with electron microscopic examination, cells that are difficult to classify are often found. Nevertheless, a number of criteria have been established that can be used, however, with caution. [4]
a. Oligodendroglia. Cells of this type are involved in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheaths. They are easily recognized in the white matter of the brain using light and electron microscopy, as they lie in chains between bundles of myelin fibers. Chunks of chromatin are clearly visible in their nuclei, and the narrow rim of the cytoplasm contains a large amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and many mitochondria. Cells with similar signs are found throughout the gray matter, where there are, of course, myelin fibers. It is often possible to see a myelinated axon (in this case in the cerebral cortex) lying inside the groove of the cytoplasm. And yet, despite the prevalence of such a picture, it has not yet been possible to trace a continuous connection between the cytoplasm of the oligodendroglia cell and myelin plates in the tissue of an adult organism. This could mean that only a narrow "neck" of the oligodendrogliocyte cytoplasm fits to the axon, which then expands and flattens to form myelin plates. Then we would have only a very small chance to make a cut through this narrow neck in such a plane as to simultaneously see both the myelin sheath and its continuous connection with the glial cell. [5]
Satellite cells, which are constantly found in association with larger neurons, usually belong to the oligodendroglia, and with the help of an electron microscope, it is often possible to identify cells that occupy a typical satellite position and have signs of oligodendroglia cells. Occasionally, however, we also had to see small rounded satellite cells with a narrow rim of relatively light, non-granular cytoplasm. Such cells are difficult to classify without knowing what their size and three-dimensional structure are. [6]
b. Astrocytes. It is usually believed that these cells have a pale, "watery" cytoplasm, which practically does not contain a granular endoplasmic reticulum and relatively few mitochondria. They form a boundary layer of cell bodies under the soft meninges and a layer of "terminal legs" around blood vessels. Apparently, there are no clear differences in fine structure between protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, except for the fact that the cytoplasm of fibrous astrocytes may contain numerous bundles of fibrils. [7]
The outer basement membrane separates this layer from the soft meninges, which are mostly removed in this preparation. The astrocyte contains an underdeveloped granular reticulum and a Golgi apparatus. This is undoubtedly a fibrous astrocyte, since a compact bundle of fibrils is visible in it, going from a lateral process through the cell body to another process that descends into the depths of the substance of the cortex. A very similar picture can be seen in a light microscope when examining fibrous astrocytes impregnated with silver. [8]
Astrocytes are usually credited with an important role in the metabolism between neurons and the circulatory system. Some authors also believe that the extraneuronal sodium space, which is important for the formation of the membrane potential, is not exhausted by the intercellular gap with a width of 200 A, but also includes the cytoplasm of astrocytes. The role of astrocytes in the blood-brain barrier has already been mentioned.
Fibrils are particularly well developed in mammalian spinal cord astrocytes. They seem to consist of protein, so it is interesting to note the immediately striking absence of a granular reticulum in astrocytes, which is usually considered responsible for protein synthesis.[9]
c. Microglia. The fine structure of these cells is much less understood. It has been described that microglia elements as cells with extremely high density. One such cell from the cerebral cortex of a rat is shown in photo 242. Its cytoplasm contains tightly packed granules, so that the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum appear very pale against this background. The nucleus is dense and strongly bumpy — it is only difficult to distinguish the boundary between it and the surrounding cytoplasm. Neurons that have darkened and shrunk due to poor fixation or mechanical compression sometimes acquire approximately the same appearance. [10]
d. Ependyma. These cubical cells covered with cilia form a lining (often single-layered in mature animals) of the ventricles and the central canal of the brain and spinal cord. Their basal processes are usually in direct contact with the processes of neurons and glial cells in the gray and white matter of the brain — there is no basement membrane between them. The nucleus is located in the basal region, and the Golgi apparatus and the granular reticulum are located at the apical pole. Some of the cells contain coarse bundles of filaments. A small number of ependymal cells have elongated basal processes, and other cells have branched processes. These are, respectively, Horstmann's tanicytes and ependymal astrocytes. [11]
2. Extracellular spaces and the relationship between glial elements and vessels
So far, no extensive extracellular channels have been detected in the gray and white matter of the mammalian central nervous system using electron microscopy. The light zones between the cell processes in the fixed material have a width of about 200— 400 A. We know little about the structure of these light intercellular spaces, their role in the diffusion of ions and metabolites, and about the chemical and physical forces acting in such narrow gaps. It is especially important to study the role of these slits in diffusion, since the processes of neurons in most parts of the brain are not in direct contact with the walls of blood vessels or cerebrospinal fluid of the ventricles, central canal and subarachnoid space. The metabolism between these components, as a rule, is carried out indirectly, and these pathways are directly related to the so-called blood-brain barrier, the idea of which originally arose as a physiological concept. [12]
Currently, it is extremely difficult to give a clear definition of what is meant by the "hemato-encephalic barrier". Many of the published data cited to prove the existence of specific "barrier phenomena" turned out to be characteristic not only of the brain, but also of other organs of the body in general. Nevertheless, many substances quickly pass from the blood to the brain and back, while others are unable to do this. In addition, there are certain structures in the brain, for example, a gray hillock, supraoptic, subfornical and postremal areas, neurohypophysis and epiphysis, where the metabolism of substances (for example, dyes, labeled phosphorus or bromine and large protein molecules) is fast, but in other areas of the brain this is not observed [13]. Obviously, we can say that the hemato-encephalic barrier in these six brain structures does not function, and therefore any structures that are absent here, but are present in other parts of the brain, should be of particular interest for study. In addition, it is important to establish which structures are present in those parts of the brain where the barrier functions, but are absent in similar areas of tissues that are not related to the nervous system. In an adult organism, in those parts of the brain where the barrier functions, there is never direct contact of nerve elements with the basement membrane of capillaries. In the interval there are always neuroglia cells or, more often, their appendages in the form of terminal legs (see section OSH, K,1). Sometimes these layers are extremely thin on the order of 150-200 A, and they can be clearly seen only at high magnification in well-fixed tissues. Most of these cells are protoplasmic or fibrous astrocytes. [14]
Adjacent membranes of adjacent end legs form a specialized structure called a sealed contact. Such areas are shown in photo 244, the intercellular gap is narrowed here to 150 A, unlike the usual width of extracellular zones of 200 A (for example, x). In photo 243 (framed), these areas are presented at very high magnification (osmium-fixed material at the top, permanganate fixation at the bottom). Both sealed contacts have a five-layer structure and resemble terminal jumpers. The middle dense line probably corresponds to the adjacent outer surfaces of the converging glial cells, so that there is no discernible extracellular zone in this area. Thus, these sites serve as barriers blocking the pathways of extracellular diffusion. They are also places of special adhesion, since the membranes in these areas cannot be separated by immersion in sucrose solution or mechanical damage, unlike those areas where there is a gap 200 A wide. Similar barriers to diffusion exist between adjacent endothelial cells. [15]
The three-dimensional organization of diffusion barriers between the glial terminal legs is currently unknown, but it seems likely that these barriers prevent extracellular diffusion, ensuring intracellular passage through the cytoplasm of the glial cell of all material coming from the blood into the brain tissue.
Thus, the substances brought by the blood must pass, firstly, through the cytoplasm of the endothelium. This barrier is probably no different from the barrier of endothelial cells in general. Firstly, they need to pass through the basement membrane, but this membrane most likely does not serve as an obstacle to diffusion. In fact, it is a permanent part of all capillaries and is found in many organs and tissues where rapid diffusion takes place. For example, it divides the synaptic cleft of the motor end plates, completely surrounds muscle fibers of various types and separates the vascular-free epidermis from the dermis. The basement membrane undoubtedly manifested itself as a kind of barrier for silver particles, but silver deposition was observed not only in the nervous tissue; it probably reflects the argyrophilic rather than barrier properties of the basement membranes. Thirdly, substances must pass through the glial layer with its compacted contacts, and, finally, through the surface membranes of the neurons themselves. Probably, the last two structures are the most significant components in the morphological basis of the hemato-encephalic barrier.[16]
Undoubtedly, in most organs equipped with vessels, parenchymal cells are in direct contact with the basal membranes of capillaries and there is no intermediate layer similar to the glial cytoplasm layer. Large "watery" astrocytes probably play an important role in the rapid intracellular transfer of metabolites to and from neurons, but at the same time ensure the selective nature of this transfer. [17]
The six brain structures that we cited as examples of areas where the barrier is modified or absent have not yet been studied in detail using a high-resolution electron microscope. However, an important observation was made — it was established that in the mammalian neurohypophysis and in the preoptic region of the silver carp, the bodies of neurons are directly adjacent to the basal membranes of capillaries and are not separated from them by a layer of neuroglia. Similar relationships between the processes of neurons and capillaries exist in the epiphysis. [18]
In addition to the hemato-encephalic barrier, it is possible to demonstrate the presence of physiological barriers between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (in the vascular plexus and subarachnoid spaces where these fluids are in close relationship with each other) and between cerebrospinal fluid and the brain, separated by the ependyma. [19, 21, 22]
Electron microscopy shows that the glial layer around the blood vessels passes without interruption into the soft meninges and is located under it. Astrocytes lying directly under the soft shell also form compacted contacts with each other, similar to those existing at the walls of blood vessels. Ependymal cells also form compacted contacts between each other, which may create a barrier similar to the barrier formed by the circumvascular terminal legs of astrocytes. Similarly, in the vascular plexus, the ependymal layer separates the cerebrospinal fluid from the capillaries, which in this case are surrounded by extensive extracellular spaces containing collagen fibers. [20]
Thus, the study of neuroglia under an electron microscope provides a fundamental basis for further research in the field of neuromorphology and provides prerequisites for the clinical study of the brain in normal and pathological conditions.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
