AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Abyt Ibraimov, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Citation: Abyt Ibraimov, Stalbek Akhunbaev and Orozali Uzakov, (2022). The Role of Human Skin Color and Body Heat Conductivity in Adaptation to Hot and Cold Climates. J. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews, 7(2); DOI: 10.31579/2692-9406/123
Copyright: © 2022 Abyt Ibraimov, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 25 June 2022 | Accepted: 06 July 2022 | Published: 14 July 2022
Keywords: human skin color; human body heat conductivity; human thermoregulation; human adaptation; cell thermoregulation; chromosomal Q-heterochromatin.
As is known Homo s. sapiens is the only living creature that has managed to inhabit the whole of the Earth, while remaining a single tropical biological species. The case is really unique considering that all this happened in an unprecedentedly short (by evolutionary scale) period of time, if the beginning of this process is considered to be its exit outside of East Africa about 30 000 - 50 000 years ago. However, science does not know everything about how all this happened to a species that itself emerged relatively recently (130 000 - 200 000 year ago) and nevertheless managed to do what other species failed to do. One of the important questions that arises when comprehending this phenomenon is reduced to the following: what features of a human him to make such an unprecedented breakthrough in the settlement of the planet? In particular, what biological advantages or prerequisites did the ancestors of modern man possess when they decided to leave Africa? Usually, such advantages include its large neocortex with a high-functioning mind, high physiological plasticity, perfect system of physiological thermoregulation, the structural features of the upper limbs, unique sexual and reproductive behavior, etc., etc. Without disputing the importance of these well-studied advantages, we would like to add to this list two more that could play an important role in the settlement of all climatogeographic zones of Africa and Eurasia by man: variability of the skin color and the level of heat conductivity of his body. We believe that the skin color and the heat-conducting ability of the human body are involved in his adaptation to heat and cold climates through thermoregulation systems. After all, the skin is the largest human organ that is in direct contact with the ambient temperature.
Homo sapiens, as a species, was formed in Africa and, remaining a single tropical species, it managed to master the whole oikumene, continuing to expand its zone of permanent residence and abundance. The case is really unique considering that all this happened in an unprecedentedly short (by evolutionary scale) period of time, if the beginning of this process is considered to be its exit outside of East Africa about 30 000 - 50 000 years ago. However, science does not know everything about how all this happened to a species that itself emerged relatively recently (130 000 - 200 000 year ago) and nevertheless managed to do what other species failed to do.
One of the important questions that arises when comprehending this phenomenon is reduced to the following: what features of a human him to make such an unprecedented breakthrough in the settlement of the planet? In particular, what biological advantages or prerequisites did the ancestors of modern man possess when they decided to leave Africa? Usually, such advantages include its large neocortex with a high-functioning mind, high physiological plasticity, perfect system of physiological thermoregulation, the structural features of the upper limbs, unique sexual and reproductive behavior, etc., etc. Without disputing the importance of these well-studied advantages, we would like to add to this list two more that could play an important role in the settlement of all climatogeographic zones of Africa and Eurasia by man: variability of the skin color and the level of heat conductivity of his body. We believe that the skin color and the heat-conducting ability of the human body are involved in its adaptation to heat and cold climates through thermoregulation systems.
Man has always had to adapt to the climate and its changes, starting from the time of its appearance in conditions that were quite complex. The question of how exactly man managed to conquer all the lands of the Earth remains generally unclear. It is considered that man was initially well adapted to a hot and dry climate. This consideration is based on two arguments: 1) man as a species was formed in the tropical and subtropical climates of Africa; 2) man has very effective physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation to combat the overheating of his body. To all this, man, depending on the specifics of his permanent place of residence and lifestyle, has developed many behavioral and cultural reactions. However, the question remains whether the above-mentioned human characteristics were enough to master (populate) all ecological zones, including high geographical latitudes and high-altitude areas?
Studies on human body heat conductivity (BHC) variability in population have given some reasons to believe that probably dark skin pigmentation of early humans in Africa occurred not only as a means of organism protection against ultraviolet radiation, but as a means able to provide supplementary energy (solar heat) for maintenance of temperature homeostasis in a body. Dark pigmentation has acquired such value also due to the fact that by that time our remote ancestors’ skin was deprived of hair. Early non hairy hominids being homoiothermic organisms should somehow maintain relatively constant level of core temperature. Though thermal energy penetrated into a body through skin is not used for useful physiological work performance in organism (for instance, does not participate in cellular metabolism), solar energy, by heating blood circulating in skin, could promote maintenance of temperature homeostasis in bodies of first humans in Africa [1-3].
Based on these studies, we came to the conclusion that the initial cause of our ancestors in Africa dark skin pigmentation possibly was not UV-radiation but problems connected with thermoregulation. For example, Jablonsky and Chaplin [4] think that ‘skin pigmentation is probably one of the best examples of natural selection acting on a human trait. It is the product of two opposing clines, one emphasizing dark constitutive pigmentation and photoprotection against high loads of UVA and UVB near the equator and the other favoring light constitutive pigmentation to promote seasonal, UVB-induced photosynthesis of vitamin D3 near the poles.’ We fully share their idea on possible human skin color selective value. However, it is difficult to agree with their unambiguous confirmation that ‘Skin color is largely a matter of vitamins’. We think that skin color is largely a matter of thermoregulation; while ‘a matter of vitamins’ is secondary issue.
Our objections to the role of UV in the evolution of skin color are the following conclusions:
As is known the higher sea level the stronger damage effects of UV radiation. That is why the hypothesis stated that during evolution process human’s dark skin occurred as way to protect from damage effect of UV radiation is probably not the sole true point of view. If it is true then skin of indigenous people of Ethiopian Highlands would be darker than Negroes of neighboring South Sudan have. American Indians are spread throughout the continent, including high altitudes, however they do not differ extremely by skin color.
It is difficult to suppose that first human in Africa who were able to yield the fire, make clothes and had speech were not able to protect naked parts of their bodies from burning sun by natural or man-made items. Even their contemporary, more developed descendants did not strive to protect their skins from direct sun rays.
The assumption that our ancestors’ dark skin color originated first of all for satisfaction of growing thermoregulation needs seems to be more probable. Man, as well as mammals should maintain extremely high level of metabolism in order to preserve relatively constant body core temperature. This is possible during regular organism supply with food reach in calories only. If to this we add the following: brain of adult human consumes more than 20% of calories (infants’ brain consumes up to 50% of calories) entering to our organism, then it becomes clear how energy source was important for the first hominids. Therefore natural selection could favor dark skin pigmentation, as black color is capable to absorb better visible part of solar radiation so that organisms of humans get additional thermal energy in the form of heat.
As we think dark human’s skin color, as in the past and in the present has significant value in thermoregulation because: a) our distant ancestors (as well as some populations in the modern world) are experiencing a shortage of high-calorie food, since the African savannas are very scarce relative to food resources suitable for humans. It is no coincidence that primitive people were scavengers for a long time in order to extract bone marrow from the remains of dead animals as a source of high-calorie food, primarily to maintain a relatively constant core temperature; b) supplementary thermal energy necessity became extremely critical after their deprivation of hair; c) apparently measures of cultural (clothes and habitation), technical (tools of labor and hunting weapons) and social (care for children, elderly and sick people) adaptation had been insufficient in order to provide members of community with sufficient amount of calories.
Not all mammals, including higher primates, in Africa have dark skin. Skin color of chimpanzee, for instance, is not black but light.
As populations began to migrate, the skin dark decreased proportionally to the distance North. New genetic researches of skin color suggest that Europeans lightened up quite recently, perhaps only 6000 to 12,000 years ago. Such recent changes in skin color show that humans are still evolving. Then why Europeans with light skin living in Africa or Australia more than 400 years do not resemble natives. The answer may be simple: a) these migrants get their daily bread in other conditions than our African ancestors had; b) “white” people can afford breakfast for themselves, share their dinner and give supper to enemies.
It has long been established that in terms of the number of melanocytes, skin cells in people belonging to different racial groups do not differ.
If skin color depended only on the intensity of UV radiation, then we would be entitled to expect that residents of high-altitude areas would have the darkest skins. However, among the aborigines of Tibet, the Himalayas, the Andes, the Pamirs or the Tien Shan, the skin color does not differ from the indigenous inhabitants of the lowlands living at the same geographical latitudes.
There are many other questions that still have no answers. Let’s consider only one of them. Such commonly known fact as some populations’ ability to live consuming minor amount of food still has no scientific justification. For instance, physiological basis of capability of individuals from India to survive consuming minor amount of food, which would bring a European of the same height, doing the same work to death, is not thoroughly studied.
Now consider the role of the human body conductivity in adapting to heat and cold. Our own experience in the search for the genetic basis of human adaptation to extreme natural conditions in Eurasia (the Extreme North of Siberia and the high altitudes of the Pamirs and Tien-Shan) suggest that chromosomal heterochromatin regions (HRs) constitute the relevant genetic material. In particular chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs) meet the requirements of modern theory is based on the following facts: a) consistent interpopulation differences in the quantitative content of chromosomal Q-HRs in the genome of human populations have been established; b) these differences have been proven to be related to features of the ecological environment of the place of permanent residence, rather than to racial and ethnic composition; с) the quantity of chromosomal Q-HRs in a population’s genome tends to decrease from low to high geographical latitudes, and from low to high altitude [5-15].
Based on our investigations of chromosomal HRs variability in human populations, as well as on the analysis of existing literary data on the condensed chromatin (CC), structure of interphase nucleus and redundant DNA in the genome of higher eukaryotes, an attempt is made to justify the view of possible participation of CC in cell thermoregulation [16; 17]. CC, being the densest domains in a cell, apparently conducts heat between the nucleus and cytoplasm when there is a difference in temperature between them. The assumed heat conductivity effect of CC is stipulated by its principal features: a condensed state during the interphase, association with the lamina and the inner nuclear membrane, replication at the end of the S period of a cell cycle, formation of the chromocenter, genetic inertness, and wide variability in the quantitative contents both within and between species [18-21].
Chromosomes have both internal (repair, recombination, rearrangement, modification, restriction) and external (replication, transcription, packaging, organized movement) molecular activities, which are accompanied, inter alia, by some heat output. If for any reasons the temperature in a nucleus begins to exceed that in cytoplasm there is a need for dissipation of surplus heat outside the nucleus. To do this the nucleus has two options: increasing its volume or increasing the heat conductivity of the nuclear membrane. The first option is limited for obvious reasons. The second option is the more promising one should the heat conductivity of the nuclear membrane be increased somehow. Since the nuclear envelope consists of double-membrane extension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear membrane cannot essentially change its structure. Apparently, nature ‘found’ a very simple and effective solution: it increased its heat conductivity through compression of the internal layer of the nuclear membrane by CC [16-21].
Thermoregulation on organism level relates to the most studied section of human physiology and its basic principles are well known. However, we have few scientific data concerning skin color value for thermoregulation but the role of skin in temperature homeostasis maintenance in organism is obvious, for example, heat dissipation through sweating. The largest and most massive (weight approximately 10 kg) of the organs of the body, the skin of the average adult human exceeds 2 m2. It is the organ that regulates body temperature through control of surface blood flow and sweating and detects critical information about the ambient environment and objects touched [22].
However, the role of skin in thermoregulation is able to be significantly more, if we take its color into consideration. We were interested in possible role of skin color in thermoregulation after we had found out that individuals in population considerably vary by their body heat conductivity (BHC) [23]. Recently we have succeeded to show that level of human BHC is correlated with amount of chromosomal Q-heterochromatic regions (Q-HRs) in genome [24; 40]. Earlier it was showed that populations of modern humans differ significantly by number of chromosomal Q-HRs in their genome [5-15; 25-35]. Of course, we are conscious of dark skin drawback: it overheats under the sun. However, as it seems to us natural selection found very simple and efficient solution. For example, we were able to show that the indigenous inhabitants of low geographical latitudes (India, Pakistan and Southern China) have the level of BHC is almost two times higher than the Kyrgyz permanently residing in the Pamirs and Tien-Shan [24]. Unfortunately, we were not succeeded to estimate BHC of African natives. But taking number of chromosomal Q-HRs in their genome [9; 29] into consideration we may suppose that their BHC should be higher than natives of the temperate and northern latitudes of Eurasia.
On the whole, we see efforts for maintaining temperature homeostasis under conditions different from climate of the Eastern Africa as follows: 1) an individual with less chromosomal Q-HRs in the North maintain more effectively temperature homeostasis in organism because of low BHC, permitting to preserve additional amount of produced heat in organism longer and slow down the body cooling rate from external cold; 2) an individual with high BHC in the North, constantly loosing additional amount of metabolic heat through conduction which is necessary for organism in terms of cold climate and exposing to relatively fast cooling because of cold, has to produce larger amount of heat and/or consume more high-calorie food for heat production, which is not always simple and healthy; 3) an individual with low BHC in the South (where environment temperature is higher than body temperature) besides his own internal heat production receives additional heat from environment by means of conduction, which, as it is known, is not used in useful physiological work. That is why these individuals' bodies overheat faster and they have to return heat surplus (through sweating, polypnoe, forced rest, behavioral reactions and etc.) to environment at the cost of significant decrease of physical and mental activities that finally negatively influences on their adaptation to hot climate; 4) an individual with big amount of Q-HRs in genome in the South having body with high BHC perhaps adapts better to high temperature of environment, more effectively leveling temperature differences in different parts of the body and faster directing surplus heat flow from organism to environment, including the way of heat radiation.
We suppose that H. sapiens, besides those inherent in all mammals possesses an additional but very fine and simple mechanism of thermoregulation. In the present case, in order to preserve temperature homeostasis under different environmental conditions, in addition to physiological, behavioral and biochemical mechanisms such as skin colors and wide variability by BHC was used [3; 36; 37; 40].
We do not question that dark skin of early humans in Africa occurred under exposure to solar radiation; it is indeed lead to melanin accumulation in melanocytes. However, this do not signify that our ancestors had no choice other than have black skin, like Sudan Negroes have. We would like only to notice that first humans already had intellect - the most perfect weapon invented by natural selection. Possessing intellect our ancestors could be aware about harmful influence of tropical sun but also ways of protection from it. They, however, like many modern descendants living in tropical zones did not cover their non-hairy part of body from sun rays. The reason for such behavior probably is that they used solar radiation as supplementary source of thermal energy for heating circulated blood in organism.
The problem is something else: how to deal with excess thermal energy accumulated in the body in conditions of low geographical latitudes, in other words from the heat? Here, the problem, as we believe, was solved by changing the level of human body heat conductivity (BHC), which is provided due to the wide variability of the number of chromosomal heterochromatin regions in the genome of human populations. Skin colors and the wide variability of human BHC have no direct causal relationship and, apparently, they evolved independently of each other. Natural selection, apparently, supported them in the right combination, when the harmful influence of one of them (dark skin color) was compensated (softened) by the other; in the case of a hot climate, a relatively high level of human BHC contributed to the effective dissipation of excess heat outside his body.
Probably the answer on the question why North or high-altitude natives has less pigmented skin than African aborigines should be stated that here, pressure of selection on dark skin became less severe. Apparently, people succeeded to occupy these climatic zones were able to get high caloric food of animal origin in sufficient amount for thermoregulation needs without additional solar energy.
Apparently, skin color plays a minor role in human adaptation to a cold climate. Here, from our point of view, the heat-conducting ability of the whole body, which is associated with cell thermoregulation, is extremely important [3; 16; 17; 40; 41]. In particular, a body with a low heat conductivity protects the entire organism from cold as a kind of thermal insulation material, delaying heat dissipation into the environment. At the level of individual cells, this is due to the fact that the layer of condensed chromatin around the interphase nuclear envelope, which conducts heat from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, is relatively less dense due to the small number of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions, characteristic of the genome of indigenous inhabitants of high latitudes and high altitudes, as well as in migrants capable of good adaptation to the climate of the Far North or the highlands of the Pamirs and Tien Shan [5;10-13].
Man, like most living beings on Earth, is fighting for a place under the Sun. In this case, for a "warm place", in the sense that solar heat is used by a man as an additional source of thermal energy, in addition to the energy extracted from eating to maintain temperature homeostasis. As for the fight against the harmful effects of UV radiation on the body, it seems to be achieved by means developed by other living beings in the process of evolution.
Acknowledgements.
We apologize to that authors whose work is not cited or is cited only through reviews. The reason for this is only the space limitations of the publication.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
