AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article
*Corresponding Author: Samiul Bashir., Medical Laboratory Technologist, Institute of Health Technology, Kurigram.
Citation: Bashir S., Rana S., Shib S Das., Najnatul F Sikder., Hossian S., et al, (2024), Risk factors of Cardio Vascular Disease among Diabetic Patients, Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research, 7(8); DOI:10.31579/2768-0487/151
Copyright: © 2024, Samiul Bashir. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 02 September 2024 | Accepted: 17 September 2024 | Published: 01 October 2024
Keywords: risk factors; cardio vascular disease; diabetic patients
Cardiovascular disease is a major health problem throughout the world and a common cause of premature morbidity and mortality. According to World Health Organization, CVDs are the number one cause of death globally. It has long been known that excessive alcohol intake is associated with increased risk for hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, and other forms of CVD; however, there is also a robust body of evidence in a range of populations that suggests that light to moderate intake of alcohol may reduce the risk of CHD. Indeed, research suggests that the relationship between alcohol intake and CVD outcomes. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors of cardio vascular disease among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. The cross-sectional research was conducted at Sirajganj Diabetic Hospital from 20 July to 19 November 2023 among 600 patients attending outdoor. Convenient sampling was applied. Data were collected by Self-Administered semi-structured questionnaire. Statistically significant association was found between tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption and blood pressure status. Effective health awareness program can be instituted on regular basis.
World Health Organization states cardiovascular diseases are becoming a major health burden in developing countries. In the year 2000, 16.7 million people died from cardiovascular disease, accounting for 30.3% of all deaths worldwide; more than half these deaths were in developing countries.1 South Asia represents more than a quarter of the developing world, and is likely to be strongly affected by the increase in cardiovascular disease, for several reasons.2 First, people from south Asia are known to have a high coronary risk; this tendency has been well recorded in studies of expatriate south Asians.2 The control of diabetes warrants changes at several levels, and would need the behavioral, social, political, and economic will to forge such changes among individuals, communities, health systems, and policy makers. According to the World Health Organization, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In 2008, 30% of all global death is attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global death caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases annually. According to the latest WHO data published in April 2011 Coronary Heart Disease Deaths in Bangladesh reached 163,769 or 17.11% of total deaths. It is important to take preventive measures for reduction of large number of premature mortality and morbidity caused by diabetes
The cross-sectional research was conducted at Sirajganj Diabetic Hospital from 20 July to 19 November 2023 among 600 patients attending outdoor. Convenient sampling was applied. Data were collected by Self-Administered semi-structured questionnaire. All questionnaire was pre tested before going to actual study population. All questionnaire was checked for its completeness and correctness. Data were entered in SPSS data sheet (version 16.0). Sample frequency distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation & appropriate statistical tools were used. Data were checked and rechecked for its completeness and accuracy.
| Age | Tobacco consumption | Total | p value | |
| Yes | No | |||
| 20-40 | 163 | 124 | 287 | 0.000 |
| 41-60 | 141 | 118 | 259 | |
| >60 | 46 | 8 | 54 | |
| Total | 350 | 250 | 600 | |
Table 1: Tobacco consumption.
| Age | Alcohol consumption | Total | P value | |
| Yes | No | |||
| 20-40 | 153 | 134 | 287 | 0.000 |
| 41-60 | 91 | 168 | 259 | |
| >60 | 8 | 46 | 54 | |
| Total | 252 | 348 | 600 | |
Table 2: Alcohol consumption.
| Age | Blood pressure level | Total | p value | |||
| Normal | Pre-hypertension | Stage 1 hypertension | Stage 11 hypertension | |||
| 20-40 | 186 | 65 | 28 | 8 | 287 | 0.000 |
| 41-60 | 180 | 33 | 42 | 4 | 259 | |
| >60 | 24 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 54 | |
| Total | 390 | 104 | 81 | 25 | 600 | |
Table 3: Blood pressure.
Bangladesh national survey on NCD risk factors 2010 showed 17.6% people overweight, 21.7% had increased waist circumference, prevalence of hypertension 17.9% and diabetes 3.9%.3 A systematic review and meta-analysis in Bangladesh showed the pooled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence were 13.7% and 6.7% respectively.4 Another hospital based study in Bangladesh showed lipid level disorder, hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease were associated with diabetes.5 In China, CVD accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in 1994.6 Furthermore, CVD incidence and mortality in China are projected to increase substantially during the next 20 years. Although the prevalence of some CVD risk factors has decreased in economically developed countries, the corresponding prevalence has increased in economically developing countries.6 China is currently undergoing rapid demographic, social, and economic changes that may further increase the burden of CVD. Cardiovascular disease is increasing worldwide. People in low- and middle-income countries are more exposed to risk factors such as less awareness about food and exercise. Prevention effort in low-income countries is very few compared to people in high-income countries. People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs have less access to effective and equitable health care services. As a result, many people in these countries die from CVDs and other non-communicable diseases, often in their most productive years. At macro-economic level, CVDs place a heavy burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries. In 2010, the global direct and indirect cost of CVD was approximately US$ 863 billion and is estimated to rise 22% to US$ 1,044 billion by 2030. Overall, the cost for CVD alone could be as high as US$ 20 trillion over the next 20-year period. [56] In recent years, several studies in Bangladesh have shown high prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its negative impact on survival but few studies have focused on slum populations. Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world and Dhaka city’s population is about 17.6 million, of which an estimated 3.4 million people live in some 5000 slums.7 Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major health problems throughout the world. It is emerging as a serious health problem in Bangladesh and other developing countries. Amongst the heart diseases hypertension, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart diseases, ischemic heart diseases and congenital heart diseases are common. There is a common belief that heart disease is a disease of rich people, which is not correct. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases commonly affects poor people living in overcrowding and poverty. Congenital heart diseases and hypertension can affect both rich and poor people. Poor people are not immune from ischemic heart disease. Latest survey on cardiovascular diseases carried out in Bangladesh showed prevalence of Hypertension in adult population about 20-25%, ischemic heart disease in adult population about 10%.8 Proximal risks for CVD include those associated with consumption patterns (mainly linked to diets, tobacco and alcohol use), activity patterns, and health service use as well as biological risk factors such as increased cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose, and clinical disease. The Framingham Study first centered attention on the concept of “risk factors” associated with CVD, and most recently reported substantial 30-year risk data showing the accumulation of risk over time.9 Importantly, risk factors for the incidence of CVD and those associated with CVD severity or mortality are not synonymous. Risk factors for incidence become important starting very early in life and accumulate with behavioral, social, and economic factors over the life course to culminate in biological risks for CVD such as increased cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose, and clinical disease. Over the past few decades, the effectiveness of early screening and long-term treatment for biological risks or early disease has contributed to the sharp declines in CVD mortality seen in many countries.10 Relatively few major behavioral and biological risk factors account for CVD incidence around the world. Tobacco use, diet (including alcohol, total calorie intake, and specific nutrients) and physical inactivity serve as the three major behavioral risks. Between them, they account for a significant proportion of cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease incidence in addition to CVD.11 Concerted action focused on these behavioral risks, along with biological risks such as high blood pressure, high blood lipids, and high blood glucose, would have a wide impact on the global incidence and burden of disease. High blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated blood glucose, physical inactivity, and overweight and obesity are the five leading factors globally. In middle income countries, alcohol replaces high blood glucose in the top five; in low-income countries, a lack of safe water, unsafe sex, and undernutrition are important. These latter points are discussed further in this report in relation to both the role of early childhood nutrition in the later onset of CVD as well as the need to integrate the management of HIV/AIDS more closely with CVD in low-income countries.12
Hypertension, tobacco and alcohol consumption are predominant driver of CVD. Hypertensive heart disease and stroke, rather than ischemic heart disease, account for the majority of the CVD burden in the region. The study concluded that these risk factors were highly associated with diabetes.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
