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*Corresponding Author: Emam M. Kheder, Department of Orthopedics, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, 31932 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Citation: Emam M. Kheder, Hussain H. Sharahili, Salma y. Albahrani, Abdullah M. Alfarhan, Abdulrahman M. Alquraynis, Mahmoud B. Maitigue and Ahmed M Al Wehaibi (2021) Perinatal Sacroiliitis Diagnostic Challenges: A Case Report. J. Clin Case Rep and Stu 2(5); DOI: 10.31579/2690-8808/083
Copyright: © 2021 Emam M. Kheder. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 16 July 2021 | Accepted: 28 July 2021 | Published: 28 August 2021
Keywords: pelvic pain; sacroiliac joint; infection; magnetic resonance imaging and pregnancy
Background: Lumbo-pelvic (LPP) pain is common and non specific problem during pregnancy and post partum. Despite the fact that perinatal pyogenic sacroiliitis (PSI) during this period is rare, it should be considered as a vital differential diagnosis in women who have debilitating lower back and pelvic girdle pain.
Case: A 34 years old primigravida presented to the emergency department with extreme right sided lower back pain radiating to the right gluteal region and down to the back of the right thigh. This pain began twelve days prior to her presentation and eventually worsened to the point that she couldn't stand or walk. Her vital signs were within normal limits, and she was febrile. Apart from a slight widening of the symphysis pubis, her pelvic and lumbo-sacral plain x-rays revealed no important findings. With the clinical impression of right LPP, the patient was admitted for pain management and further inquiries.
Conclusion: Despite the fact that lower back and pelvic girdle pain are normal throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period, perinatal PSI is uncommon. It's a tough diagnosis to make because the symptoms and signs aren't clear, and the tests aren't definitive. When pathognomonic clinical and radiologic signs indicate an infectious process and isolation of pathogenic bacteria is not possible, medical management with empirical antibiotics should not be delayed.
High resolution MRI helps to visualize the zonal anatomy of the uterus. On T2WI MR images, the cervix shows a distinct four-layer structure [1]. The bright intensity in the center represents cervical mucus and the lower intensity adjacent to it represents cervical epithelium. The inner cervical fibrous stroma shows low signal intensity, and the outer loose connective tissue exhibits slightly increased intensity.
Plicae palmatae are cervical folds on the anterior and/or posterior wall, consisting of a median longitudinal ridge and many folds diverging laterally and upward (Figure 1) [2]. The ridges of plicae palmatae (RPP) at the midline are more distinct than the other oblique folds and easier to be observed on MR imaging. The median longitudinal ridges show low intensity on T2WI images, with a frequency of 27-44.5% on MR imaging in the normal uterus [3-5].
Fig.1 Plicae palmatae of cervix. Plicae palmatae are cervical folds on the anterior and/or posterior wall, consisting of a median longitudinal ridge and many folds diverging laterally and upward.
The sign of low intensity at cervical canals could mimic an anomalous uterine septum, so RPP is also called pseudo spectrum [5]. Which indicates their clinical significance. The uterine septum extends from the fundus and extends to the cervix, whereas RPP is limited to the cervical canals. Also, a neonatal case of RPP with a tumorous appearance has been reported [6]. Therefore, it's important for radiologists to accurately distinguish the RPP from the uterine septum or neoplastic lesion to avoid unnecessary hysteroscopy and other invasive procedures.
Currently, there are a few studies on RPP in normal uterus and even less on uterus didephys [7]. This study aims to investigate the incidence of plicae palmatae in uterus didelphys and its morphological characteristics on MR imaging.
During pregnancy, the pelvis and sacroiliac joints (SIJs) experience major changes that have a negative effect on dynamic stability and may cause pelvic girdle and lower back pain. During pregnancy, the pelvis and sacroiliac joints (SIJs) experience major changes that have a negative effect on dynamic stability and may cause pelvic girdle and lower back pain [1, 2]. While pregnancy-related PIS is uncommon, with fewer than 20 cases recorded in the literature [3], it is difficult to diagnose because it needs a high level of clinical suspicion and confirmation by diagnostic imaging [4] Medical treatment should not be deferred because it risks not only joint and bone damage, but also maternal and neonatal septicemia [5].
A 26-year-old woman, morbidly obese with a BMI of 43, gravida-1, para-
1+0, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. She came to the causality with twelve days history of severe right sided lower back pain, right side pelvic pain increased with ambulation. Her pain started in a mild way prior to her recent admission for elective cesarean section for twin babies, using spinal epidural anesthesia, got worse and began to radiate to the back of the right thigh, increased with ambulation. There was no history of trauma, fever, chills, urinary, gynecological or other systemic symptoms. Her physical examination revealed a temperature of 37.1ºC, severs tenderness over the lower back, and right side of the pelvic region with intact neurology. Her cesarean section wound in the abdomen has healed. The straight leg rising test was positive (30-40 degrees), and the Faber Patrick's test was difficult to evaluate due to intense pain despite the strong analgesia.
The lumbo-sacral spine X-ray was unremarkable, but the pelvis X-ray revealed a 12 mm widening of the symphysis pubis (Figure 1).
She was hospitalized for further examinations and pain control after a clinical diagnosis of perinatal right-sided LPP. Laboratory testing found 6.85 white blood cells (WCC) G/l with 69.2% neutrophils , a 48 mm/h elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (Table 1), normal procalcitonin (0.02), and a 68.7 mg/l elevated C- reactive protein (Table 2).
The lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was negative, but the pelvic MRI found minor fluid signal amplitude in the right sacroiliac joint, which was associated with myositis (Figure 2).
The patient was accused of developing unilateral sacroiliac arthritis and piriformis muscle syndrome. In the context of pain modality and incremental mobilization, we began her medical care with narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physiotherapy. Her pain could not be controlled, and she became worse, unable to ambulate or step in or out of bed. Neurosurgery, neurology, rheumatology, anesthesia, and obstetrics and gynecology teams were consulted, but nothing was added to the preliminary diagnosis or the treatment plan. Despite the absence of any symptoms or signs indicating an acute or chronic infection, urine and blood cultures, PPD (protein purified derivative) for tuberculosis, and serology for brucella were required on day 8. Because it was impossible to place the patient in the prone position on the same day, CT guided aspiration of the right sacroiliac joint (SIJ) was performed in the left lateral position (Figure 3), but no aspirated fluid was obtained, however SIJ block was performed using 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine after which she briefly noticed some relief of her shooting pain.
Although the blood culture, brucella serology, and PPD all came back negative, the urine culture revealed asymptomatic E. coli bacteriuria. The patient was started on IV ceftriaxone 1 gram every 12 hours and gentamycin 400 mg once a day by the ID team. She showed steady and progressive clinical improvement just 48 hours after IVAB (Intravenous Antibiotics). Ceftrixone was given for another two weeks, and gentamycin was given for another ten days. Her pain score (VAS 2 out of 10) improved significantly, as did her walking capacity, bathroom privileges, and blood parameters. The patient was released at home on oral ciprofloxacin 750 mg twice daily for 6 weeks after discharge on day 26. Nevertheless, her MRI on institutional discharge showed no substantial improvement compared to the initial one. She did well with regular ambulation and normal blood parameters at follow-up visits, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Her one-year follow-up MRI was uneventful (Figure 4), while she did have periodic minor right-sided lumbo-pelvic pain that did not interfere with her daily activities.
Pain in the lower back and buttocks is normal and sometimes nonspecific in 20% of pregnant women which can render diagnosing sacroiliac joint disorders difficult [6]. Despite the fact that PSI accounts for just 1 to 1.5 percent of all septic arthritis cases, approximately 10% or more of these infections occur in women during pregnancy, postpartum, or after an abortion [7, 8].
The involvement of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in pyogenic sacroiliitis is always unilateral, with a left side predominance in 59% of cases. The diagnosis is rarely (12.85%) suspected on admission and the clinical picture may be misinterpreted as sciatica or spondylodiscitis. This atypical clinical presentation appeared to explain the lengthy time to diagnosis [9].
Owing to the increased weight and hormone-induced changes in the pelvis, the pelvic ligaments relax with increased pelvic movements, which can influence the microvasculature of joint surfaces, rendering the periosteum more susceptible to transient bacteraemia and bacterial invasion [10-12]. Furthermore, the venous plexus system, which drains the paravertebral and pelvic areas and the subchondral circulation in the ilium have a sluggish blood flow, which is thought to increase the risk of blood-borne bacteria forming a host site in the sacroiliac joints (SIJ) [13, 14].
ISI can be diagnosed if bacteriological confirmation of sacroiliitis was obtained, or if, in the absence of pathogenic agents, clinical, biological, and radiological evidence is consistent with this diagnosis and evolution was favorable on antibiotic therapy [9]. Despite the fact that urinary tract infection is one of the most common causes of reactive arthritis and may be a risk factor for ISI, yet it was extremely difficult to distinguish between reactive and infectious arthritis in our case [15].
The most frequent manifestations of pyogenic sacroiliitis are localized pain, sacroiliac joint tenderness and ambulatory impairment. The endurance capacity for standing, walking, and sitting is diminished. Fever is absent in a substantial number of cases [3]. The physical examination and special tests like pain provocation tests, P4/thigh thrust, Patrick’s Faber and the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test are recommended but are not conclusive [16].
The laboratory tests initially increased the difficulty of diagnosis as they are non-specific. Leucocyte count has not been found to be a sensitive marker of pyogenic sacroiliitis and one third of the patients have a normal white cell count, however the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), may be a relatively sensitive markers of ISI [3, 8, 9]. Blood cultures are positive in only one-third to two thirds of the patients [17]. Gram-positive cocci, predominantly S aureus, have been reported to be the most frequently cultured organisms and less than 20% of previously reported cases were caused by Gram-negative bacillus, of which Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were the most commonly isolated [18]. Invasive diagnostic procedures in patients whose blood culture results fail to disclose a causative pathogen are a last resort, as collection of synovial fluid from the sacroiliac joint is difficult process in such patients who are in agony during positioning and during the technique itself. Confirmation frequently requires a CT-guided needle aspiration, fluoroscopic guided fine-needle aspiration or open biopsy [19].
Plain roentgenogram of the pelvis are usually normal at presentation 1, 8. The earliest changes on plain films are blurring of joint margins, an expanded joint space, or periarticular erosion, which appear 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms [7] since major bone destruction is needed before changes can be seen on plain films. As a result, false negative radiographs are usual in acute cases, and caution should be exercised when ruling out a recent infection based on initially normal-looking photos [20, 21, 22]. In the perinatal phase, MRI is most likely the imaging diagnostic tool of choice for detecting sacroiliitis. It allows for a thorough examination of the joint and underlying soft tissue in pregnancy without exposing the fetus to ionizing radiation [2]. When low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2 were observed on oriented MRI slices, pyrogenic sacroiliitis (PSI) should be suspected [9]. This test also allows physicians to see whether the infection has spread to nearby muscle tissues, which was seen in 48.1 percent of cases [23].
Because MRI signal anomalies can last for months, even though there is no fever or clinical and biological progress appears to be on the way, it should be done in a systematic manner [24]. The most sensitive imaging modality for infection is 99mTc radionuclide scanning. Increased radionuclide uptake in the sacroiliac region can happen as early as two to seven days after the illness begins. 6'22" As a result, a positive bone scan will help to avoid delays in diagnosis and care. Although highly sensitive for infection, the specificity of bone scanning is low. A Technetium scan should be accompanied by a Gallium-67 citrate (67Ga) scan in cases of suspected sacroiliac infection. This radiopharmaceutical is useful for detecting infections because it has a preference for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). 23. Although radionuclide scans can be useful for monitoring post-delivery care, they should not be used during pregnancy [25, 26, 27].
In suspected pyogenic sacroiliitis, CT can reliably direct joint aspiration of joint fluid. If an aspirate is not obtained, flushing the joint with normal saline and aspirating the saline will increase the likelihood of obtaining a positive culture. A para-articular bone biopsy may be used to confirm or rule out infection if sacroiliac joint fluid cannot be collected despite saline flushing, as in tuberculous sacroiliitis. CT can also be used to guide pigtail insertion into pyogenic sacroiliitis abscesses [28].
The treatment for pregnancy-related pyogenic sacroiliitis is close to that for non-pregnancy-related cases [4]. Medical care should not be deferred because delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to not only joint and bone damage, but also maternal and neonatal septicemia (5). There is no consensus about how long antibiotic therapy should last in PSI, but it seems fair to suggest parenteral treatment for two weeks followed by oral treatment for six weeks. Prolonging care beyond 6 weeks does not seem to be justified, as it does not reduce the likelihood of relapse (29) In suspected PSI or in the absence of any known microorganism, empirical antibiotic treatment active against Staphylococcus (30) should be considered before the specific organism(s) and antimicrobial sensitivities have been established and, in the event of failure, should be extended to include Gram-negative bacilli [9, 31].
Surgical intervention, such as incision and drainage, has been shown to aid clinical recovery when used in conjunction with antibiotic therapy [23]. Long-term follow up might be needed as lumbogluteal pain that worsened during daytime activities was reported to persist in more than one-third of cases in the literature [33].
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