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Case Report
*Corresponding Author: Krishna Mohan, Division of Clinical Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India.
Citation: Salik Umer Khayyam, Sazina Muzammil, Khalid Umer Khayyam, Krishna Mohan, (2024), Penile tuberculosis mimicking as carcinoma in a 56-year-old male - a case report, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 18(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/501
Copyright: © 2024, Krishna Mohan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 06 July 2024 | Accepted: 12 July 2024 | Published: 19 July 2024
Keywords: penile tuberculosis; non-healing ulcer; partial penectomy; antitubercular treatment
Penile tuberculosis is an extremely rare clinical condition. It can either be secondary (infection spreading from other organs) or primary (local spread). Reports have demonstrated its presentation as a subcutaneous nodule with or without superficial ulceration which may be clinically interpreted as advanced cancer of the penis. A 56-year-old man from New Delhi area, India presented to a tertiary care hospital with a history of unhealing growth/lesion over the penile shaft and glans for over 6 months. The lesion originally started as a small ulcer on the dorsal aspect of the glans penis which enlarged progressively. A biopsy, followed by a wedge biopsy was performed but the results were inconclusive. The patient was then subjected to partial penectomy after proper counselling. The histopathology from the partial penectomy specimen suggested signs of tubercular granuloma. The patient was advised antitubercular treatment (ATT) and he then reported to our tertiary care centre for treatment initiation. Treatment was completed successfully with no sign of any recurrence.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A small percentage of cases of TB are of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) (10%–15%) , with lymph nodes being the most common site.1 2-10% of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in developed nations are of genitourinary tuberculosis while its prevalence in developing nations is between 15% and 20%.2 Among genitourinary tuberculosis cases, penile tuberculosis is a very rare form, even in the developing countries.3 Because it can mimic a number of conditions, it is typically diagnosis of exclusion. We report a case of primary tuberculosis of the glans masquerading as carcinoma in an immunocompetent 56-year-old male which began as a small ulcer on the dorsal portion of the glans penis and gradually progressed with time.
The patient, a 56-year-old married man presented to a tertiary care hospital with a history of slow growing painless ulcer on the dorsum of the glans penis more than last 6 months (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Primary tuberculosis of the glans penis showing ulcerated growth over dorsal part of the glans.
The patient was of average built and nourishment and worked at a steam press laundry facility at a garment export factory. He had type 2 diabetes mellitus controlled by regular medication and insulin and no history of tuberculosis. At the time of examination, the ulceration was about 2 c.m. X 2.5 c.m. on the dorsum of the glans which clinically looked like carcinoma of the penis. Inguinal lymph nodes were mildly enlarged and non-tender. Systemic examination did not reveal any abnormalities. The results of routine laboratory testing, such as CBC, urine analysis, liver and kidney function tests were all within normal ranges. Chest X-ray was also normal. Serology showed that human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B surface antigen and syphilis were nonreactive. Quantiferron TB Assay was found to be negative. Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CE-MRI) of the pelvis was done which showed evidence of a poorly defined lesion ∼20X26.7X9.9 mm in dorsum of the distal penile shaft reaching up to the glans, seen to lie in the subcutaneous plane, showing heterogenous enhancement and having a non-enhancing necrotic centre with possibility of mitotic aetiology.
A biopsy and a following wedge biopsy of the ulcer was done (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Image taken after wedge biopsy/mass excision was performed.
which were both sequentially inconclusive. ZN stain for AFB, tissue culture and GeneXpert for MtB/RIF were all negative. The patient was counselled about the need for further intervention in the form of partial
penectomy and histopathological examinations (HPE). The patient was admitted at the tertiary care hospital and operated under spinal anaesthesia (SA). Partial penectomy was done and corpora closed in continuous fashion. Urethra opened ventrally and was sutured with skin (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Image after partial penectomy procedure was performed (image at the time of pre-initiation of ATT).
Histological examination from the partial penectomy showed extensive chronic caseating granulomatous inflammation suggestive of tuberculosis. Based on this the patient was referred for anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) and reported to our tertiary care centre for treatment initiation.
The patient received antitubercular therapy (ATT) under programmatic guidelines of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) consisting of isoniazid-rifampin-pyrazinamide-ethambutol (HRZE) for two months, then isoniazid-rifampin (HR) for the remaining four months. The patient completed treatment successfully and clinical examination revealed no abnormalities or recurrence of the lesion with the site of excision healed (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Image from post ATT of 6 months showing healing of the site with no signs of recurrence.
Appropriate verbal as well as written consent was taken for writing and communication of the case study. Ethical approval was not required for the case report and treatment was provided as per the programmatic guidelines of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP).
Despite genitourinary TB being a common form of extrapulmonary TB, penile presentation is one of its least common forms (<1>
When there is non-healing ulceration in the glans, tuberculosis should be taken into consideration, especially in nations where the disease is prevalent. Biopsies are necessary to rule out a malignant penile tumour and a chest X-ray and physical examination are required to ascertain whether a TB of the glans penis is a primary or secondary disease. Antitubercular medications are the cornerstone of therapy, although in questionable circumstances, surgery might be necessary. Treatment should aim for organ sharing surgery with fashioning of the penis and antitubercular therapy. Penile excisions are linked to a significant psychological impact, hence patient counselling is crucial.
The authors are highly grateful to the Department of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi for providing necessary logistics and support for the case study.
Ethical approval is not required for this study following local or national guidelines.
Both written and verbal consent were taken from the patient before communicating this case report.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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