AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja, Department of pharmaceutics, RBVRR Women’s college of pharmacy, Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
Citation: Sneha and Abbaraju K. Sailaja, (2023). Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System and their Applications, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 6(2); DOI:10.31579/2693-7247/121
Copyright: © 2023, Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 20 February 2023 | Accepted: 03 March 2023 | Published: 13 March 2023
Keywords: nanoparticles; tumor targeting; zeta potential; drug content
Targeting cells or specific tissue by the means of individually designed carriers that are attached to the drugs could be a more reliable approach in the drug delivery system. Such an approach is understood as cell or tissue-specific targeting. These methods make the nanostructures favorable material for biomedical applications and thus acquire significant importance in pharmaceutical sciences.
Targeting cells or specific tissue by the means of individually designed carriers that are attached to the drugs could be a more reliable approach in the drug delivery system. Such an approach is understood as cell or tissue-specific targeting. These methods make the nanostructures favorable material for biomedical applications and thus acquire significant importance in pharmaceutical sciences. Additionally, these methods help in reducing toxicity, enhancing release, improving solubility and bioavailability, and providing better formulation opportunities for drugs [1,2].
Nano word originated from the Latin word which implies dwarf ideal size range offered by nanotechnology refers to the one-thousandth millionth of a particular unit. Thus nanometer is one thousand millionth of a meter (1nm= 10⁻⁹nm). The branch of nanotechnology is the science that deals with the processes that occur at a molecular level and of nano-length scale size. Nanotechnology offers drugs within the nanometer size range which enhances and reinforces the performance in a variety of dosage forms. Various advantages of nano sizing include decreased fed/fasted variability, decreased patient-to-patient variability, enhanced solubility, increased oral bioavailability, increased rate of dissolution, increased surface area, less amount of dose required, and more rapid onset of therapeutic action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefits while minimizing side effects. The most important goal in designing nanoparticles as a delivery system is to control particle size, surface properties, and release of pharmacologically active agents to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at a therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen. Though other colloidal carriers are used as potential carriers with unique advantages including protecting drugs from degradation, targeting site to action, and reducing the toxicity or side effects, their applications are limited because of inherent problems such as low encapsulation efficiency, rapid leakage of water-soluble drugs within the presence of blood components and poor storage stability [3,4].
Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs)
Polymeric nanoparticles are colloidal particles composed of a biocompatible or biodegradable lipid matrix. These are transport carrier compartment for drugs or other active molecules of non-liposomal character having size ranging from 10-1000nm(1μm). This bioactives are entrapped in the polymer matrix as particulates enmeshed or solid solutions or may be bound to the particle surface by adsorption or chemically. The nanoparticles loaded bioactives could not only deliver drugs to specific organs but delivery rate in addition could be controlled as being bystanders, burst, controlled, pulsatile or modulated. Depending on the process used for the preparation, two types of nanoparticles can be obtained nanospheres or nanocapsules. Nanospheres may be defined as solid core spherical particulates, which are nanometric in size, they contain drug embedded within the matrix or adsorbed on to the surface, nanocapsules are vesicular system in which drug is essentially encapsulated within the central volume surrounded by an embryonic continuous polymeric sheet. In nanocapsules, the active drug is mainly encapsulated in solution systems [5,6].
Advantages of nanoparticles:
Disadvantages of nanoparticles:
Polymers used in nanoparticles:
Polymers are the building blocks of Nano particulatecomposites, belong to either natural or semisynthetic or synthetic origins. The use of these polymers is often restricted by their bio acceptability. Generally, two types of polymers are used in the preparation of nanoparticles [7].
1. Natural hydrophilic polymers.
2. Synthetic hydrophobic polymers.
1. Natural hydrophilic polymers:
They are classified as proteins and polysaccharides.
Proteins: Gelatin , albumin, lectin, legumin, lecithin
Polysaccharides : Alginates, dextran, chitosan, Agarose.
2. Synthetic hydrophobic polymers:
These polymers used are hydrophobic in nature. The polymers used are either pre polymerised or synthesized before or during the process of nanoparticle preparation.
Pre polymerised: Poly (lactic acid) Poly (lactic co glycolide) Polystyrene.
Polymerised in process: Poly (Isobutyl cyano acrylate), poly (butyl cyano acrylates), polyhexylcyano acrylates, polymethyl (methyl acrylate).
Mechanism of drug release:
The polymeric drug carriers deliver the drugs at the tissue site by anyone of the three general physicochemical mechanisms [8]
1. By swelling of the polymer nanoparticles by hydration followed by release through diffusion.
2. By enzymatic action resulting in rupture or cleavage or degradation of the polymer at site of delivery, thereby releasing the drug rom the entrapped inner core.
3. Dissociation of the drug from the polymer and its de absorption/release from the swollen nanoparticles.
Different Techniques for The Preparation of Nanoparticles
1.Polymer precipitation methods
2. Polymerisation methods
3. Cross linking methods
4. Ionic gelation or coacervation of hydrophilic polymers.
5. Other methods such as,
Super critical fluid technology (SFT),
Rapid expansion of super critical solution (RESS),
Rapid expansion of super critical solution into liquid solvent (RESOLV),
Particle replication in non-wetting templates (PRINT)
Polymer precipitation methods:
a. Solvent evaporation method
This is the common method for the preparation of solid polymeric nanoparticles.This technique is suitable for encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds. Briefly, the performed polymer and drug are dissolved in an organic solvent. This organic phase is emulsified with an aqueous phase containing surfactant to obtain o/w emulsion. The crude emulsion is then is passed through homogeniser to reduce the particle size. Then organic phase is evaporated by the aid of heat or vaccum. A modification of this procedure has lead to favour the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs which is called as multiple emulsion technique. Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), tween 80 and albumin are used as colloidal stabilisers.
Advantages and disadvantages:
In emulsification technique, mostly chlorinated solvents (chloroform, methylene chloride) are used because of their water insolubility, easy emulsification, solubilising property, low boiling point. But use of this solvents are attributed to its toxicity and adverse effects.
b. Emulsification/solvent diffusion method
This is a modified version of solvent evaporation method. The polymer is dissolved in a partially water-soluble solvent such as propylene’s and is saturated with water. To promote the diffusion of solvent of the dispersed phase, dilution was made with an excess of water. The saturated polymer-water solvent phase is emulsified in the aq. solution that contains stabiliser, leading to the solvent diffusion into the external phase and formation of nanospheres or nanocapsules, according to the oil-polymer ratio, finally the solvent is eliminated by evaporation or by filtration [9].
Advantages
High encapsulation efficiency
High batch-batch reproducibility
Ease of scale up and narrow size distribution.
Disadvantages
Large amounts of water have to be eliminated from the suspensions. The leakage of water soluble drug in to the saturated aqueous external phase during emulsification reduces encapsulation efficiency.
c. Solvent displacement/Nanoprecipitation
This technique involves the use of an semi polar organic solvent that is completely miscible with the aqueous phase typically (acetone, ethanol or methanol) in this case the polymer precipitation is induced in the aq. medium (Non solvent) by the addition under the stirring of polymer solution. This method is opted or used for the drugs which are highly soluble in the polar solvents. This method has been applied to various polymeric materials such as PLGA, PLA, PCL and poly (methyl vinyl ether-co malic anhydride), (PVM/PVA).
Advantages
This technique is very simple, does not involve use of high homogenisers and hence can be easily scaled up in an industrial step.
Disadvantages
A major drawback of this technique is the difficulty to choose drug/polymer/solvent/non-solvent in which nanoparticles are formed and the drug is efficiently entrapped [10].
Characterization of Nanoparticles
Characterization of nanoparticles is based on the size, morphology and surface charge, using advanced microscopic techniques as atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and TEM,etc. Properties such as the size distribution, average particle size diameter, charge affect the physical stability and the in vivo distribution of nanoparticles [11].
i. Particle size
ii. Zeta potential
3) Surface Morphology (SEM)
4) Drug content
5) Entrapment efficiency EE & Loading capacity LC
6) In-vitro drug release studies.
1. Study of drug – excipient interactions
There are several methods available to determine the drug-excipient interactions. The most commonly used process is as follows:
i. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
ii. X-Ray diffraction method.
iii. FTIR.
These techniques are able to detect the physicochemical states and interactions of the drug and the polymers in pharmaceutical and nanotechnology.
i. Generally, DSC detects phase transition such as glass
ii. Crystalline and amorphous states of the drug molecules arer determined by XRD techniques.
iii. FTIR is a modern and modified form of infrared spectroscopy based on mathematical formula, that is able to determine the structure of the drug molecule and the physical interactions between drug and polymers. FT-IR spectroscopy is a form of vibrational spectroscopy, and the spectrum reflects both molecular structure and the molecular environment. In this technique, the sample is irradiated with IR radiation from an IR source and the absorption of this radiation stimulates vibrational motions by depositing quants of energy into vibrational modes. Therefore, a molecule, when exposed to radiation produced by the thermal emission of hot source, absorbs only at frequencies corresponding to its molecular modes of vibration in the region of electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and short waves. These changes in vibrational motion give rise to the bands in the vibrational spectrum, each spectrum band is characterized by its frequency.
2. Particle size analysis and stability
Most of the properties of nanoparticles like drug loading and release pattern, in vivo distribution, targeting, etc. are concerned with the size and size distribution of nanoparticles so they had become an important parameter in characterization of product.
Particle size analysis and stability studies are generally determined by zeta sizer. The zeta sizer nano range instruments provide the ability to measure three characteristics of particles or molecules in a liquid medium. The three parameters are particle size, zeta potential and molecular weight. The zeta sizer range features prealigned optics and programmable measurement position plus the precise temperature control necessary for reproducible, repeatable and accurate measurements. In addition facility is included for measurements of other key parameters such as pH and concentration. The zetasizer was designed with simplicity in mind, so that the minimal amount of interaction is necessary to attain best results.
Zeta potential: The equation for zeta potential is
Stokes-Einstein Equation
D- Diffusion constant, K – Boltzmann constant, T-Temperature,
D- Viscosity, R- Hydrodynamic radius. Nanoparticles with zeta potential above (+/-) 30mV have been shown to be stable in suspension, as the surface charge prevents the aggregation of the particles. The zeta potential may be utilised to determine whether a charged active material encapsulated within the pore of nano capsule or absorbed on the surface.
3. Particle surface morphology-Scanning electron microscopy
Particles surface morphology of the formulation is generally determined by SEM, a type of electron microscope that images the sample by scanning it with a high beam of electron in faster scan pattern. The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing the signals that contain information about the surface topography, composition and other properties such as electrical conductivity. Due to very narrow electron beam, SEM micrographs have a large depth of field yielding characteristic three-dimensional appearance that is useful for the understanding the surface structure of a sample.
4. Drug content
The polymeric nanoparticles are evaluated for the drug content in order to know the amount of drug present in the formed nanoparticles. Drug content is an assay procedure conducted to know the actual amount of drug present in the product.
5. Entrapment efficiency and loading capacity
6. In vitro drug release
In vitro release kinetics of a drug entrapped in nanoparticles can be evaluated by several experimental methods:
There are several factors that affect the release rate of entrapped drug. Larger particles have a smaller initial burst and longer sustained release than the smaller particles. Drug release depends on
In vitro drug release kinetics was performed by means of orbitary shaker. 50mg of each accurately weighed formulation was transferred into 250ml conical flask containing 50ml pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. They were kept in an orbitary shaker at 100rpm maintained at 37ᵒC. Aliquots of 5ml buffer were withdrawn at a predefined time intervals and the medium was replaced with same volume of buffer. The withdrawn samples were centrifuged at 3000rpm for 15min. The supernatant sample was collected. This study was carried out for a time period of 12hrs with all the prepared formulations. The concentration of drug release was estimated by determining the absorbance at respective wavelength using ELICO UV Spectrophotometer.
Table 1: various characterization tools and methods for nanoparticles
Applications of Nanoparticles
Applications of Nano particulate drug delivery systems [12]
There are two major mechanisms
Passive targeting
Passive targeting is the accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents at the target site in solid tumours which results in the enhanced vascular permeability of the tumor tissues when compared with healthy tissue. In this, ligand-receptor interactions can be highly selective. Thus precise
targeting at the site of action is possible. In the process targeting with nanoparticles encounters multiple obstacles on the way to their target. These include mucosal barriers, nonspecific delivery of the drug (as a result of uncontrolled release).
Active Targeting
Active targeting allows the surface functionalization of drug carriers with ligands which are selectively recognized by the receptors on surface of cells at the target site. Therefore, the two most important aspects of nanoparticle drug delivery must be:
Specific targeting of the diseased tissue with nanoparticles [13]: Appropriate size and functionalization with antibodies or the other means of selective binding provides means of enhanced delivery of drugs and reduced nonspecific toxicity. This issue can be resolved by functionalization of the nano particles with recognition elements on their surfaces towards receptors present on the particular diseased tissue. Conjugation with short chain variable fragments (scFvs) or antibodies will provide selective binding to the specifics cell’s surface, and their endocytosis will be enhanced with suitably adjusted binding affinities.
Timed release of the drug: To prevent the nonspecific toxicity, drug should not diffuse out of the particle while it is still in the circulatory system, and has to remain encapsulated until that particle binds to the target receptor. Nanoparticles with multilayers can be engineered, in which each according with the appropriate timing of delivery of the drug for combination therapy.
Nanoparticles can be significally used in targeted drug delivery at the site of disease
Tumor Targeting using Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems [14]
The rationale of using nanoparticles for tumor targeting is based on one of the most efficiency of nanoparticles is delivery drug in the area of the tumor targets via the enhanced permeability and the retention effect. This can also be achieved by active targeting by ligands on the surface of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles limits the drug distribution to the target organ, hence reduces the drug exposure against healthy tissues. It was reported that mice treated with doxorubicin-based poly (isohexylcyanoacrylate) nano spheres showed higher concentrations of doxorubicin in the liver, spleen and lungs than in mice treated with free doxorubicin. It was also demonstrated that polymeric composition of nanoparticles such as biodegradation profile of the polymer along with the associated drug’s molecular weight, polymer type, its localization in nanospheres and the method of incorporation technique, and hydrophobicity has the large influence on drug distribution pattern in in vivo. In addition, nanoparticles are advantageous in their rapid nanoparticles rate, within ½ h to 3 h, and it likely involves MPS and pharmacokinetics (PK) pattern of a cyclic RGD doxorubicin-nanoparticle formulation in tumor bearing mice. During this biodistribution study it was revealed that drug accumulation has been found in the liver, spleen and tumor. Maximum of the injected dose was observed in the liver (56%) and only 1.6% in the tumor at 48 h post injection. The study ensures that thenano particles have the greater tendency to be captured by liver. This and several studies indicates, the greatest challenge of using nanoparticles for tumor targeting is to avoid particle uptake by mononuclear phagocytic system in liver and spleen. Such tendency of mononuclear phagocytic system for endocytosis/phagocytosis of nanoparticles provides an opportunity to effectively deliver therapeutic agents to the cells. This bio distribution can be of benefit for the chemotherapeutic treatment of mononuclear phagocytic system rich organs/tissues localised tumours [16].
Targeting of the drug to the tissue or cells of choice is the potential area in the drug delivery. Branch of nanotechnology is anticipated to bring the fundamental transformation in manufacturing and have an enormous impact on life sciences especially in delivery, diagnosis, nutraceuticals and the production of biomaterials. In delivery systems targeting is the ability to direct the drug loaded system to the desired site. Recent advancement in nanotechnology has proven that nanoparticles acquire excellent potential as drug carriers.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
