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*Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
Citation: Waill A. Elkhateeb and Ghoson M. Daba (2021) Mycotherapy of the good and the tasty medicinal mushrooms Lentinus, Pleurotus and Tremella J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research. 4(2); DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/029
Copyright: © 2021, Waill A. Elkhateeb, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 13 February 2021 | Accepted: 26 February 2021 | Published: 06 March 2021
Keywords: lentinus; pleurotus; tremella; biological activities
Fungi generally and mushrooms secondary metabolites specifically represent future factories and potent biotechnological tools for the production of bioactive natural substances, which could extend the healthy life of humanity. The application of microbial secondary metabolites in general and mushrooms metabolites in particular in various fields of biotechnology has attracted the interests of many researchers. This review focused on Lentinus, Pleurotus, and Tremella as a model of edible mushrooms rich in therapeutic agents that have known medicinal applications.
Mushrooms have been used as a traditional medicine for the last few eras. Mushrooms as higher Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes contain secondary metabolites in their fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, and cultured broth. Mushrooms have been used in many sides of human activity for many years [1]. Some of these mushrooms have been called medicinal mushrooms due to their various morphological, physiological, and ecological characteristics that are also responsible for their diversity. Medicinal mushrooms produce a wide range of bioactive compounds [1]. Medicinal mushrooms possess medicinal properties such as anti-tumor, immunomodulating, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and anti-diabetic effects [2-8]. Hence, mushrooms have gained a lot of attention as a functional food and for the development of drugs and nutraceuticals. [9-12]. Medicinal mushrooms exhibit many biological activities as anti-diabetic potential and Antihyperglycemic agents. The bioactive compound like polysaccharide, protein, lipids, fiber, and some low molecular weight compounds like alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, lectins, and phenolic substances are involved in many diseases as a therapeutic mediators and also have been shown a major landmark for the cure of diabetes. [13]. The fungi belonging to the genus Ganoderma have been used since ancient times in Eastern traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of several diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes, among many other conditions. More than 140 biologically active triterpenoids and 200 polysaccharides, as well as proteins and various metabolites, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies, mycelium and spores of different species of Ganoderma. Species belonging to the genus Ganoderma have been used since ancient times in Eastern traditional medicine, until modern days in the treatment, and prevention of several diseases such as cancer, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and others [14, 15]. More recently, different preparations made from mycelium, fruiting bodies, and spores of Ganoderma lucidum have been marketed as dietary supplements due to their antitumor, immunomodulatory, and free radical scavenging abilities [15, 16]. Also, some other species belonging to Ganoderma have various beneficial effects on human health, including Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma colossum, Ganoderma concinna, Ganoderma pfeifferi, and Ganoderma neo–japonicum [17-19].
The present review focuses on various edible medicinal species of mushrooms belong to genera: Lentinus, Pleurotus,and Tremella, along with their chemical composition, biologically active compounds isolated, and their pharmacological potential.
The most cultivated mushroom worldwide is Agaricus, followed by Lentinus, Pleurotus, and Tremella. Mushrooms production continuously increases, China being the biggest producer around the world [20-22]. However, wild mushrooms are becoming more important for their nutritional, sensory, and especially pharmacological characteristics [23-25]. Lentinus species are normally wood-decaying basidiomycetes and have currently lamellae and domestic tissues in the basidiome, and hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindric spores. Species in the subgenus Lentinus have hyphal pegs. Commonly, the basidiomes are xeromorphic with a tough, firm texture when dry and have a long life is some country like Spain, but in Thailand, their fruits only formatted early in the summer duo to rain season (Figure, 1). Traditionally, Lentinus has been placed in the agaric family Tricholomataceae because species possess a lamellate hymenophore and white spore print [26-28]. Lentinus genus belonging to Class; Agaricomycetes, Order; Polyporales, Family; Polyporaceae. Lentinus species are widespread in tropical Africa, Europe, South America, South East Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Australia [29].
Mushrooms could be an alternative source of new antimicrobial compounds, mainly secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, steroids, anthraquinones, benzoic acid derivatives, and quinolones, but also of some primary metabolites like oxalic acid, peptides, and proteins. Lentinus edodes is the most studied species and seems to have an antimicrobial action against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [30]. Finimundy et al. [31] have provided experimental information about the aqueous extracts of Lentinus edodes as potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. These extracts significantly decreased cell proliferation on tumors as well.
Species of Lentinus are best known for the commercially important. Lentinus edodes or “shiitake mushroom” has been used for many years to investigate functional properties and to isolate compounds for pharmaceutical use; this is because of its positive effects on human health. It has been utilized to alleviate the common cold for hundreds of years and some scientific evidence has supported this belief [32]. Sevindik, [33], determined that Lentinus tigrinus possessed antioxidant potential, and it was recommended to limit the consumption of this mushroom due to high oxidant values. It was determined that L. tigrinus mushroom collected in regions with adequate oxidative stress levels may be consumed as a natural antioxidant source. Also demonstrated that Lentinus tigrinus has antimicrobial activities against 9 different bacteria and fungi; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata.
Lentinus strigellus was cultivated in three different media and the secondary metabolites produced under different culture conditions were isolated and identified by Barros-Filho et al., [34], when cultivated in a liquid medium with peptone, Lentinus strigellus produced benzopyrans, 2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychroman-4-one, 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane and (3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane. When Lentinus strigellus cultured in Czapek medium enriched with potato broth, the fungus produced the same benzopyrans except (3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane. Panepoxydone and isopanepoxydone were also isolated when Lentinus strigellus was grown in Czapek medium. Extracts and pure compounds of Lentinus edodes exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, cytostatic, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activity. Because of these attributes, different products derived from shiitake are on the market and are sold as dietary supplements [35]. A polysaccharide (LVP) was purified from the fruiting body of Lentinus velutinus by ethanol precipitation fractionation and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Udchumpisai and Bangyeekhun, [36], results revealed that the extracted polysaccharide exhibits both cytotoxic and antioxidant activity, and this polysaccharide showed specific cytotoxicity against cancer cells (HeLa and HepG2 cells), and alterations in cancer cell morphology were found after polysaccharide treatment [36]. Catechin is a major group of phenolic compounds found in 3 species of mushroom, Lentinus squarrosulus, Lentinus polychrous, and Lentinus edodes. The percentage of inhibition of free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay was higher than 70% in ethanolic extract of Lentinus squarrosulus and Lentinus polychrous, while in Lentinus edodes it was lower as 30%. An anticancer protein, polysaccharide peptide (PSP), was also detected [37].
Pleurotus genus, also known as oyster mushrooms, has approximately 40 species and all are commonly edible. In addition to their nutritional value, they possess medicinal properties and other beneficial effects and health-promoting effects. Pleurotus genus belonging to Class; Agaricomycetes, Order; Agaricales, Family; Pleurotaceae. Pleurotus species widespread in Europe and China, Pleurotus mushroom production is responsible for over 70% of the global market. The Pleurotus genus is found naturally in forests grouped to scattered, where they are responsible for the decomposition of wood (Figure, 2). Pleurotus species are valuable to cultivate and eat, as they are the source of valuable nutrients and healing ingredients. Mycelium of white rot is known for its bioremediation abilities, including the accumulation of heavy metals and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Pleurotus genus has also been found applicable in the biotransformation of unsaturated terpenoid compounds [38, 39]. In Africa, oyster mushrooms are grown mainly on sawdust, with the addition of rice straw [40, 41].
Pleurotus species have been used by humans all over the world for many years [42, 43]. Pleurotus species have been used as medicinal mushrooms for a long time since they contain several compounds with important pharmacological and nutraceutical activities. Some of these substances are lectins with immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities; phenolic compounds with antioxidant activities; and polysaccharides (polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharide proteins) with immunoenhancing and anticancer activities [44-46].
Exopolysaccharides and internal polysaccharides obtained from the Pleurotus ostreatus M2191 and PBS281009 cultivated using the batch system. The carbohydrate analysis revealed that the polysaccharides comprised 87–89% EPS and 68–74% IPS. The investigation of antioxidant activity in vitro revealed a good antioxidant potential, particularly for Exopolysaccharides and internal polysaccharides isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus [47].
Many researches have indicated that oyster mushrooms contain phenolic compounds with antioxidative effects [48-50]. The fruiting bodies of mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus contain lovastatin, which belongs to the group of statins affecting the metabolism of cholesterol. These compounds inhibit LDL cholesterol oxidation and positively affect the coagulation system and fibrinolysis. They have anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, and antioxidative properties [51].
Extracts from some Pleurotus species are a good source of prebiotics due to the high soluble fiber content [52]. Research has proved that when an aqueous extract from Pleurotus ostreatus is added to yogurt, it stimulates the growth of useful microorganisms Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus [53].
The genus Tremella
Tremella is a genus of fungi belonging to Division; Basidiomycota, Class; Termellomycetes, Order; Termellales, Family; Tremellaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and described as the jelly fungi. Tremella species are mainly parasitic on wood-rotting fungi in the two phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, particularly on species that occur on dead attached branches (Figure, 3). Some Tremella species parasitize the fruit bodies of their hosts and sometimes joining host hyphae, and some others parasitize the mycelium within the wood. Tremella species occur worldwide as a group. Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two species, Tremella fuciformis, and Tremella aurantialba are commercially cultivated for food and medicinal activities [54, 55].
Some species belonging to Tremella and their biological activities
Tremella fuciformis, an edible medicinal mushroom, is commonly known as snow fungus, snow ear, silver ear fungus, and white jelly mushroom. Tremella fuciformis belonging to the order of Tremellales and the family of Tremellaceae, which has been traditionally used for health promotion in China and other East Asian countries for many years [56, 57]. Plenty of bioactive substances are discovered in Tremella fuciformis, including fatty acids, proteins, enzymes, polysaccharides, phenols, flavonoids, dietary fiber, and trace elements [58, 59]. Polysaccharides in Tremella fuciformis, widely existed in the fruiting bodies, spores, mycelia and ferment liquor. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide shows multiple physiological, and healthy promoting effects, such as enhancing immune function, antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotection, and other effects [60, 61]. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide has been identified as a major bioactive component. The monosaccharides detected in polysaccharide were mannose, xylose, glucuronic acid, glucose, and galactose. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides shows multiple physiological and healthy promoting effects including immunomodulation, antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotection, and other effects [57, 62].
Li, [63], measured the antioxidant activities of various subfractions of the methanol extract of Tremella fuciformis and the major phenolic components of the chloroform subfraction, which showed the highest antioxidant. Tremella fuciformis chloroform subfraction displayed the highest antioxidant activity in all experimental settings and 3 phenolic acids (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, and 4-coumaric acid) were identified in the chloroform and ethyl acetate subfractions. The chloroform subfraction also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and thereby suppressing nitric oxide production [64-66].
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