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Microbiological Quality of Chicken Carcasses at Modern Poultry Plant

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Research Article

Microbiological Quality of Chicken Carcasses at Modern Poultry Plant

  • Fahim, A. Shaltout 1*
  • 1* Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University

*Corresponding Author: Fahim, A. Shaltout, Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University

Citation: Fahim, A. Shaltout (2020) Microbiological Quality of Chicken Carcasses at Modern Poultry Plant. J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 3(1); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/018

Copyright: © Shaltout, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 19 December 2019 | Accepted: 31 December 2019 | Published: 03 January 2020

Keywords: microbiological quality; chicken carcasses

Abstract

A total number of one hundred chickens at modern poultry plant were examined for microbiological evaluation, the mean values of Aerobic Plate Count /cm2 chicken at arrival to the plant; slaughtering, giblets, packaging, and receiving for saling were 2.4x106, 1.5x106, 5.7x105, 4.9x104, and 3.8x104 CFU/cm2, respectively. the mean values of  total coliform count/ cm2 chicken at  arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.1 x105, 8.9 x104, 6.1 x104, 2.4 x103,and 2.5 x103 CFU/cm2 , respectively and the total E.coli count/cm2 chicken at arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.2 x104, 9.1 x103, 9.0 x102, 2.1 x102,and 2.0 x102 CFU /cm2 , respectively. The mean values of  total Streptococcal count /cm2 of chicken at  arrival to the plant , slaughtering ,  giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.2 x102, 5.1x102, 1.2x102, -,and - CFU/cm2, respectively and total Staphylococcal counts were 8.1 x102, 2.1 x102, 2.0 x102, 4.-,and – CFU/cm2 , respectively. Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens and fungi could not be detected in the examined samples. The public health significance of the isolated bacteria was discussed

Introduction

Several different species of microorganisms have been reported in poultry meat. Some of these micro-organisms are pathogenic, while others are non-pathogenic. Chicken meat spoiled quickly and could cause diseases [15]. Refrigeration means to cool down.  When you lower the temperature of chicken meat, bacteria cannot grow as fast as in normal temperature. That meant that meat could last longer. Refrigerator is a common kitchen appliance that is used to preserve food by cooling it down.. Freezing preserves food for even longer times. The chicken farming changed forever. Suddenly, people could raise thousands of chicken and transport them to markets far away. This meant the end of the small family farm. While in some places in the world and some rural area there are still small family chicken farms that support families, they have now mostly been replaced with large commercial farms and modern poultry plants. These large farms and modern poultry plants supply grocery chains and restaurants and bring chicken products to our table. Poultry meat constitutes an excellent source of high quality animal proteins required for nutrition of human beings. The poultry fat is almost exclusively associated the skin resulting reducing dietary fat contrasted with mammalian fat. Also vitamins especially B complex and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are present in considerable amounts in poultry meat [4]. Live birds are highly contaminated with different microorganisms on their feathers, skin and intestinal tract. Accordingly, the contamination of chicken carcasses begins from the time of slaughtering, defeathering, evisceration, till the final product storage and distribution [5]. The presence of many types of microorganisms in chicken meat as a result of different sources of contamination as feathers, feet, and intestinal content of slaughtered birds, so the bacterial flora may be a significant factor leading to spoilage food poisoning which may represent a public health hazard to consumers unless controlled by proper hygiene and cooking [21]. Therefore the present study was planned out to perform Aerobic Plate Count, total coliform count, Total E.coli count, Total Streptococcus count, Total Staphylococcal count and detection of Salmonella spp, Clostridium perfringens and fungi in chicken carcasses at modern Poultry plant.

Materials and Methods

The plant processes poultry from different farms. At this processing plant, the broiler carcasses are routinely dipped in chlorinated water prior to packing, using calcium hypochlorite. Initially, 200 grams of calcium hypochlorite are added to 500 liters of water, and a further 50 grams is added after about every three hours.
A total number of 100 chickens at modern poultry plant. These chickens were examined at different steps in the slaughter house at arrival. Slaughtering, liver (Giblets), packaging, and receiving for saling for microbial contamination. The carcasses were swabbed with sterile cotton swabs Swapping of the chicken surfaces and serial dilutions were done according to the method recommended by [1].

  1. Aerobic Plate count (APC): by plating on plate count agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours according to the method recommended by (19).
  2. Total Coliform count: by plating on violet red bile agar medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours according to the method recommended by (19).
  3. Total E.coli count: according to the methods recommended by (11) and (29).by plating on EMB medium (Eosin Methylin Blue) agar plates and then incubated at 35°C for 24 hours , E.coli are  green shine metallic colonies
  4. Total Streptococcal count: by plating on KF Streptococcus medium the development of red colonies in the agar medium is indicative of the presence of Streptococcus (16)
  5. Total Staphylococcal count by plating on Baird Parker agar and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Suspected colonies appeared as black and shiny showing narrow white margin and surrounded by clear zone extended into the opaque medium were counted according to the method recommended by (19 and 20).
  6. Screening for Salmonellae: according to the methods recommended by (28); (7) and (17). Two swabs were used; one swab was placed in 10 ml of selenite broth and the other in peptone broth directly after swabbing. The broths were returned to the laboratory and incubated at 37.5 °C for 24 hours. After incubation, one loop of selenite F.  broth was plated on Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate and one loop of peptone broth on Trypticase soy agar (TSA,). The plates were incubated aerobically at 37.5 °C for 24 hours.
  7. Detection of Clostridium perfringens and fungi according to the recommended methods by (7, 19 and 20).

Results

Tables (1-3)

 

Table (5): Total Staphylococcal count /cm2 chicken

 

Discussion

Boiling water immersion intervention and removal of skin could reduce subsequent bacteria contamination of ground meat. This intervention could minimize the risk of pathogen-contaminated primary processed poultry carcasses used in further processing [34].
The data recorded in table (1) revealed that the mean values of  Aerobic Plate Count /cm2 chicken at arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 2.4x106, 1.5x106, 5.7x105, 4.9x104,and 3.8x104 CFU /cm2 , respectively. Several bacterial indicators are used to evaluate hygiene during the meat slaughtering process. Monitoring of Escherichia coli counts (ECC) and   aerobic colony counts (ACC). The sampling method was neck skin excision for broiler and layer chicken carcasses. The 75th and 95th percentiles of ECC were 4.05 and 5.24 log CFU/g for chicken carcasses. E. coli may be considered as a good indicator for enteric zoonotic agents [12]. Microbial contamination of chicken carcasses is a natural result of different processes necessary to produce retail products from living birds. Contamination of chicken meat productscan occur through a long chain including processing, packaging, storage and distribution as well as preparation .among chicken meat pathogens, Salmonella organism; their presence in chicken meat depends upon the hygienic status of processing plants [27].The bacteriological profile of raw, frozen chicken nuggets manufactured at a chicken processing facility in Queensland, Australia, was determined. Chicken nuggets are manufactured by grinding poultry, adding premixes to incorporate spices, forming the meat to the desired size and shape, applying a batter and breading, freezing, and packaging. A total of 300 frozen batches were analyzed for aerobic plate count, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella over a period of 4 years. The mean of the aerobic plate count was 5.4 log CFU/g, and counts at the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles were 5.7, 5.9, and 6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. The maximum number of bacteria detected was 6.6 log CFU/g. E. coli prevalence was 47%, and of the positive samples, the mean was 1.9 log CFU/g; counts at the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles were 2.3, 2.4, and 2.8 log CFU/g, respectively. The maximum number of E. coli was 2.9 log CFU/g. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.05) between season and both aerobic plate counts and E. coli counts, and no correlation between E. coli counts and Salmonella prevalence [10]. Bernard et al.,(1999) could detect Escherichia coli (41.7%), Staphylococcus spp. (2.49%), bacteria found in the chicken carcasses in a poultry processing plant in Zambia, The lower bacterial count in chicken meat produced at high level may be attributed to the chlorination of water used in processing plant , good manufacturing practices and antimicrobial substances such as lactic acid and trisodium phosphate which may be used during slaughtering and processing of chicken [30].The contaminated equipments and knives are probably the principle contributing factors to high bacterial counts of chicken meat [8] , Also poor hygiene within the processing plant may result in cross contamination from living birds onto processed chicken meat products rendering them unmarketable or even unfit for human consumption [14]. In addition, the role of hands and clothes of employees in contamination of such food should not be overlooked [9].
The data recorded in tables (2&3) revealed that the mean values of  total coliform count/ cm2 chicken at  arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.1 x105, 8.9 x104, 6.1 x104, 2.4 x103,and 2.5 x103 CFU /cm2 , respectively and the total E.coli count/cm2 chicken at arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.2 x104, 9.1 x103, 9.0 x102, 2.1 x102,and 2.0 x102 CFU /cm2 , respectively. Scraping method for enumerating bacteria on broiler carcasses. In experiment 1, coliforms and Escherichia coli were determined by the whole-carcass rinse (WCR) method and by scraping the skin surface and rinsing the blade (BR). In each of 2 replicate trials, 4 prechill broiler carcasses were collected from 2 different commercial processing plants. The WCR method was conducted on each carcass, and then a blunt edge blade was used to scrape an area measuring approximately 80 cm (2) of the breast (front) skin and on the back of the carcass. After scraping, each blade and adhering residue was rinsed in 30 mL of 0.1% peptone. One milliliter of rinsate each from the WCR and BR was plated to determine total coliforms and E. coli. In experiment 2, 6 carcasses were collected from a processing plant in each of 2 replicate trials. Carcasses were split, with one half scraped on all skin surfaces, and the other half remaining unscraped as a control; all halves were then subjected to half-carcass rinses using 200 mL of 0.1% peptone. Coliforms and E. coli were enumerated. Results from both experiments are reported as log cfu/mL. In experiment 1, mean coliform WCR counts (5.1) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than back BR (2.8), which were higher than front BR (2.2). Mean E. coli WCR counts (4.5) were higher than back BR (2.4), which were higher than front BR (1.6). The counts for BR adjusted for the greater surface area sampled by WCR were still lower than the WCR counts. Experiment 2 results showed no difference between control and scraped carcass halves for coliforms (4.7) or E. coli (4.6).  Scraping either prior to or after rinsing did not increase enumeration of coliforms or E. coli. Scraping could be a viable method to compare the numbers of bacteria on different areas of the same carcass [33]. The presence of coliforms in greater number may be responsible for inferior quality of chicken meat resulting in economic losses and possibility of presence of other enteric pathogens which constitute at time public health hazard [4]. The presence of coliforms in chicken meat products has probably received more attention than most of other bacterial groups for their significance as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and their ability to grow well over a wide range of temperature below 10  up to 46 °C [13].The importance of coliforms bacteria in chicken meat technology is due to the fact that their presence in such products is frequently a reliable indication of faulty methods in preparation, handling and storage of chicken meat products as well as plant sanitation [6].
The data recorded in tables (4 and 5) revealed that the mean values of  total Streptococcal count /cm2 of chicken at  arrival to the plant , slaughtering , giblets, packaging , and receiving for saling were 1.2 x102, 5.1x102, 1.2x102, -,and - , respectively and total Staphylococcal counts were 8.1 x102, 2.1 x102, 2.0 x102, 4.-,and – CFU/ cm2 respectively. The epidemiological data showed that S. aureus continue to be a major cause of food borne intoxication and its presence in food constitutes an important problem for food processor, food service workers and consumers [31 , 15]. Doubling the amount of water during immersion chilling (3.3 vs. 6.7 L/kg) did not improve the removal of bacteria from the surfaces of chilled carcasses [25]. Raw poultry must be handled carefully to prevent cross-contamination. This can occur if raw poultry or its juices contact cooked food or foods that will be eaten raw such as salad. An example of this is chopping tomatoes on an unwashed cutting board just after cutting raw chicken on it. Staphylococcus aureus can be carried on human hands, in nasal passages, or in throats. The bacteria are found in foods made by hand and improperly refrigerated, such as chicken salad. Preventing cross- contamination and using proper cooking methods reduces infection by this bacterium.. It is destroyed by cooking, but a cooked product can be contaminated by poor personal hygiene. Observe "keep refrigerated" and "use-by" dates on labels. Organisms often found in poultry carcasses also include a number of bacteria causing food poisoning due to extensive growth and eventual production of potent toxins in foods. These organisms are Staphylococcus aureus [24]. A survey of Staphylococcus aureus contamination of commercial raw minced meat at 3 supermarkets in Hyogo Prefecture was conducted over a period of half a year (January to June 2006). In total, the contamination rate was 77.8% (28/36) for beef, 91.7% (33/36) for pork and 91.7% (33/36) for chicken samples [32].
Contamination of chicken meat with microorganisms could attribute to food handlers, utensils, air, soil and unsatisfactory hygienic conditions during processing, packaging and storage [8].
Refrigerator cools down the temperature of the chicken. This means that microorganisms that may be dangerous and are in chicken will grow much slower. You should touch it to feel if it is cool. The absence of Salmonella spp in chicken samples of high level of hygiene could be attributed to the use of antimicrobial substances [23)], as well as the application of good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and HACCP system in the poultry processing plant [29]. Raw poultry products were purchased from the retail market place in two Australian states. The products sampled on a proportional volume basis were chicken portions with the skin off or skin on, in bulk or tray packs, and whole carcasses. They were collected from butcher shops, supermarkets, and specialty stores from urban areas during the winter (2005) and summer (2006) months. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli., E. coli was detected in all winter samples and on 92.9 and 85.7% of summer samples in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively; the log of the geometric mean per square centimeter was 0.5 in winter and slightly lower in summer. On chicken portions, E. coli was detected in around 90% of winter samples in both states, and in summer on 75.1 and 59.6% of samples in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively. The log of the geometric mean CFU per square centimeter for E. coli was 0.75 and 0.91 in winter, and 0.66 and 0.5 in summer in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively [26]. Accordingly, chicken meat products, if properly processed, should contain low number of bacteria provided that the excellent plant sanitary conditions are maintained during and after processing. Since the processing operations can exert an influence on of the chicken meat products. Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens and fungi could not be detected in the examined samples. The aqueous ClO2 treatment should be useful in improving the microbial safety of chicken during storage [18]. The efficacy of a scald additive, RP scald, to reduce Salmonella typhimurium (ST) levels on inoculated poultry carcasses. The RP scald (contains sodium hydroxide) in a 1% solution has a pH of 11.0, which may reduce bacteria levels on carcasses. The addition of RP scald increased ST reduction; therefore, RP scald may be effective in reducing ST on broiler carcasses in poultry scolder applications, particularly when hard scald temperatures are used [22].There are many diseases that can spread from inappropriate handling or preparation of chicken. People can get food poisoning by eating undercooked chicken meat. These bacteria can also spread on kitchen counters, forks, knives and plates - so, we can get infection even if we don't eat chicken. The best way to deal with diseases that can be spread by raw chicken is prevention. We can prevent diseases by handling and preparing chicken appropriately. Identification and monitoring of the most critical points in the production process in order to reduce the contamination rate. Much more attention should be paid to the processing plants in order to control the bacterial contamination of poultry meat.

Conclusion

This study was conducted in a massacre to talk about the number of 100 chickens upon arrival at the slaughterhouse and at the slaughter and liver (viscera) and packaging and delivery and was determined total bacterial count / cm 2 and coliform and Ichricia E. coli and Streptococcus and microbe cluster and the presence of microbe Salmonella, Clostridium Perfringens and Fungi

 The results were as follows:

Mean total bacterial count of chickens at slaughterhouse, carcass, liver, gut and package as 2.4 x 106, 1.5 x 106, 5.7 x 105, 4.9 x 104, 3.9 x 104 / cm2

Average total count of coliform when arriving at slaughterhouse, at sacrifice, liver (bowels), packaging and delivery as 2.4 x 106, 1.5 x 106, 5.7 x 105, 4.9 x 104, 3.9 x 104 / cm2

Average total count of E. coli for poultry at slaughterhouse, slaughter, liver, bowls, packaging and delivery as 2.4 x 106, 1.5 x 106, 5.7 x 105, 4.9 x 104, 3.9 x 104 / cm2

Average total count of streptococcus for poultry at slaughterhouse, slaughter, liver, bowel, packaging and delivery as 2.4 x 106, 1.5 x 106, 5.7 x 105, 4.9 x 104, 3.9 x 104 / cm2

The average total count of the golden cluster of poultry when reaching the slaughterhouse and at the slaughter and liver (bowels) and packaging and delivery as 2.4 × 106, 1.5 × 106, 5.7 × 105, 4.9 × 104 and 3.9 × 104 / cm2

The presence of Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and fungi was not found The importance of isolated microbes and their danger to public health was discussed

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Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner