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*Corresponding Author: Miguel Angel Camacho Vargas, Doctoral student in Business Administration from the Simón Bolívar Andean University, Sucre – Bolivia.
Citation: Camacho Vargas MA, (2023), Measurement of Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers: Literature Review, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports, 5(6); DOI:10.31579/2690-8794/182
Copyright: © 2023, Miguel Angel Camacho Vargas. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 07 September 2023 | Accepted: 27 September 2023 | Published: 10 October 2023
Keywords: police; burnout; work stress
The Burnout or Quemado syndrome is a consequence of exposure to situations of chronic work stress, where police activity is not the exception, if there are no adequate coping strategies to deal with this syndrome, its consequences can be detrimental to the security and health of the police, and for institution. The objective of this research was to analyze the studies related to the measurement of burnout levels, the evaluation of its consequences and risk factors related to sociodemographic variables. The methodology used for this research work is part of a documentary bibliographic review under the PRISMA technique in PubMed, Science direct Scopus, Web of Science. From the research analyzed, it can be established that the prevalence and levels of burnout vary significantly between studies, due to the influence of the seasonal measurement factor, that is, in some periods there has been a high demand for police activity, as was the case during the COVID 19 pandemic or depending on the moments of social or political uprising and levels of greater crime that each country is going through; and at other times, when it seems that society calms down as normal and the workload of the police decreases. It is concluded that the Burnout Syndrome in police officers are caused by constant causes or triggers, among the main stressors are the organizational and operational origin, which is why the presence of this syndrome varies according to the temporality of measurement, factors of risk, cultural and social aspects of each country.
Burnout syndrome is a western term, it began to be studied since 1974 by the New York psychiatrist Freudenberger, who defined it as a psychosocial condition associated with personal exhaustion, cynicism, and professional inefficiency that can occur in professionals who work directly with people, referring to specific groups: health personnel, teachers, and care professionals. In turn, this doctor stated that the syndrome is characterized by non-specific physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with work characteristics that include variable schedules, long hours, low wages and very demanding social conditions.
In the same way, Maslach (1976) at the American Psychological Society (APA) congress, proposed to the scientific community that Burnout Syndrome is "a chronic stress produced by contact with clients that leads to exhaustion and to emotional distancing at work.” In this sense, workers who suffer from it can develop feelings of cynicism and detachment from work, a feeling of inefficiency and lack of achievements, which affect both the organization and the family and personal environment.(Rohwer et al., 2022). In people, it can cause problems of: anxiety, helplessness, irritability, feelings of disturbance, apathy, aggressive behaviors, alcohol addiction, family problems, and physiological disorders such as: cardiovascular, immune system, sexual, muscular or digestive problems. From an organizational point of view, the consequences of burnout are related to absenteeism, increased turnover and decreased productivity,(Guirao, 2021).
Based on the different studies analyzed, years later, Gil-Monte, Pines, Aronson and Kafry, cited by Corrales (2017), defined burnout syndrome as a response to chronic work stress, reflected in a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, triggering negative situations, attitudes and feelings towards colleagues and one's own professional role; in this same line, Maslach (2009)broadens this term to describe that when an individual experiences exposure to chronic interpersonal stressors at work without the possibility of regaining balance it could lead to psychological collapse; Characteristic aspects of those groups of professionals whose daily work environment is defined by direct contact with people who need help or special attention.
As a result, in recent years many definitions have been created after researching and analyzing them.(Juczyński & Ogińska-Bulik, 2022)conclude that: "burnout syndrome is a reaction to chronic and prolonged work stress, especially in professions that involve a high emotional demand and that provide support services or special attention"(Maslach, 2009), with three important components: emotional exhaustion (mental and/or physical), depersonalization (negative and cynical attitude towards others) and reduced personal fulfillment(Cascaes da Silva et al., 2014).
Emotional exhaustion: It refers to increased emotional exhaustion due to the demands of the job, which causes employees to lose interest. When the subject's emotional resources are depleted, he realizes that he is unable to cope with the demands of the job.
Depersonalization: the subject develops a set of negative attitudes and feelings towards the client, causing him to dehumanize him and reject him as responsible for the work overload.
Little personal fulfillment: the subject begins to evaluate himself and the work performed negatively, loses interest in work, lowers self-esteem, isolates himself from work, feels incompetent, irritable, dissatisfied and dissatisfied with work.
Burnout syndrome in police officers
It is important to start with the definition of police and its function, since it has traditionally been difficult. The word “Police” derives from the Latin Politia which means “good order of public affairs”. In 14th century France, the term policy served to determine the purpose and activity of the State, designed to prevent attacks on public order and protect society, providing it with complete security against all kinds of dangers, hence it is strengthened. its concept from the 15th century to the 18th century. Therefore, the etymological origin of the word “Police” is summarized in SOCIAL ORDER. Later it will be extended to broader and general areas of government and State as indicated(Izu, 1991), referring to the lus polizei as "a right and a duty of the sovereign to coercively procure the happiness of his subjects, this right will have no limits and will usually be carried out through the police rules".
Police activity as a function of the State, aims to limit the behavior of individuals based on their potential to violate the rights and freedoms of the rest of society, or regulating them in the manner that is most conducive to a good collective coexistence. One of the fundamental characteristics of the modern State is precisely the monopoly of the exercise of police activity to regulate citizen coexistence, limiting individual freedom for the benefit of the community. Only the State is legitimized to establish norms and coercive measures aimed at maintaining order and security. Likewise, only the State can legitimately resort to the use of force to maintain that social order.(Fernández, 1992).
Today, police activity is a profession of providing assistance services to citizens in circumstances in which the police must expose themselves and confront crime, and how their actions can limit individual behaviors based on what can affect the rest of society(Ménard, K; Arter, M, 2013). As described by the Magazine of the Spanish Society of Occupational Health in Public Administration (2001), the police work in a hostile environment characterized by marginalization and crime, even their own working conditions are sources of stress.(Milla, S; Sanz, B; Apellaniz, G; Pascual, I., 2001). It should be considered that police organizations are one of the largest workforces in the world, registering until 2019 a total of 1.49 million in the European Union(Eurosat, 2023); meanwhile, that in the US one million(FBI, 2022).
Derived from the above, it can be established that the police profession is directly related to stress, causing a negative impact on mental and physical health, performance and the quality of the assistance service provided to citizens.(Queirós et al., 2020). According to Guirao (2021), the sources of stress in police work can be many and varied, this will depend on the jurisdiction of responsibility, the work each officer does, and even the time of year being analyzed; given that police work is often influenced by an important seasonal factor with some periods of high load and others of relative calm.
Therefore, they can be divided into two broad categories: task-specific stressors and stressors related to the organization in which the task is performed. In the first group we find the dangers of their complex work and the emotional impact of constantly solving other people's social problems, while in the second group, according to some studies, the tension that these professionals have in their relationships with each other, the scarcity of staff that causes work overload, insufficient or unstable resources, rotating work shifts, absence of communication and consultation, and weak support from superiors (Gomes et al., 2022).
Methodology
Literature review: inclusion and exclusion criteria
The method used in this research work was framed in a bibliographical review of the literature with the aim of locating, selecting, evaluating and critically analyzing the problems raised at a theoretical level of burnout syndrome in the police field. The technique used for data collection was established under the PRISMA methodology for PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, among others. Therefore, to complete the study, a search string was created using the terms "Burnout", "Police" and the Boolean operator AND, resulting in "Burnout AND Police" for the Spanish language and "Burnout" for the English language. AND Policy”.
Regarding the inclusion criteria, they were empirical and refereed studies with reference to a sample of the police population, the same studies had to measure the total level or one dimension of the burnout syndrome and at least one other variable, during the period from the years 2012 to 2022.
On the other hand, in the exclusion criteria, theoretical works such as reviews, book chapters, instrument validation, undergraduate thesis and master's theses were ruled out.
Extracted information
From the result of the information search, 466 studies could be identified, using the elimination technique before the projection, a total subtotal of 123 was obtained, which were of potential interest based on their title, author, abstract, date and country of origin. publication, of which: 21 correspond to PubMed, 14 Science Direct, 24 Scopus, 35 Web of Science, 29 Scielo.
After the more specific reading of these studies, the methodology used was analyzed, the measurement of burnout syndrome levels, the evaluation of its consequences and possible risk factors related to sociodemographic variables, resulting in 26 studies; however, two were excluded in the final phase, reaching a final of 24 studies for meeting all the inclusion criteria. This review was carried out in phases (See Figure No. 1).
Figure No. 1: PRISM Diagram
Results
As a result of the previous analysis in the methodological field, it can be established that a total of 71% of the selected works (17/24) corresponded to quantitative studies, while (6/24) 25% were qualitative studies and 4% to a study with a mixed approach, most studies have a non-experimental cross-sectional design; however, it should be emphasized that a study has a longitudinal experimental design (see Table 1).
| Author(s) | Qualification | Approach | Design | Level |
| (Torres et al., 2022) | Burnout Syndrome and Related Factors in Mexican Police Workforces | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Rohwer et al., 2022) | Work-life balance, job satisfaction and quality of life of police officers: longitudinal effects after the time change | Quantitative | experimental, longitudinal | Explanatory |
| (Lambert et al., 2022) | Burnout in a sample of Indian police officers | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Hernández et al., 2022) | Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on Mexican police officers: a study on burnout, life satisfaction, and work enthusiasm | Quantitative | Non-experimental, longitudinal | Correlational |
| (Gomes et al., 2022) | The Impact of Burnout on Police Officer Performance and Intention to Turnover: The Moderating Role of Compassion Satisfaction | Quantitative | Non-experimental, Cross-sectional | Explanatory |
| (Anders et al., 2022) | Factors for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Profiling Police Forces in the Face of Stress: Risk and Protection Police Officers | Quantitative | Non-experimental, Cross-sectional | Correlational |
| (Acquadro et al., 2022) | Identification of organizational stressors that could be a source of discomfort in police officers: a thematic review | Qualitative | not experimental | Descriptive, documentary review |
| (Valdivia et al., 2021) | Burnout in Police in Northern Mexico: Validity Study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlation |
| (Ogińska & Juczyński, 2021) | Burnout and post-traumatic stress symptoms in police officers exposed to traumatic events: the mediating role of rumination | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Explanatory |
| (Hernández et al., 2021) | Burnout syndrome in police officers: A systematic review of methodological aspects, associated factors, causes and consequences. | Qualitative | not experimental | Descriptive, systematic and explicit review |
| (Civilotti et al., 2021) | Trauma and coping strategies in police officers: A quantitative-qualitative pilot study | Mixed | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Stogner et al., 2020) | Police stress, mental health and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative | not experimental | Descriptive |
| (Queirós et al., 2020) | Measurement of Burnout and Stress in Police: review of the literature and a study with the operational Police Stress Questionnaire | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Montero et al., 2020) | Burnout syndrome in Colombian police officers and its relationship with the system of benefits and incentives | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Gómez et al., 2020) | Burnout in the Spanish Security Forces during the COVID-19 Pandemic | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (García et al., 2020) | Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Chacón & Sánchez, 2020) | Burnout Syndrome in Prison Officials | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Peterson et al., 2019) | Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep, and exhaustion in North American police officers: | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Explanatory |
| (Aguayo et al., 2017) | ¿Are sociodemographic factors associated with burnout syndrome in police officers? A correlational meta-analysis | Qualitative | not experimental | Correlational |
| (Rojas & Morán, 2015) | Burnout syndrome and life satisfaction in Mexican ministerial police | Qualitative | not experimental | Descriptive |
| (Corredor & Torres, 2013) | Burnout in Members of the Colombian National Police: a critical analysis | Qualitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Descriptive |
| (Garbarino et al., 2013) | Association of work stress with mental health problems in a special police unit | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlation |
| (De Oliveira et al., 2012) | The relationship between stress levels and age and years of service of military firefighters of the Fire Department of the Metropolitan Area of the State of São Paulo | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Correlational |
| (Backteman et al., 2012) | Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain and conscientious strain among Swedish male and female police personnel | Quantitative | Non-experimental, transversal | Explanatory |
Table N°1: Methodological aspects analyzed
Table 2: shows the geographical origin and the results obtained from the studies, with European countries being the most representative with 42%, followed by North America with 33%, South America represented 20% and Asia 5%; Likewise, some studies were grouped to facilitate their analysis and compare the prevalence levels of burnout in subgroups, reflecting as a sociodemographic constant that officers with more years of service or lower ranks had higher levels of burnout. Among the most representative risk factors in the studies are: long working hours, few opportunities for relief, job dissatisfaction, little recognition from society for police work, inadequate leadership due to constant changes of bosses with different policies, intolerance,
| Author(s) | Qualification | Sample | Results obtained |
| (Torres et al., 2022) | Burnout Syndrome and Related Factors in Mexican Police Workforces | 351 Mexican police officers | 44.16% of the police officers were very emotionally exhausted, 49.29% had lost empathy with people, and 41.03% had low personal achievement. Poor self-perceived health status, poor perception of diet quality, no regular meal times, poor sleeping habits, and high body mass index. |
| (Rohwer et al., 2022) | Work-life balance, job satisfaction and quality of life of police officers: longitudinal effects after the time change | 116 German police officers | The new shift schedule, which provides more 12-hour shifts as well as more days off, allowed police officers to better balance private and work-related demands, regardless of their gender. Altered working conditions were also reflected in increased job satisfaction, while the increase in quality of life was not significant. |
| (Lambert et al., 2022) | Burnout in a sample of Indian police officers | 827 Indian police officers | Multivariate regression indicated that dangerousness, lack of charge, ambiguity, and conflict were associated with greater emotional exhaustion, while entry, empowerment, and job autonomy were negatively related. |
| (Hernández et al., 2022) | Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on Mexican police officers: a study on burnout, life satisfaction, and work enthusiasm | 26 Mexican police officers | There is a low prevalence of burnout syndrome, which is consistent with the high presence of work enthusiasm and satisfaction with life identified in the sample of this study. |
| (Gomes et al., 2022) | The Impact of Burnout on Police Officer Performance and Intention to Turnover: The Moderating Role of Compassion Satisfaction | 1,682 Portuguese police officers | The results showed that burnout is negatively related to performance; burnout is positively related to turnover intention; Compassion for satisfaction, although it has a positive effect on performance, does not assume a moderating role, as expected, in the relationship between burnout and performance. That is, when a person who is still suffering from burnout feels compassionate satisfaction, the intention to leave the organization decreases. |
| (Anders et al., 2022) | Factors for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Profiling Police Forces in the Face of Stress: Risk and Protection Police Officers | 1073 Swiss police officers | The cluster analysis highlighted three main profiles of police officers: those who are not at risk of developing pathologies because they are not exposed or insensitive to these stressors, and those who are, including personality and coping strategies. risk oriented. These same protective and risk factors were also corroborated in the linear and logistic regression analyses. |
| (Acquadro et al., 2022) | Identification of organizational stressors that could be a source of discomfort in police officers: a thematic review | 20 Scientific Articles | The results indicate that organizational social support, organizational culture, leadership and bureaucracy are the organizational factors associated with the perceived discomfort of police officers. These organizational factors have negative impacts on individuals, perceptions of stigma when contacting support services, symptoms of anxiety and depression, burnout, PTSD, suicidal thoughts, and other factors. |
| (Valdivia et al., 2021) | Burnout in Police in Northern Mexico: Validity Study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory | 1718 Mexican police officers | The psychometric results provide evidence to establish that the IBM edition of Maslach on which this study was worked presented a valid and reliable structure. |
| (Ogińska & Juczyński, 2021) | Burnout and post-traumatic stress symptoms in police officers exposed to traumatic events: the mediating role of rumination | 120 Portuguese police officers | Introducing deliberate rumination as a mediator weakens the relationship between burnout and PTSD, indicating partial mediation. It indicates that police officers who are exhausted and who also tend to reflect on the traumatic events experienced are more likely to suffer from PTSD than police officers who are only exhausted. |
| (Hernández et al., 2021) | Burnout syndrome in police officers: A systematic review of methodological aspects, associated factors, causes and consequences. | 14 Scientific Articles | Officers with the longest period of service are identified as those most likely to suffer from this syndrome, which results in a decline in job performance and deterioration of physical integrity; However, officers with a lower rank are equally prone to suffer the repercussions corresponding to burnout, which results in the development of different situations that deteriorate the integrity of those affected. |
| (Civilotti et al., 2021) | Trauma and coping strategies in police officers: A quantitative-qualitative pilot study | 39 Italian Police | Traumatic events at work were predominantly related to assaults, witnessing deaths, forced hospitalizations, and domestic violence involving children. Police officers with a responsible role were more likely than female police officers to use safety-based strategies. |
| (Stogner et al., 2020) | Police stress, mental health and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic | 2 previous episodes | There is evidence that police training has the potential to promote resilience and reduce stress. Without a doubt, a global crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic affected law enforcement practices and the mental health of law enforcement officers. Certain psychological traits or skills developed during mental health-related training may have enhanced more positive responses to stressors. |
| (Queirós et al., 2020) | Measurement of Burnout and Stress in Police: review of the literature and a study with the operational Police Stress Questionnaire | 2057 Portuguese police officers | The results show that the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the PSQ-Op are adequate. Factor analysis revealed two dimensions defined as social and work problems, which were associated with measures of distress and burnout. However, considering their cut-off points, 85% of the sample presented high levels of operational stress, 11% critical values of burnout and 28% high levels of anguish, with 55% of the sample at risk of some disorder. psychological. |
| (Montero et al., 2020) | Burnout syndrome in Colombian police officers and its relationship with the system of benefits and incentives | 1817 Colombian police officers | No prevalence of burnout syndrome was found in the study population and more than half of the police officers stated in the last year that they had received one or more benefits and incentives. In the correlation, it was found that the only benefit that manages to reduce the levels of emotional exhaustion and cynicism is recreational sports activities; In terms of incentives, it is public congratulations that mitigate emotional wear. |
| (Gómez et al., 2020) | Burnout in the Spanish Security Forces during the COVID-19 Pandemic | 2182 elements of the Spanish Security Forces | Burnout levels (28.5%) in all its subscales: emotional exhaustion (53.8%), depersonalization (58.0%) and lack of personal development (46.3%). Logistic regression verifies a series of predictor variables that coincide in each of the subscales. |
| (García et al., 2020) | Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities | 276 Mexican police officers | The percentage of police officers who present warning signs of burnout syndrome was 40%, considering that they have a lower level of work enthusiasm and a higher level of mental exhaustion and that exercise was positively and significantly related to a lower risk of exhaustion. Men showed higher risk than women. |
| (Chacón & Sánchez, 2020) | Burnout Syndrome in Prison Officials | 290 Chilean prison police officers | The results show a low prevalence of SBO (around 6%), the results also suggest a relevant role of sex: women present higher scores in SBO. Regarding the type of coping strategy most used, the search for social support, open emotional expression, focus on solving the problem and positive reassessment of the problem stand out. |
| (Peterson et al., 2019) | Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep, and exhaustion in North American police officers: | 3140 Americans | Irregular hours, long shifts (11 hours), mandatory overtime, short sleep, and drowsiness were associated with a higher risk of overall burnout in police. Police officers who more often worked long shifts were more likely to suffer from emotional exhaustion than those who did not work long shifts. Night shifts were associated with depersonalization compared with nights off work. |
| (Aguayo et al., 2017) | ¿Are sociodemographic factors associated with burnout syndrome in police officers? A correlational meta-analysis | 43 empirical studies | Younger police officers were slightly more prone to depersonalization than older officers. Female officers were slightly more susceptible to emotional exhaustion. Officers in romantic relationships tended to feel more emotionally drained, but had a greater sense of personal accomplishment. Finally, there were no significant differences between agents with more or fewer children. |
| (Rojas & Morán, 2015) | Burnout syndrome and life satisfaction in Mexican ministerial police | 4 Mexican police officers | The analysis showed that there are medium-high levels of burnout and some contradictory results in satisfaction with life. |
| (Corredor & Torres, 2013) | Burnout in Members of the Colombian National Police: a critical analysis | 2 Colombian police officers | There are some factors that influence the triggering of burnout syndrome in the police, such as: long working hours, little opportunity for emotional relief, total absorption of the work environment requiring days or seasons away from the family environment, non-recognition on the part of the society of effort and dedication that being a policeman implies, the multiplicity of services to which he must respond in short times, constant changes of chiefs with different policies, intolerance, little culture on the part of the community in relation to the law, generating clashes and disagreements; in addition to others such as the few guarantees in the police profession, the fulfillment of their service in risk areas and the difficulty in establishing healthy interpersonal relationships. |
| (Garbarino et al., 2013) | Association of work stress with mental health problems in a special police unit | 289 Italian police officers | Regression analyzes showed that lower levels of support and reward and higher levels of overexertion and effort were associated with higher levels of mental health symptoms. Officers who had experienced a discrepancy between work effort and rewards showed a markedly increased risk of depression (compared to their counterparts who were not perceived to be in a distress condition. |
| (De Oliveira et al., 2012) | The relationship between stress levels and age and years of service | the military Firefighters of the Fire Department of the Metropolitan Area of the State of São Paulo | 40 Brazilian military firefighters | On work days, mean tension, depression, fatigue and stress scores were generally higher compared to those on days off. The older the firefighter, the higher the levels of stress, depression, anger, and total stress. The more years of service, the greater the depression and anger. |
| (Backteman et al., 2012) | Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain and conscientious strain among Swedish male and female police personnel | 1554 Swedish Policemen | The prevalence and mean values of emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) were higher in the study compared to other studies that included police personnel from Norway and the Netherlands. |
Table No. 2: Results obtained
The review of the literature showed that the most widely used tool to assess Burnout Syndrome was the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach & Jackson, 1981), discovering that 92% of the studies on police officers had used it. In this sense, the objective of this article was to highlight the prevalence and levels of burnout syndrome and the risk factors related to the syndrome that may appear in the police population.
Regarding the analysis of the prevalence and levels of Burnout Syndrome, several results were found, which is why it has been established to carry them out in two review periods:
1st:Before the COVID-19 pandemic: In Brazil,De Oliveira et al., (2012)demonstrated that police officers on work days have higher scores of being burned out, high levels of tension, depression, fatigue and stress compared to those on days off, in the same wayGarcía et al., (2020)In the investigation carried out on Mexican police officers, it was shown that 40% of the percentage present warning signs of burnout syndrome, while in the study on Burnout Syndrome in Colombian police officers and its relationship with the system of benefits and incentives.(Montero et al., 2020)reported not having found a prevalence of burnout syndrome in the study population and more than half of the police officers stated in the last year that they had received one or more benefits and incentives and finallyQueirós et al., (2020)in the study on the mediation of burnout and job stress in Portuguese police officers established that 85% of the sample presented high levels of operational stress and 11% critical burnout values.
2nd. During the COVID 19 Pandemic: During the first months of the pandemicGomes et al., (2022)in Spain they demonstrated high levels of burnout (28.5%) in all its subscales: emotional exhaustion (53.8%), depersonalization (58.0%) and lack of personal fulfillment (46.3%) in the Security Forces , while in MexicoTorres et al., (2022).found a prevalence of Burnout Syndrome of 23.36% of the police workforce, associated with poor self-perception of health status, age, diet quality, and lack of regular eating and sleeping times. However,Hernandez et al., (2022)in the study on the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexican police officers reported a low prevalence of burnout, a high level of work enthusiasm and satisfaction with life.
Finally, it has been possible to establish that the prevalence and levels of burnout vary significantly between studies, due to the influence ofseasonal measurement factor, that is, in some periods there has been a lot of demand for police activity as it was during the COVID 19 pandemic or depending on the moments of social or political upheaval and levels of greater crime that each country is going through; and at other times, where society seems to be normally calm.
On the other hand, in relation to the risk factors of the police population, it can be established that in the country of IndiaLambert et al., (2022), revealed that police officers with greater exhaustion are positively associated with more dangerous events or experienced traumatic events, in the same way, with lack of rest, ambiguity of charges and conflict, while in Portuguese police officersGomes et al., (2022)were able to establish that burnout is positively related to turnover intention.Ogińska & Juczyński, (2021)confirmed that police officers who are exhausted tend to reflect on the traumatic events experienced and are more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress, in such a way that it is negatively related to job performance. In conclusion, organizational social support, organizational culture, leadership and bureaucracy are the organizational factors associated with the perceived discomfort of police officers for the development of burnout.(Acquadro et al., 2022).
About sociodemographic factors,Valdivia et al., (2021)established that sex and age were not significantly associated with burnout symptoms, with respect to officers with a longer period of service are more likely to suffer from this syndrome(Hernández et al., 2021), which results in a drop in work performance and deterioration of physical integrity; Similarly, officers with a lower rank, these being the youngest, are equally likely to suffer the repercussions corresponding to burnout.(Aguayo et al., 2017). Regarding sex, in the study ofBackteman et al., (2012)where multiple logistic regression was performed, showed that for women, stress of conscience, high demand and organizational climate were significantly associated with Emotional Exhaustion. Finally, the results obtained from the review of the studies confirm that sociodemographic variables such as sex, age, marital status and number of children can be ruled out as risk factors for burnout syndrome in police officers.(Aguayo et al., 2017).
However, there is evidence that police training has the potential to increase resilience and reduce stress(Stogner et al., 2020), as well as certain psychological characteristics or skills developed in training related to mental health, since they would react with more positive responses to stressors. Therefore, police officers who deal with traumatic events where they use safety-based strategies are less likely to develop burnout syndrome.(Civilotti et al., 2021).
In general, the data reviewed in the different studies on this topic suggest the need to develop individualized interventions to reduce burnout in police officers, through measurement, training at middle and high ranks, redesign of police procedures, detection of psychological symptoms and support in seeking professional help(Acquadro et al., 2022). All actions must be taken and operated at the organizational level to ensure the effectiveness of the intervention. Interventions that address organizational stressors can help improve police well-being. For example, give them the opportunity to talk about their discomfort, promote greater transparency in decision-making, and police human talent management processes. Measures to eliminate organizational and operational risk factors will improve the quality of police work life and have a positive impact on the work provided to citizens.
Conclusions
The burnout syndrome in police officers is caused by constant causes or triggers, among the main stressors are the organizational and operational origin, which is why the presence of this syndrome varies according to the temporality of measurement, risk factors, aspects cultural and social of each country.(Corredor & Torres, 2013).Police burnout and stress are receiving increasing academic and public attention, not only because of the psychological distress they cause individuals, but also because they affect police organizational performance and interactions with citizens, leading to to a greater possibility that all interventions will be considered a threat, or a tendency to excessive use of force(Queirós et al., 2020).
For this reason, it is essential to pay attention to police personnel who suffer or could suffer this type of pathology both in the initial stages and during their careers. Therefore, it is desirable that all police organizations become aware of the importance of periodic evaluation of burnout with brief and specific instruments for the protection of the integral health of police officers and also for the optimization of their responses to requests for help. of the citizen.(Acquadro et al., 2022).
limitations
The literature review search focused on studies that use empirical and peer-reviewed data in police populations. It does not represent all of the research on stress and burnout in police officers. Furthermore, the review did not take into account post-traumatic stress, which can occur in police officers working in dangerous situations and are often exposed to potentially traumatic critical incidents.
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Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
