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*Corresponding Author: Yousaf Raza, Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons, Psychology, Academic Associate logotherapy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Citation: Yousaf Raza, Amna Noureen, Zarnab G. Bhatti and Haziq Mehmood (2019) Meaning In Life as a Moderator of Stress in Undergraduate Students, J. Psychology and Mental Health Care. 3(4); DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/062
Copyright: © This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 30 November 2019 | Accepted: 20 December 2019 | Published: 23 December 2019
Keywords: precipitatin; physical illnesses; perpetuating; stress
Stress is a common predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factor of psychological and physical illnesses. Various studies have shown a beneficial role of having a meaning in life with regards to stress. There are no local studies available that have studied the correlation between the two constructs of perceived stress and meaning in life, in the Pakistani population. Therefore this study aims to determine correlation between scores of MIL scale and scores of Stress, in undergraduate students.
A total of 254 undergraduate students were selected as respondents in the study. They were assessed for perceived stress and meaning in life using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Purpose in Life Scale (PIL) respectively. It was a cross sectional study, demographic and clinical variables were collected via a Performa.
On average females scored higher (M = 2.20, SD = 0.70) than males (M = 1.78, SD = 0.52,) on perceived stress. While males scored (M = 3.57, SD = 0.55) significantly t (244) = 4.69, p <.05) higher on purpose in life questionnaire as compared to females (M = 3.21, SD = 0.69). Correlation coefficient was found to -0.52 representing a significant negative correlation between the two variables. R2 came out to be 0.27 signifying that 27 % of the variance in perceived stress is accounted by meaning in life.
There is a strong correlation between meaning in life and perceived stress. Further it was also found that female gender was more vulnerable to stress and less likely to score high on meaning in life. Conversely male gender was more likely to score higher on meaning in life and lower on perceived stress.
Stress, according to Hans Selye, has received the mixed blessing of being known too well but understood too little. Although no exact consensus exists in defining the term, it is usually understood as the brain’s response to perceived or real demands and/or challenges (stressors) (Sadock, et al., 2015). Stress is universally recognized as a pre-disposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factor for almost all psychiatric illnesses. The most elaborately studied and explicated of all mental illnesses is depression. Yanga, et al., (2015) in a review article explicated the multi-tiered relationship between stress and depressive illness. They enlist the prefrontal cortex, the ventral tegmental area, and the hippocampus as the main brain regions involved through which stress transpires depression.
Several studies (McAndrew & Warne, 2014; Bisagno, & Cadet, 2014; Yau & Potenza, 2013; Theoharides et al., 2012) have related stress with self harm, addictive behaviors, abnormal eating disorders, PTSD and Autism spectrum disorder. In the context of bipolar affective disorder, unsurprisingly, stress plays a vital role particularly in high-risk individuals with a biological predilection. Younger children of a bipolar parent when exposed to such stressors may exhibit developmental delays, anxiety, or sleep disturbances, whereas adolescents may manifest adjustment and minor mood disorders. In adulthood they may experience recurrent depressive episodes before going on to develop bipolar disorder (Duffy et al., 2016). Even in the realm of psychotic disorders in adults stress has been identified as a major player. According to a meta-analysis genetic vulnerability, compounded by early childhood adverse experiences, render the individual more susceptible to developing schizophrenia as a consequence of stressors in adulthood (the 3-Hit hypothesis) (Daskalakis & Binder, 2015)
Stress, perhaps more than any other phenomenon, reflects the dynamic relationship between the psychological and somatic dimensions of human existence. In an extensive review Purdy discussed the stress as a risk factor for multiple chronic illnesses including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, chronic pain and gastrointestinal diseases (Purdy, 2013). In addition stress has been empirically shown to lead to decreased immunity, increased incidence of infections, and a plethora of other diseases affecting all systems of the body (Sadock et al., 2015).
Psychological importance of MIL was systematized by Viktor E. Frankl in the form of logotherapy, the third Viennese school of psychotherapy. Frankl proposed that pursuit of a MIL is the primary motivation of human beings and is therefore protective with regards to mental health, contributes positively towards psychological well-being, and is thus preventive against various psychiatric disorders. Wherever pain is inevitable due to biological or psychological illnesses, a meaningful perspective alleviates the suffering by making it more understandable and thereby tolerable (Frankl, 2014).
In the context of responding to stressful life events Crystal Park suggests a framework of meaning-making. She said that meaning in life is a core human motive derived from human need for significance, comprehension, and transcendence. Specifically the meaning-related needs include agency, control, certainty, identity, social validation, values, and mortality defense. A well-functioning meaning system results in an experience of peace and satisfaction, she contends. A poor functioning system manifests as significant distress. A positive sense of life meaning results when individuals feel they comprehend the world, their place therein, and are making adequate progress towards their goals consistent with their values (Park, 2010; Park, 2017).
Paul Halama showed that people with low levels of meaningfulness in their lives demonstrated emotion-based, avoidant, and maladaptive coping methods comprising of drug abuse, denial, and mental or behavioral disengagement as compared to people who had high levels of meaningfulness who exhibited adaptive coping (Halama, 2014). Several studies showed relationship between Meaning in life and positive psycology. In an analysis of 1,997 adolescent students in Romania, Brassai et al (2011) concluded that meaning in life has a positive impact on quality of life and psychological well-being while it decreased the incidence of drug use and sedentary life-style. Steger and Kashdan (2013) in a study showed that those with greater instability of daily meaning were found to have lower daily levels of meaning in life, and lower global levels of life satisfaction, positive affect, social connectedness and relationship satisfaction. Damasio et al (2015) showed that in those categorized under the “meaningfulness” subgroup fared better in multiple domains including self-knowledge, generativity, harmony, freedom, community, and love. Krok (2015) in a study of 187 participants showed that a presence of meaning correlated positively and significantly with psychological well-being (0.47, p<0 t=10.65;>
Strong relationship has been established between meaning in life and illnesses. Steger et al. (2009) concluded in a cross-sectional survey that there is a negative correlation between presence of meaning and depressive illness (r= -0.60, P < 0 xss=removed r=0.36, xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed>
Literature search for MIL related research in Pakistan yielded scanty results. There was no study on this subject published in any indexed journal. It is to compensate for this dearth of research in Pakistan that this study is proposed. This study will set the pace for further research in this area. If the results in this study are consistent with those in international studies given above, and having a Meaning in Life is discovered to moderate perceived stress levels in the Pakistani population, then that will pave the way for researching psychotherapies oriented towards guiding patients towards meaning discovery in their lives. Furthermore interventional studies looking to employ meaning-centered psychotherapies in treatment of psychiatric illnesses may be designed.
Further, increasing awareness in general public of the importance of MIL in reducing perceived stress, and thereby preventing psychiatric illnesses, will strongly contribute towards the domain of preventive psychiatry. Since stress is a perpetuating factor in psychiatric and physical illnesses, MIL awareness will help attenuate the severity of these illnesses and decrease rates of relapses in recurrent disorders. This will help to keep pace with research and interventions in this area around the world. Since there is no parent study to draw data for calculation of minimum-required sample size, a pilot study of 30 participants was carried out. The correlation coefficient rho came out to be -0.648
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on undergraduate medical students. Since there is no parent study to draw data for calculation of minimum-required sample size, a pilot study of 30 participants was carried out. The correlation coefficient rho came out to be -0.648.With the help of Statstodo Sample Size Calculator, keeping Level of significance = 5%, Confidence Interval = 95%, Correlation coefficient rho=-0.648 (calculated from the pilot study), the minimally required sample size came out to a mere 21, however we arbitrarily chose to obtain the sample of over 250 students. The sample was obtained in November 2016. Sampling technique was non-probability consecutive sampling. Our inclusion criterion was all undergraduate medical students between the ages of 18 and 26 years. Our exclusion criteria was anyone on treatment for a diagnosed psychiatric illness.
After obtaining approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee, students were sampled. The purpose of the study was explained to each participant and written informed consent was obtained. A structured questionnaire containing demographic details (age, gender, year of study, place of residence, boarding status), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Purpose in Life Test (PIL) were then administered.
All the data was entered and analyzed in Statistical Package of Social Sciences, SPSS (version 22). The quantitative variables of the study like age, score on PSS, and score on PIL were calculated as mean and standard deviation. The qualitative variables like gender, year of study, and whether participant is a hostelite or day-scholar were calculated as frequencies and percentages.
To determine any existing correlation, Pearson’s correlation test was applied at 5% level of significance and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated along with p value (≤ 0.05 taken as significant). Effect modifiers like age, gender, year of graduation, socioeconomic status, residence, were controlled by hierarchical multiple regression; with perceived stress, study year, age, boarding status and marital status as predictors of meaning in life among medical students.
Sample demographics
The study was conducted from November, 2016 to April 2017 and the total number of study participants was 254. There were a total of 65.65
The aim of our study was to assess the influence of meaning in life in on psychological stress. Undergraduate students at the college were enrolled for the study. A rigorous statistical analysis of results went on to substantiate our hypothesis. It was found that there is a negative correlation between perceived stress and meaning in life. This correlation was statistically significant and persisted despite controlling for different variables. Female respondents scored higher on the perceived stress scale and male respondents fared better on the purpose in life scale. Additionally, more senior students were found to have lesser levels of meaning in life than junior students.
Our study was unique in the local context as similar researches on the subject could not be discovered in our population. Additionally, the more recent literature in the international studies pertained to more complex constructs of meaning in life with robust and advanced study designs; ours was relatively basic in comparison. For these reasons drawing comparisons there between would be difficult. However, similarities may still be inferred as is shown here on in.
Various studies claim that medical students undergo greater stress than non-medical students. Although this wasn’t one of our study aims, the high rates of stress shown (the mean score on PSS was 20.55 with a SD of 13.50) underscores the importance of this area of study. Saeed et al (2016) conducted a study among medical students in a Saudi university. They concluded that 33.3 % of their students were severely stressed and 30 % were well. They further concluded that female gender constituted an 11.8 times risk for being more stressed. This is comparable with our results as the female part of our population was also more likely to be score higher in the PSS (M = 2.20 compared to the males where M = 1.78.
Cavallo et al (2016) in a study of university students found that the score on PSS-10 had a mean of 32.2 (SD 4.6, 95% CL 31.6-32.7), slightly more comparable to the mean of our student sample. Their student sample also revealed a higher degree of stress of in female respondents.
Cole et al (2015) showed that Meaning in Life outplayed the effects of loneliness in predicting leukocyte gene expression profiles.
Subramaniyan et al (2014) showed that those whose meaning in life was high scored low on perceived stress in a population in Tamil Nadu. Specifically they outlined that those whose meaning corresponded to adhering to social norms, whether religious, professional, or family, scored low on stress scales (X2=3.536, p = 0.04). Although our study did not compute the individual items on the scale, the results are nevertheless consistent and comparable.
Similarly Shand et al (2015) conducted a study to see the relationship between different psychosocial factors and post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth in oncology patients. They concluded that post-traumatic growth was positively correlated with spirituality (r = 0.33) and religiosity (r = 0.36). Our results are in consistency with Shand et al’s conclusion that meaning in life, via spirituality and religiosity, is associated with post-traumatic growth.
Mohbat-Bahar et al (2014) have already shown the efficacy of psychological interventions that promote meaning in life (logotherapy) in decreasing anxiety in patients of breast cancer. Prior to the intervention the mean anxiety scores of the test group were 39.33 with a SD of 5.74 and the control group had a mean of 32.20 with a SD of 8.06. Following the intervention the test group scored a mean of 13.93 with an SD of 5.15 whereas the control group showed a slight increase in their anxiety scores.
Saleem and Saleem (2017) in a local study recently published showed the positive role of religiosity in psychological well-being. They studied a sample of 120 medical and 120 non-medical students from universities in Islamabad. Although the construct we assessed was more general (religiosity is one source of MIL) and the correlation studied in their study was psychological well-being and not perceived stress. But considering the similarities in the constructs consistencies between the results may be noted.
Our study-design was cross-sectional. Meaning related constructs should be studied on a more longitudinal study design. We used non-probability sampling technique. A more representative populations sampling should be done in the future. Correlational studies can’t be used to make causal claims. More robust and sophisticated study designs should be implied to establish causal relationships. Self-reporting questionnaires were employed and therefore subjectivity and biases in responses could not be controlled for.
More refined and standardized scales and questionnaires may be used in the future. The ones employed may have had confounding variables and did not include sub-scales to assess for sub-constructs.
Stress is one of the most common problems that places serious constraints on a person’s life activities and predisposes them to many illnesses. This study found that this problem was significant in medical students sampled. More importantly this study shows that there is a strong correlation between meaning in life and perceived stress. Further it was also found that female gender was more vulnerable to stress and less likely to score high on meaning in life. Conversely male gender was more likely to score higher on meaning in life and lower on perceived stress.
Declaration of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and the writing of the paper.
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