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*Corresponding Author: Chimdi E. Esonu, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Citation: Chimdi E. Esonu, Callistus I. Iheme, Onyinyechi C. Njoku, Linus O. Agwu and Augustine I. Airaodion, et.al, (2024), Investigation of Proximate Composition and Bioactive Components in Banana (Musa acuminata) Peels Using Advanced Analytical Techniques, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 7(10); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/256
Copyright: © 2024, Chimdi E. Esonu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 03 July 2024 | Accepted: 22 July 2024 | Published: 09 August 2024
Keywords: Musa acuminata; banana peels; proximate composition; bioactive components; GC-MS; FT-IR; nutritional analysis.
Background: Banana peels, often considered waste, contain valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds. This study investigates the proximate composition and bioactive components of banana (Musa acuminata) peels using advanced analytical techniques.
Materials and Methods: Banana peels were collected from household wastes and processing facilities, washed, dried, and ground into fine powder. Proximate analysis was performed to determine moisture, carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber, protein, and crude fat content using standard methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to identify and characterize bioactive components and functional groups.
Results: The proximate composition revealed moisture (7.36 ± 0.37%), carbohydrate (23.15 ± 0.05%), ash (12.11 ± 0.09%), crude fibre (30.53 ± 0.77%), protein (16.42 ± 0.45%), and crude fat (10.43 ± 0.67%). GC-MS analysis identified various bioactive compounds, including 13-Docosenoic acid methyl ester (12.67%), 1-Docosene (12.63%), and Octadecanal (9.45%). FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups such as alkane (2746.688 cm^-1), ester (1888.360 cm^-1), and primary amine (3514.793 cm^-1).
Conclusion: Banana peels possess significant nutritional and bioactive components, making them a potential resource for various industrial applications. The study highlights the importance of valorizing banana peels for nutritional and therapeutic uses.
Bananas (Musa acuminata) are one of the most consumed fruits globally due to their nutritional benefits and availability. However, the peels, which constitute approximately 35% of the fruit's total weight, are often discarded as waste despite their potential health benefits and bioactive compounds [1]. Recent research has focused on the valorization of banana peels as a sustainable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that can be used in various industrial applications [2].
The proximate composition of banana peels includes moisture, ash, protein, fat, fibre, and carbohydrates. Several studies have reported varying compositions based on factors such as banana variety, ripeness, and environmental conditions [3]. For instance, the moisture content can range from 6% to 9%, while the fiber content can be as high as 50% of the dry weight [1]. Understanding the proximate composition is crucial for evaluating the nutritional value and potential uses of banana peels in food and non-food industries.
Banana peels are rich in bioactive components such as phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, which have been linked to various health benefits including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties [4]. Phenolic compounds, in particular, are known for their potent antioxidant activities, which can help in preventing oxidative stress-related diseases [5]. The presence of these bioactive compounds makes banana peels a valuable resource for developing functional foods and nutraceuticals.
GC-MS is a powerful analytical technique used to identify and quantify volatile and semi-volatile compounds in complex matrices. It combines the features of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to provide detailed information on the molecular structure of the compounds present in banana peels [6]. This technique is particularly useful for analyzing the lipid and volatile fractions of the peels, which contain essential oils and other bioactive compounds.
FT-IR spectroscopy is another advanced analytical technique that provides information on the functional groups and molecular interactions within a sample. By measuring the absorption of infrared radiation by the sample, FT-IR can identify characteristic peaks corresponding to different chemical bonds [7]. This technique is useful for assessing the overall chemical composition of banana peels, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
Investigating the proximate composition and bioactive components of banana peels using advanced analytical techniques such as GC-MS and FT-IR is significant for several reasons. First, it can provide a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional and functional properties of banana peels, which can promote their utilization in various applications. Second, the identification of bioactive compounds can lead to the development of new functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Lastly, this study contributes to the growing field of sustainable food production by exploring ways to reduce food waste and maximize the use of agricultural by-products.
2.1 Collection and Preparation of Sample
Banana peels were collected from household wastes and processing facilities. The peels were washed properly and chopped into tiny pieces and left to dry. The dried peels were then grinded into fine powder and stored in an air tight container ready for use.
2.2 Proximate Analysis
2.2.1 Moisture Content
Moisture content was determined using the methods of AOAC [8]. Briefly, a crucible was washed and dried in the oven. Approximately 2 g of the sample was weighed into crucible. The weight of the crucible and sample was noted before drying. The crucible and sample were put in the oven and heated at 105-200 oC for 2hr, the result noted and heated for another 1hr until a steady result was obtained and the weight was noted. The drying procedure was continued until a constant weight was obtained
% moisture content = [(W1 – W2) ÷ weight of sample] × 100
Where: W1 = Weight of crucible & sample before drying.
W2 = weight of crucible & sample after (drying to constant weight).
Percentage Dry Matter (%DM) = 100 – Moisture content.
2.2.2 Carbohydrate Determination
Carbohydrate content was determined using Antrone Method. Briefly, 1 ml of each of the prepared standard glucose solution was pipetted into different test tubes. One milliliitre (1 ml) of the prepared sample solution was added to a different test tube and the volume of all test tubes were made up to 3 ml with distilled water. All tubes were transferred to ice cold water and 6 ml of Anthrone reagent was added. Blank was prepared with distilled water and Anthrone, and all tubes were heated for 5 mins in water bath. Absorbance of each test tube was read against the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance against concentration was plotted using the standard glucose concentration and the concentration of the sample solution was extrapolated from the curve.
2.2.3 Determination of Ash Content
Ash content was determined according to the method outlined by Airaodion et al. [9]. Briefly, empty crucible was washed, oven dried and the weight was noted. Approximately 2 g of sample was weighed into the crucible and placed in an oven at 200-300 oC till sample was ashed. The sample was cooled after burning and weighed
%Ash content = [(W3 – W1) ÷ (W2 – W1)] × 100
Where:
W1= weight of empty crucible.
W2 = weight of crucible and sample before burning.
W3 = Weight of crucible and ash.
2.2.4 Determination of Crude fibre
Crude fibre was determined using the methods outlined by Onabanjo and Airaodion [10]. Briefly, sample was defatted by weighing 2g of sample and adding 50ml of petroleum ether, stirred very well and decanted, repeat this step 3 more times. Boiled in water bath for 30mins with 200ml of a solution containing 1.25% of H2SO4 per 100 ml of solution. The solution was filtered through Linen. Washed with boiling water until the washings are no longer acid. Transferred the residue to a beaker and boiled for 30 mins with 200 ml of a solution containing 1.25 g for carbonate free NaOH per 100ml. Then filtered the final residue through Linen. The residue is dried in an electric oven and weighed. Then incinerated to ash, cooled and weighed. The loss in weight after incineration x 100 is the percentage of crude fibre.
%Crude fibre = (Weight of fibre ÷ Weight of sample) × 100
2.2.5 Determination of Crude Proteins
Crude protein was determined using Buiret method outlined by Airaodion et al. [11]. Briefly, 1ml of each of the prepared standard protein solution were pipetted into different test tubes. One millilitre (1 ml) of the prepared sample solution was added to a different test tube. Three millilire (3 ml) of Buiret reagent was added to all test tube. A blank was prepared with distilled water and Buiret reagent. The content of each test tube was mixed very well and incubated at 37 oC for 10 mins. All tubes were cooled to room temperature and the absorbance of each test tube was read against the blank at 540 nm. A standard curve was plotted with the absorbance and concentration of the protein standard and the concentration of the sample was extrapolated from the curve.
2.2.6 Determination of Crude Fat
Crude fat content was determined using differential method.
Crude fat = 100 – (Moisture content + Carbohydrate content + Ash content + Protein content + Crude fibre).
2.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
The Clarus 500 GC used in the analysis was equipped with a fused silica column, packed with Elite-1 (100% dimethyl poly siloxane, 30 nm × 0.25 nm ID × 1 µm df) and the components were separated using Helium as carrier gas at a constant flow of 1ml/min. 2µl sample extract was injected into the instrument and was detected by the Turbo gold mass detector (Perkin Elmer) with the aid of the Turbo mass 5.1 software. During the 36th minute Gas chromatography extraction process, the oven was maintained at a temperature of 110°C with 2 minutes holding. The injector temperature was set at 250°C (mass analyser). The different parameters involved in the operation of the Clarus 500 MS, were also standardized (Inlet line temperature: 200°C; Source temperature: 200°C). Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV; a scan interval of 0.5s and fragments from 45 to 450 Da. The MS detection was completed in 36 minutes.
2.3.1 Identification of components
Interpretation of mass spectrum obtained from GC-MS was conducted using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) having more than 82,000 patterns. The spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the spectra of the known components stored in the NIST library. The name, molecular weight, molecular formula and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained.
2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis
Two milligrams (2 mg) of the sample extract was mixed with 100mg potassium bromide (KBr of FT-IR grade) and then compressed to prepare a salt-disc (3 mm diameter). The disc was immediately kept in the sample holder and FT-IR spectra were recorded in the absorption range between 400 and 4000 cm–1. All investigations were carried out with a Shimadzu FT-IR spectrometer.
2.4.1 Identification of functional groups
The FT-IR spectrum was used to identify the functional groups of the active components present in the Musa acuminata sample based on the peak values in the region of Infrared radiation. When the sample extract was passed into FT-IR, the functional groups of the components were separated based on their peak ratio.
The proximate analysis of Musa acuminata (banana) peels revealed the following composition: moisture content was 7.36 ± 0.37%, carbohydrate content was 23.15 ± 0.05%, ash content was 12.11 ± 0.09%, crude fiber content was 30.53 ± 0.77%, protein content was 16.42 ± 0.45%, and crude fat content was 10.43 ± 0.67%. These values represent the mean ± standard deviation for three groups of measured samples, indicating consistent findings across different samples.
The gas chromatogram of methanolic extracts from Musa acuminata peels identified several compounds with varying molecular weights and formulas. Notably, the chromatogram revealed the presence of compounds such as chloroacetic acid, propyl ester, xanthumin, isobutylamine, acetic acid, chloro-, ethyl ester, methanol, chloro-, acetate, and various other esters, alcohols, and acids. The area percentages varied, with some compounds like 1-heptanol, 7-chloro- (2.85%) and metolachlor (2.43%) showing higher concentrations compared to others. The most abundant compounds were octadecane, 1-chloro- (9.45%), 13-docosenoic acid, methyl ester (12.67%), and cyclohexane, (1-butylhexadecyl)- (13.42%).
The FT-IR analysis of the banana peels identified various functional groups and their corresponding bonds. The wave numbers and peak intensities indicated the presence of compounds such as 1,2 disubstituted aromatic compounds (Sp2 C-H out of plane bending), trisubstituted alkenes (C=C bending or C-Cl stretching), amines (C-N stretching), aromatic esters (C-O stretching), alkanes (C-H stretching), conjugated alkenes (C=C stretching), esters and anhydrides (C=O stretching), isothiocyanates (N=C=S stretching), alkynes (C≡C stretching), isocyanates (N=C=O stretching), carbon dioxide (O=C=O stretching), thiols (S-H stretching), amine salts (N-H stretching), alcohols (O-H stretching), alkenes (C-H stretching), alkynes (C-H stretching), and primary amines (N-H stretching).
These analyses highlight the complex chemical composition of Musa acuminata peels, indicating their potential for various industrial applications due to the presence of diverse compounds and functional groups. The proximate composition suggests a significant presence of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, and fat, making the peels a potential source of nutritional and functional components. The detailed chemical profile from the gas chromatogram and FT-IR analyses further supports the potential for extracting valuable compounds for use in different industries.
| PROXIMATE | CONCENTRATION (%) |
| Moisture content | 7.36 ± 0.37 |
| Carbohydrate content | 23.15 ± 0.05 |
| Ash content | 12.11 ±0.09 |
| Crude fibre | 30.53 ± 0.77 |
| Protein content | 16.42 ± 0.45 |
| Crude fat | 10.43 ± 0.67 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for triplicate measurement
Table 1: Proximate composition of Musa acuminata (banana) peels.
Graph 1: Gas Chromatogram of methanolic extracts of Musa acuminata peel
| S/No. | RT | COMPOUND NAME | MW | FORMULA | AREA % |
| 1 | 6.659 | Chloroacetic acid, propyl ester | 136.58 | C5H9ClO | 0.90 |
| 2 | 8.104 | Xanthumin | 152.11 | C5H4N4O2 | 0.64 |
| 3 | 9.275 | Isobutylamine | 73.14 | C4H11N | 0.38 |
| 4 | 12.374 | Acetic acid, chloro-, ethyl ester | 122.55 | C4H7ClO | 0.34 |
| 5 | 15.371 | Methanol, chloro-, acetate | 108.52 | C3H5ClO | 0.24 |
| 6 | 15.398 | Xanthumin | 152.11 | C5H4NO2 | 0.13 |
| 7 | 17.006 | Xanthumin | 152.11 | C5H4NO2 | 0.29 |
| 8 | 17.053 | Aceticacid,chloro-, 1-methylbutyl | 164.63 | C7H13ClO | 0.10 |
| 9 | 19.383 | 1-Tridecene | 182.35 | C13H | 0.00 |
| 10 | 19.585 | Octane, 2-methyl- | 128.26 | C9H20 | 0.01 |
| 11 | 20.222 | Bromoaceticacid,tetradecyl ester | 335.32 | C16H31BrO | 0.38 |
| 12 | 21.997 | Decane, 2-methyl | 156.31 | C11H | 0.04 |
| 13 | 23.023 | Cyclotetradecane | 196.37 | C14H28 | 0.06 |
| 14 | 23.819 | 1-Heptanol, 7-chloro- | 192.68 | C9H17ClO | 2.85 |
| 15 | 24.189 | Tetradecane, 1-fluoro- | 216.36 | C14H29F | 0.07 |
| 16 | 26.460 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-methyl- | 284.48 | C18H36O | 0.07 |
| 17 | 26.620 | 1-Heptadec-1-ynylcyclopentanol | 86.13 | C5H10O | 0.01 |
| 18 | 27.023 | Metolachlor | 283.79 | C15H22ClNO | 2.43 |
| 19 | 27.454 | Metolachlor | 283.79 | C15H22ClNO | 0.13 |
| 20 | 27.909 | 2-Piperidinone,N-[4-bromo-n-but | 213.11 | C10H13Br | 3.47 |
| 21 | 28.760 | Cyclopentane, (2-hexyloctyl)- | 266.51 | C19H38 | 0.02 |
| 22 | 28.825 | Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol | 268.48 | C18H36O | 0.01 |
| 23 | 29.151 | 7-Dodecenol | 184.32 | C12H24O | 0.20 |
| 24 | 29.243 | Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol | 268.48 | C18H36O | 0.23 |
| 25 | 29.351 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 0.05 |
| 26 | 29.401 | Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol | 268.48 | C18H36O | 0.05 |
| 27 | 29.472 | Oxirane, tetradecyl- | 249.42 | C16H32O | 0.09 |
| 28 | 29.571 | Octadecane, 1-chloro- | 288.94 | C18H37Cl | 0.23 |
| 29 | 29.845 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 0.29 |
| 30 | 29.916 | Decane, 5-cyclohexyl- | 224.43 | C16H | 0.14 |
| 31 | 30.609 | Octadecanal | 268.48 | C18H36O | 9.45 |
| 32 | 30.920 | Dodecane, 1,2-dibromo | 328.13 | C12H24Br | 0.11 |
| 33 | 31.018 | Dodecane, 1,2-dibromo- | 328.13 | C12H24Br | 0.43 |
| 34 | 31.155 | 6-Nitroundec-5-ene | 199.29 | C11H21NO2 | 0.38 |
| 35 | 31.213 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 0.38 |
| 36 | 31.318 | Oxalic acid, hexyl octadecyl ester | 368.64 | C24H48O | 0.36 |
| 37 | 31.376 | 2,15-Octadecadien-1-ol acetate | 308.49 | C20H36O | 0.34 |
| 38 | 31.597 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 1.65 |
| 39 | 31.949 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 12.67 |
| 40 | 32.246 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 1.78 |
| 41 | 32.332 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 0.63 |
| 42 | 32.477 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 1.52 |
| 43 | 32.710 | 1-Docosene | 308.58 | C22H | 12.63 |
| 44 | 32.985 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 480.85 | C32H64O | 2.02 |
| 45 | 33.082 | Piperidinone,N-[4-bromo-n-butyl | 234.13 | C9H16BrNO | 1.05 |
| 46 | 33.104 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 0.58 |
| 47 | 33.410 | Cyclohexane,(1-butylhexadecyl)- | 126.24 | C9H18 | 13.42 |
| 48 | 33.590 | Cyclodocosane, ethyl- | 210.39 | C15H | 0.32 |
| 49 | 33.661 | 6-Nitroundec-5-ene | 199.29 | C11H21NO2 | 0.65 |
| 50 | 33.710 | Cyclodocosane, ethyl- | 210.39 | C15H | 0.40 |
| 51 | 33.777 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 480.85 | C32H64O | 0.64 |
| 52 | 33.821 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 480.85 | C32H64O | 0.30 |
| 53 | 33.883 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 0.44 |
| 54 | 34.321 | 6-Nitroundec-5-ene | 199.29 | C11H21NO2 | 12.21 |
| 55 | 34.554 | 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester | 352.59 | C23H44O | 0.32 |
| 56 | 34.682 | Oxalic acid, allyl octadecyl ester | 90.03 | C2H2O | 0.62 |
| 57 | 34.793 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 354.50 | C21H38O4 | 0.69 |
| 58 | 34.860 | Oxalic acid, allyl octadecyl ester | 90.03 | C2H2O | 0.50 |
| 59 | 35.038 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 354.50 | C21H38O4 | 1.25 |
| 60 | 35.304 | Cyclopentane, (4-octyldodecyl)- | 350.66 | C25H | 8.22 |
| 61 | 35.965 | Oxalic acid, allyl octadecyl ester | 90.03 | C2H2O | 0.18 |
| 62 | 36.787 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 354.50 | C21H38O4 | 0.01 |
| 63 | 36.858 | Oxirane, tetradecyl | 240.42 | C16H32O | 0.00 |
| 64 | 39.914 | Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester | 354.50 | C21H38O4 | 0 .00 |
Table 2: Composition of methanolic extracts of Musa acuminata peel
Graph 2: Peak lengths of functional groups present in banana (Musa acuminata) peels from FT-IR analysis.
| Wave number | Peak intensity | Peak shape | Bond | Compound |
| 773.6344 | Strong | Broad | Sp2 C-H out of plane bending | 1,2 disubstituted aromatic compound |
| 841.9546 | Strong | Broad | C=C bending or C-Cl stretching | Trisubstituted alkene |
| 1030.678 | Strong | Sharp | C-N stretching | Amine |
| 1306.334 | Strong | Broad | C-O stretching | Aromatic ester |
| 1462.692 | Medium | Broad | C-H stretching | Alkane |
| 1615.183 | Medium | Sharp | C=C stretching | Conjugated alkene |
| 1888.360 | Strong | Broad | C=O stretching | Ester, Anhydride |
| 1950.866 | Weak | Broad | C-H bending | Aromatic compound |
| 2033.133 | Strong | Broad | N=C=S stretching | Isothiocyanate |
| 2183.834 | Medium | Broad | C≡C stretching | Alkynes |
| 2284.933 | Strong | Sharp | N=C=O stretching | Isocyanate |
| 2450.510 | Strong | Sharp | O=C=O Stretching | Carbon iv oxide |
| 2599.624 | Weak | Sharp | S-H stretching | Thiol |
| 2746.688 | Medium | Sharp | C-H stretching | Alkane |
| 2887.643 | Medium | Sharp | N-H stretching | Amine salt |
| 2988.121 | Weak | Sharp | O-H stretching | Alcohol |
| 3106.309 | Medium | Sharp | C-H stretching | Alkene |
| 3273.641 | Medium | Sharp | C-H stretching | Alkyne |
| 3386.009 | Weak | Sharp | N-H stretching | Aliphatic pri amine |
| 3514.793 | Strong | Sharp | N-H stretching | Primary amine |
| 3821.983 | Medium | Sharp | O-H stretching | Free alcohol |
Table 3: functional groups, bond type, peak intensity and wave number of banana (Musa acuminata) peels
The utilization of banana (Musa acuminata) peels, a common agricultural waste, has gained interest due to their potential bioactive components and nutritional value. This study investigates the proximate composition and bioactive compounds in banana peels using advanced analytical techniques.
The proximate composition and bioactive components of Musa acuminata (banana) peels reveal significant nutritional and potential health benefits, highlighting the potential for utilizing this agricultural byproduct in various applications. The results of the proximate composition analysis, as presented in Table 1, show that banana peels have considerable amounts of moisture, carbohydrates, ash, crude fiber, protein, and crude fat.
The moisture content of the banana peels was found to be 7.36 ± 0.37%. This value is relatively low, which is advantageous for the storage and preservation of banana peels as a raw material. In comparison, a study by Anhwange et al. [3] reported a moisture content of 10.5% in banana peels, indicating slight variability that could be attributed to differences in banana species, geographical location, or drying methods used. Lower moisture content, as observed in this study, may reduce microbial activity and prolong the shelf life of the peels.
The carbohydrate content in the banana peels was measured at 23.15 ± 0.05%. This is consistent with previous findings by Emaga et al. [1], who reported carbohydrate contents ranging from 23.6% to 30.0%. Carbohydrates in banana peels primarily consist of dietary fibers and sugars, which contribute to their potential as a functional food ingredient. The presence of carbohydrates, particularly non-digestible fibers, can aid in digestive health and act as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
The ash content, indicative of the total mineral content, was found to be 12.11 ± 0.09%. This value is higher than that reported by Emaga et al. [1], which documented ash content of around 8.9%. The elevated ash content suggests a richer mineral composition, which could include essential elements such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. High ash content can enhance the nutritional value of banana peel-derived products, making them suitable for supplementation in animal feeds or as a mineral-rich ingredient in human diets.
Crude fiber content was measured at 30.53 ± 0.77%, which is notably high. Previous studies by Mohapatra et al. [12] reported crude fiber content in the range of 6-12%. The significantly higher fiber content observed in this study underscores the potential of banana peels as an excellent source of dietary fiber. High dietary fiber intake is associated with numerous health benefits, including improved bowel movements, reduced cholesterol levels, and better glycemic control [13].
The protein content of banana peels was found to be 16.42 ± 0.45%. This value is higher compared to the findings of Oliveira et al. [14], who reported protein content of approximately 6-9%. The higher protein content observed in this study highlights the potential of banana peels as a supplementary protein source, particularly in regions where protein malnutrition is prevalent. The amino acid profile of banana peel proteins, although not analyzed in this study, should be investigated to determine their nutritional quality and bioavailability.
The crude fat content was measured at 10.43 ± 0.67%. This value is consistent with the findings of some previous studies but slightly higher than the 3.8% reported by Mohapatra et al. [12]. The higher fat content could be beneficial for energy-dense food formulations and could provide essential fatty acids that play a crucial role in cellular functions and overall health [15]
Comparing the results of this study with previous research, it is evident that there is variability in the proximate composition of banana peels, likely due to differences in banana varieties, growing conditions, and processing methods.
The gas chromatogram of the methanolic extracts of banana peels demonstrated the presence of various chemical constituents, highlighting the complexity and richness of the banana peel matrix. The analysis identified several key compounds with varying concentrations. The major constituents include 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester (12.67%), 1-Docosene (12.63%), Cyclohexane, (1-butylhexadecyl)- (13.42%), and Octadecanal (9.45%). These findings are consistent with previous studies that have reported fatty acids, esters, and aldehydes as significant components in banana peels [1,5].
The high concentration of 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester (also known as erucic acid methyl ester) suggests that banana peels are a rich source of long-chain fatty acids. These compounds are known for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects [16]. The presence of other esters, such as Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester, in multiple forms, further supports the nutritional and therapeutic potential of banana peels.
Octadecanal, a long-chain aldehyde, was also found in significant amounts. Aldehydes in plant materials are often associated with antimicrobial properties [17]. The identification of various hydrocarbons, such as 1-Docosene and Cyclohexane derivatives, indicates the presence of non-polar bioactive compounds, which could contribute to the overall bioactivity of the extracts.
The presence of bioactive compounds in banana peels has been extensively documented in the literature. For instance, Sulaiman et al. [4] reported the identification of several phenolic compounds, including gallocatechin, epicatechin, and catechol, which were not specifically identified in our study but are indicative of the peel’s antioxidant potential. The variations in compound identification could be attributed to differences in extraction methods, analytical techniques, and the maturity of the banana peels used.
Previous studies have highlighted the antioxidant properties of banana peels, attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds [18]. Although our analysis did not explicitly identify phenolics, the presence of fatty acids, esters, and aldehydes suggests potential antioxidant activity. The compounds identified, such as erucic acid methyl ester and octadecanal, are known to exhibit antioxidant properties, supporting the hypothesis that banana peels can serve as a valuable source of natural antioxidants.
The identification of compounds like 1-Heptanol, 7-chloro- (2.85%) and 2-Piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-but (3.47%) indicates potential antimicrobial activity. Similar findings have been reported by other researchers who noted the antimicrobial properties of banana peel extracts against various pathogens [19,20]. These compounds could be explored further for their use in natural antimicrobial formulations.
The FT-IR analysis of banana peels revealed a diverse array of functional groups and bond types, indicative of the complex biochemical composition of the peels. The detailed results are presented in Table 3. The FT-IR analysis identified various functional groups, including aromatic compounds, alkenes, amines, esters, anhydrides, isothiocyanates, alkynes, isocyanates, carbon dioxide, thiols, alcohols, and primary amines. These findings are consistent with previous studies on the proximate composition and bioactive components of banana peels.
For instance, Sharma et al. [21] identified similar functional groups in their FT-IR analysis of banana peel extracts. They reported the presence of C-H, C=O, C-N, and O-H stretching vibrations, which correspond to alkanes, esters, amines, and alcohols, respectively. These similarities suggest a consistent biochemical composition across different banana peel samples, despite potential variations in environmental and genetic factors.
The peak intensities and shapes observed in this study align with previous research findings. The strong, broad peaks at 773.6344 cm-1 and 841.9546 cm-1, corresponding to 1,2 disubstituted aromatic compounds and trisubstituted alkenes, were similarly reported by Oliveira et al. [14]. These broad peaks indicate significant structural complexity and the presence of conjugated systems within the banana peel matrix.
Furthermore, the medium and sharp peaks observed at 1462.692 cm-1 and 2887.643 cm-1, associated with C-H stretching in alkanes and N-H stretching in amine salts, respectively, were also identified in previous studies. According to Waliszewski et al. [22], such peaks are indicative of the presence of lipophilic compounds and proteinaceous materials in banana peels.
Some unique peaks identified in this study, such as the strong and sharp peaks at 2450.510 cm-1 (O=C=O stretching, carbon dioxide) and 3821.983 cm-1 (O-H stretching, free alcohol), highlight additional components that may not have been as prominently reported in earlier studies. These findings could indicate variations in the sample preparation or the specific analytical techniques employed.
In their comprehensive analysis, Bhardwaj et al. [23] noted that such variations could result from differences in the geographical origin of the banana samples, the degree of ripeness at the time of analysis, and the specific methods used for sample extraction and preparation. These factors underscore the importance of standardized methodologies to enable more accurate comparisons across studies.
Banana peels possess significant nutritional and bioactive components, highlighting their potential for various applications, including functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Further studies are needed to explore their specific health benefits and industrial applications.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
