AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article
*Corresponding Author: Ravi Kumar Chittoria, Senior Professor and Associate Dean (Academic), Head of IT Wing and Telemedicine, Department of Plastic, Surgery and Telemedicine, JIPMER.
Citation: Bharath Prakash and Ravi K. Chittoria, (2024), Influence of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on the Outcomes of Pliability of Donor Site Scar: A Case Report, J, Clinical Case Reports and Studies, 5(7); DOI:10.31579/2690-8808/212
Copyright: ©, 2024, Ravi Kumar Chittoria. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 08 August 2024 | Accepted: 15 August 2024 | Published: 23 August 2024
Keywords: scar management; scar vascularity; laser therapy; er-yag laser
The scar is a sequela of any trauma, surgery, or burns. If the scar becomes unsightly it influences the psychological or physical well beingness of the patient. The vascularity status of the scar with the surrounding skin is one factor that can make the scar unsightly. There are many methods of scar management. Laser Therapy using Er YAG laser is one method of management of scars that are widely used in western countries. In India, the data on scar management using Er YAG laser and the effect of Er YAG laser on the pliability of the scar is few. This study was conducted in a tertiary care center in South India on a patient with donor site abnormal scar.
Human skin has three biomechanical features: strength, pliability (the ability to stretch) and elasticity (the ability to recoil). As scar matures, these properties change and the loss of skin elasticity appears to be the most prominent. Scar management is a very common problem for which patients seek consultation from any plastic surgeon. Abnormal scars can be painful, itchy and it can disable the patient as scars it can prevent the movement of the joint, neck eyelid, or lips. Scars can become unsightly due to their location, color, consistency, or size (height). There are many methods for the prevention and management of scars, Though the scars are not completely avoidable, they can certainly be made better with meticulous management of the wounds. There is no single best method to manage the scar. Some of the commonly used methods of scar management are scar massage with emollients, compressions garments, intralesional steroids, surgical scar revision, and Laser Therapy.
Laser therapy can be low level Laser Therapy as well as high level Laser therapy. High level laser therapy is in use for many years, initial lasers in use were CO2 and Pulsed dye laser. Due to the adverse effects, there is always a quest for newer and newer lasers that are equally effective and with lesser adverse effects and lesser downtime to achieve the desired clinical change. The desired clinical changes that can make a scar less unsightly are changes in size (height), consistency, color (pigmentation), vascularity.
Though the Er-YAG laser was used in western countries for many years, in India Er YAG is a relatively newer addition to the armamentarium in scar management, hence the data of the efficacy of the Er YAG in managing unsightly scars in Indian skin type is few. In this study, we have used the Er YAG for fractional ablative resurfacing of the donor site of split skin grafting scar and studied the effect of the Laser on vascularity parameter of vss score. The efficacy of the Laser on vascularity is studied in special interest as vascularity is one parameter that can attract a beholder's attention to any scar.
This study was conducted in the Department of Plastic Surgery at a tertiary care center after getting the departmental ethical committee approval. Informed written consent was taken from the patients for Er YAG therapy as well as the clinical photography. The details of the study are as follows: The patient was a 19-year-old male with no known comorbidities was admitted following RTA with soft tissue loss over dorsum of right foot. He underwent serial debridement of the necrotic tissue. He was managed with multiple sessions of wound debridement and negative pressure wound therapy. His wound gradually improved, and later raw area was covered with anterolateral thigh flap. the raw area over right thigh was covered with split thickness skin grafting from right thigh. (figure 1 and figure 2) The scar was evaluated twice using the Vancouver scar scale scoring system and clinical photography twice once pre-treatment and next one month after the completion of the laser therapy. The laser therapy was given for one session. The laser used was Er: YAG Laser, Twain 2940, Quanta System S.p.A., Italy, in ablative as well as thermal mode, at a wavelength of 2,940nm, fluence was set to 1 to 2 J/cm2, pulse width used was 300 microseconds using spot diameter of 9mm. During each session, two laser passes of 400 mJ in short pulse mode (pulse duration 0.30ms) was used.
Figure-1: - recipient scar over right thigh and donor site scar over left thigh
Figure-2: - donor site scar over left thigh after laser therapy
There was improvement in pliability of scar skin after Er YAG laser therapy both clinically and measured by VSS score. (figure 3)
Figure 3: -photo taken after 1 month after Er YAG laser therapy
The scar is defined as fibrous tissue that replaces the wound after injury or disease.2 During the process of healing the wound develops a bridge of collagen fibers with a thin epithelium, forming an immature scar.3 An immature scar is red, raised, rigid, and hypopigmented, During the process of maturation the scar becomes more pliable, flatter, less vascular color is normalized. Any aberration of these makes the scar abnormal or unsightly. The difference between the normal scar, immature scar hypertrophic scar lies in the difference in the extracellular matrix composition, Type-III is the predominant type of collagen during the proliferation phase of normal wound healing and which eventually gets replaced with type-I collagen during the remodeling phase. A normal scar when mature consists of 80% type-I collagen with 10-15% type-III and a minimal amount of type-V collagen. This composition is altered in an abnormal scar with an increased ratio of type-III to type-I collagen. The abnormal scar consists of around 33% type-III, 10% type-V, and around 60% type-I collagen. Apart from the composition of the collagen, the arrangement of fibrils and interfibrillar space also is different in an abnormal scar compared to the normal mature scar.
The cellular function of fibroblasts and keratinocytes is also altered in an abnormal scar making them profibrotic. The expression of cytokines is also altered in an abnormal scar. The balance between matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) is altered and is moved towards the profibrotic side. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (ILGF- α) are up-regulated, meanwhile interferon α (IFN- α) and interferon- γ (IFN- γ) are down regulated.4,5
The first LASER machine was devised in 1960 by Maimon, which was a Ruby laser. Dr. Leon Goldman a dermatologist is considered to be the father
of laser medicine. The first laser that was specifically designed for use in a medical condition was Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL), which was used for port-wine stains. Since then, laser technology has evolved a lot with newer concepts of pulsed therapy, fractionated laser therapy, Q-switched mode, etc being added to the list. The principle of any laser is photo thermolysis, which was proposed first by Anderson. Each laser has a specific target on which it acts, known as chromatophore. The laser selectively acts on its chromatophore and produces thermal ablation of the target tissue. Fluence, pulse width, spot size, and stacking are variables that are to be adjusted according to the individual requirements The mechanism by which a laser affects scar remodeling is not fully known, but ablative fractional resurfacing may lead to the production of various cytokines and growth factors by stimulating a variety of not fully known cellular responses Fractional photothermolysis produces controlled and limited dermal heating which triggers a cascade of events in which normalization of the collagenesis-collagenolysis cycle occurs hyperpigmentation separately. Large volume and multi-center study may give a better picture of the effect of Er YAG laser.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
