AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Mini Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Kramarsky V.A., Irkutsk Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education is a branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education.
Citation: Kramarsky V.A, Trusov Yu.V, Fayzulina N.I. (2022). Indicators Of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Assessing the Degree of Maturity of Fetal Lungs, J. Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders, 5(6) DOI: 10.31579/2690-1897/124.
Copyright: © 2022 Kramarsky V.A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 29 August 2022 | Accepted: 24 September 2022 | Published: 25 November 2022
Keywords: pulmonary blood flow; fetal lungs; pathology; pregnancy
Morpho structural change of lung tissue due to the degree of its maturation should be accompanied by a change in peripheral blood flow, and therefore we set the goal of determining the characteristics of peripheral blood flow of lung tissue in fetuses with different degrees of lung maturity.
88 pregnant women were examined at different gestational periods, taking into account the possible different degree of maturity of the fetal lungs. So there were 30 women at 22-28 weeks of pregnancy, 22 at 29-35 weeks and 36 people at more than 36 weeks of pregnancy. The average age of the women studied was 24.9±1.8 years. At the same time, in the first and second groups, the average age did not have a statistically significant difference and was respectively equal to 24.5±2.1 and 22.1±3.4 years (P≥0.05), and in the third it significantly exceeded these indicators and was 28.2± 1.4 years (P≤0.05). 48 (54.5%) pregnant women had a medical history of abortions, 32 (36.4%) had repeat births.
Pregnancy proceeded without complications in all examined patients and there was no somatic pathology. Ultrasound examination determined the blood flow in the right left quadrant of the fetal lung tissue and the left lobe of the liver. For control and comparison, the echo structure of the lung tissue and the fetal liver was determined and compared. When assessing blood flow, the blood flow resistance index (IRC) was automatically calculated.
The results obtained:
In the first group of women with a gestation period of 22 to 28 weeks, the echo structure of the liver and lungs of the fetus in all cases prevailed an echo-positive picture of the liver structure compared with the echo structure of the lungs. At the same time, the IRC of the liver had a statistically significant difference with the same indicator of the fetal lungs and averaged 0.68± 0.005, while the IRC of the lungs on average was 0.79±0.02 and was higher than the same indicator of the liver.
In the second group of women with a gestation period from 29 to 36 weeks, the same pattern was maintained, but with a decrease in the IRC indicators of both the liver and lungs. Thus, the average liver IRC in this group of women was 0.53±0.003 and was significantly less than the same indicator in the first group of women studied (P≤0.05). At the same time, the comparative echostructure of the liver and lungs of the fetus showed a different picture. Thus, the coincidence of the echostructure of the liver and fetal lung tissue was noted only in 14 (63.6%) observations, and in 8 (37.4%) the picture was interpreted as pronounced immaturity of fetal lung tissue. At the same time, in this group of women out of 8 people, 3 had a gestation period of 34-35 weeks, which indicates that there is no absolute significance of the gestation period in assessing the degree of maturity of the fetal lungs.
Confirmation of the stated idea is also the results of comparing the echo structure of the liver and fetal lungs in the third group of women whose gestation period exceeded 36 weeks of pregnancy, so a sufficient degree of maturity of the fetal lungs was indicated by a more echo-positive picture of his lungs compared with the echo structure of the liver in 28 (77.8%) observations. At the same time, in 6 (16.7%) cases, the echostructure of the liver was equivalent to the echostructure of the fetal lungs, confirming the moderate immaturity of the lung tissue. At the same time, the gestation periods were mainly borderline in 4 people (36-37 weeks) and in two cases 38-39 weeks. In two observations, the comparative characteristics of the echostructure of the liver and lungs of the fetus indicated pronounced immaturity of the lung tissue, and the gestational period in these observations was equal to 36 and 38 weeks of pregnancy.
The assessment of blood flow in these observations showed a sufficient degree of maturity of light fetuses with IRC data of 0.56 at 36 weeks and 0.52 at 38 weeks.
The average IRC in the lungs was 0.5± 0.02 with a fluctuation from 0.45 to 0.55 and the liver 0.5±0.0.03 with a fluctuation from 0.47 to 0.59.
Thus, with an increase in the gestational gestation period, the pattern of a decrease in the IRC of both the liver and lungs remains, while the comparative characteristics of the echo structure of the liver and lungs of the fetus are not always coincide with the peculiarities of blood flow in these organs.
In the course of further observation of women who were assessed for fetal lung and liver blood flow, it was noted that 5 (6.25%) people had premature births and occurred at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy. In 8 people, the assessment of the birth process and the condition of newborns could not be traced. In 75 (93.75%) women, childbirth occurred on time, of which 6 (8%) ended with cesarean section due to a violation of the contractile activity of the uterus with increasing intrauterine fetal hypoxia and functional inferiority of the pelvis in one case.
All children in the examined groups of women with full-term pregnancy were born without signs of hypoxia. The average Apgar score in this group of children was 8.8±0.04 points. And the average weight of the fruits at birth was equal to 3658.7 ± 54 gr.
In the group of women with preterm labor, the average weight of newborns was 3020 ± 386 grams, and the Apgar score was 7.8± 0.7 points.
Thus, the assessment of blood flow with the determination of IRC in the peripheral parts of the fetal lung tissue reflects the degree of maturity of the lung tissue.
A comparative assessment of fetal liver and lung echostructure is less objective than an assessment of fetal lung blood flow in determining their degree of maturity.
With immaturity of the fetal lung tissue, the IRC of their peripheral parts is 0.7 or more. With an average degree of maturity of the fetal lungs, the IRC ranges from 0.6 to 0.7 and with a sufficient degree of maturity of the fetal lungs, the IRC is 0.55 or less, while the IRC of the liver and fetal lungs usually do not differ significantly
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
