AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Fahim A. Shaltout, Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
Citation: Fahim A. Shaltout, (2024), Impacts of meat spoilage on economy and public health, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 7(6); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/217
Copyright: © 2024, Fahim A. Shaltout. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 06 May 2024 | Accepted: 20 May 2024 | Published: 03 June 2024
Keywords: meat preservation; bacterial organisms; public health; economy
The meat spoilage cause shortening of shelf life of the meat, So it has negative effect on economy on economy. The meat spoilage occurred due to microbial growth so the meat spoilage has public health hazard. The meat preservation started with mankind from day one of living and is still carried in every type of meat such as beef, mutton fish, poultry and their products. The basic concept of the meat preservation is to increase the shelf life of the meat and meat product without deteriorating the quality and texture of the meat products by delaying the growth of different types of bacterial and fungal organism. The transformation of any meat from edible to inedible with the denaturation of the texture, quality and the taste of the product in the presence of organisms as bacterial and fungal growth that deteriorate the meat. Every year the economy of every country in the world faces a huge loss in the meat and meat products because of the meat spoilage and low level of preservation skills carried out in the handling and processing. The basic mechanisms of the meat spoilage are bacterial activity, lipid oxidation and enzymatic activity. The oldest preservation methods include drying, salting, pickling and smoking that’s are helpful in the preservation with the freezing; however, with the passage of time new methods of the preservation got invented including freezing, chilling and irradiation that increased the preservation duration and their ease in application. Now a day’s preservation is done for every type of the meat and meat products by using of different modern techniques such as the chilling and different types of freezing methods, ultimately increasing the shelf life, quality and texture of products by almost neutralizing the growth of bacterial organisms.
The meat is the rich source of the protein that the world is utilizing and the meat utilization is increasing day by day. The meat is the first choice of peoples all over the world including protein sources such as chicken, turkey, beef, mutton, fish, pork, camel meat and their consumption is increasing day by day and for increasing consumption we have to think about the methods through which more meat production can be achieved and also deals about the meat preservation [1,2,3,4,5 and 6]. The meat preservation process includes the preservation of the meat for longer time by using different methods. The meat processing plants or slaughtering houses are always built far from the city, so there is desirable need of the meat preservation for transporting it to far distances without deteriorating the meat quality [7,8,9,10 and 11]. The animal transformation involves several steps like loading of animals from farm and transporting them to the slaughter house where they are slaughtered. Any poor technique used in facilitating animals will leads to injuries and ultimately it will reduce the meat quality and causes the meat spoilage [12,13,14,15 and 16]. The Environment is surrounded by a numerous bacterial pathogens and also excess water content in the meat makes it more vulnerable for the pathogens attack ultimately cause the meat spoilage. As animal meat consumption is increasing day by day and so do the meat spoilage losses are also increasing [17,18,19,20,21 and 22]. Stress during slaughtering of animal process will adversely affect the meat quality, speedup the meat spoilage activity and cause the major portion of the meat loss. The major meat constituents are fats, proteins, carbohydrates and water [23,24,25,26 and 27]. In order to minimize the meat losses that are majorly caused by the meat spoilage need to draw some new potential preservation methods in order to keep the freshness of the products. As modern era is demanding the well quality meat, that is dire need to establish some advance methods to prevent the meat spoilage to make the meat quality products to preserved for a longer time [28,29,30,31 and 32]. The major cause of the meat spoilage is rigor mortis of muscle, that term explains the hardness of muscle after the slaughtering of animal and more stress produced quicker rigor mortis. Also explained that meat contains several constituents like proteins, fats and carbohydrates that spoiled by different types of the enzymatic activity [33,34,35,36,37 and 38]. In Middle Ages people used different traditional methods to secure the meat from being spoiled. In that era there was less bacterial activity because there were less bacteria present in the air at that time. There was also less pollution at that time but now in advanced era the air is already polluted, so therefore, there is more meat spoilage because of the bacteria [39,40,41,42,43 and 44]. The meat losses due to the meat spoilage are increasing every year greatly almost several millions tons of the meat is lost every year due to the meat spoilage. New methods enable to establish a thought to urges about the economic losses and their reduction to maximize the economic gain from the meat industry [45,46,47,48,49 and 50].
The Causes of Meat Spoilage
There are several causes of the meat spoilage, here will discuss pre-slaughtering meat quality deterioration and post slaughtering meat quality deterioration effect. Both of these effects cause the spoilage of the meat due to poor handling and management practices (51,52,53,54,55 and 56). Animals face stress while pre-slaughter period as a result, this causes the reduction level of glycogen in muscle activity and ultimately changes the pH level of the meat while glycogen content of animal muscle is broken down and lactic acid produced through anaerobic glycolytic pathway (57,58,59,60 and 61). The meat changes to dark, firm and dry due to high level of pH. DFD caused due longer period of the stress cause the reduction of shelf life of the meat and the meat gets paler, softer and exudative due to the short time stress. When the meat is pale, soft and exudative the meat pH gets lower to 6.2 which is the point in which the protein breakdown takes place and this pH is suitable for the bacterial growth. There are basically three mechanisms for the meat spoilage; the bacterial activity, the Lipid oxidation and the autolytic Enzymatic activity (62,63,64,65 and 66).
The bacterial activity of meat spoilage:
A variety of microflora such as molds, yeasts and bacteria out of which some are pathogens grow excellently on the meat and meat products. The main sources of these microflora or pathogens is intestinal tract of the animals and their skin. The pre-slaughter lookout practices, age of the animals, handling during the slaughtering, temperature control, the preservation methods and the handling by consumer are major factors on which the composition of these pathogens depend (67,68,69,70,72 and 73). There are different species of the bacteria, molds and yeasts that are present in the meat before the process of the meat spoilage. Yeast species include Cryptococcus, Candida spp. while some mold species such as Cladosporium, Geotrichum and Penicillin spp. several species of the bacteria that are present in the meat and meat products include Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Clostridium spp. Enterococcus species is the most dominant specie of the bacteria (74,75,76,77 and 78). The meat and meat products are affected with the different types of bacteria on different types of the storage conditions. Several types of the bacteria work more efficiently in the colder environment than in the hotter environment and the enteric bacteria are present on those products which were refrigerated (79,80,81,82,83 and 84). Similarly, several species like Moraxella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. are the most likely to grow in the hotter environment. Several pathogens that likely to grow in the hotter environment are mostly found in the raw, salted cured products such as the hams and the uncooked beef, the reason for their growth is that they are salt resistant (85,86,87,88,89 and 90). The growth of Pseudomonas spp. and the enteric bacteria is well favored in the cold environment at 5° Celsius and is the most prevalent in the modified environment. The Pseudomonas bacterial specie can affect the shelf life of the meat only at 2° Celsius and its growth rate is much slower at 0°Celsius. Similarly several other species like Salmonella spp. above 7° Celsius can affect the meat quality and the shelf life but under 7° Celsius the Salmonella spp. growth is too slow and at the pH of 5.5-7.0 is favorable for the growth of the spoilage bacteria within the pH 5.5 to 7.0 the meat quality deteriorates because of the bacterial activity that will result in the formation of the slime, the meat will be off odour and the meat appearance also changes. There is several derivatives of the ammonia like the methylamine and others were detected in the spoilage activity and there are several types of the ketones, alcohols were produced by the bacterial activity having the sweet odour [91,92,93,94,95 and 96].
The Lipid Oxidation of meat spoilage
The free radical production and the oxidation of the lipids present in the meat will affect the fatty acids and the result will be presence of odour in the meat, off-flavor and the meat quality deterioration. The metabolic process gets stopped when the blood circulation gets stopped and the fatty acid present in the meat start to get oxidize after the slaughtering of the animal. The fatty acid always form double bond with the oxygen present in the air in the lipid oxidation process and the initiation, propagation and the termination are the three basic steps that involve in the lipid oxidation (97,98,99 100,101 and 102).
The Initiation of meat spoilage:
During the process natural catalysts like the heat and the irradiation form free radicles, when these radicles react with the oxygen present in the air form peroxyl radicles (103,104,105,106 and 107).
The Propagation of meat spoilage:
The peroxyl radicles that were formed during the initiation process will now react with the other lipid molecules to form new free radicles and hydro-peroxides [108,109,110,111 and 112].
The Termination of meat spoilage:
The meat spoilage occurs when the free radicles that were produced in the first two steps interact with each other and form non-radicle products. The different factors that affect the oxidation of the lipids like the antioxidant vitamin E and the composition of the fatty acid. The breakdown of the hydro peroxide cause release of several products such as the acids, ketones and aldehydes. These effect causes degradation in the nutritive value and loss of colour because of their extreme effect on the carbohydrate, lipids and vitamins ultimately they are related to several extreme pathogenic process (113,114,115 and 116). Hydrolysis of the lipid in the meat can be done either enzymatically or non-enzymatically and while enzymatic hydrolysis is done with the help of several enzymes such as phospholipase and lipase, the main enzymes that are involved in the hydrolysis of the lipid in the meat are Phospholipase A1 and A2. Proteins that are susceptible to the oxidation and will produce hydro peroxides are hemoglobin, cytochrome and myoglobin and they are responsible for the non-enzymatic hydrolysis (117,118,119 and 120).
The Autolytic Enzymatic Activity of meat spoilage:
The main cause of the meat deterioration is the enzymes that are present in the body. They work normal only when an animal is living and when they die or get slaughtered they are the main cause of the meat deterioration and reduced the shelf life. The meat deterioration starts when the enzymes react chemically with other compounds and act as catalyst for the chemical reaction (16,17,18,19,20 and 21). The tissue protease is an enzyme that is responsible for the flavor change and the textural change and this enzyme is released by the breakdown of the polypeptides. The Post-mortem autolysis of the meat through the digestive process is done by some enzymes such as the calpains and cathepsins (31,32,33,34,35 and 36). The tenderization process of the meat is done at the low temperature growth of the biogenic amine production and the bacteria increases which also increase the proteolytic enzymes that’s lead to the deterioration of the meat quality (91,92,93,94,95 and 96).
The meat spoilage produced very terrible effect in the past because of the poor or no preservation methods but now it became extremely easy to prevent the meat and meat products from the meat spoilage by reducing or almost inhibiting the growth of the bacterial pathogenic organisms by the using different types of the meat preservation methods.
The author declare no conflicts of interest
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
