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*Corresponding Author: Nwora Innocent, Cardiac Rehabilitation Analyst Ben Taub General Hospital Houston, TEXAS, USA.
Citation: Alagbu CH. Eugene , Nwora Innocent, Chike-Ijezie I. Blessing , Alagbu CH. Adline, Alagbu E. Obidigbo, et al (2020). Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education Teachers, Perception on Health Safety Practice Skills: Legal Liabilities and Tort Administrative Agenda. J Clinical Research and Reports, 5(1); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/069
Copyright: © 2020 Nwora Innocent. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 11 March 2020 | Accepted: 04 May 2020 | Published: 18 June 2020
Keywords: legal liabilities; tort; accidents; injuries; error of omission; commission; redress; academic disciplines; human kinetics; engineering technology; physical education; electronics computer
The study examined the perception of Human Kinetics (Physical Education) and Engineering (Technology) Education, teachers on health safety practice skills: Legal liabilities and tort Administrative Agenda. These two fields of academic disciplines are prone to accidents/injuries during practical classes, in workshops and physical education (sports) activities arenas. Some of such accidents may be in the magnitude that parents or guardians may decide to seek redress in a competent law court. Yet some teachers in these areas of academic endeavour may still perceive such incidences as an act of God, hence they may not anticipate any legal consequences emanating therefrom. To this end, the researchers of this study, purposively selected a total of 102 teachers in these two areas of academic discipline, at the rate of 17 teachers from departments of Human Kinetics (Physical education) faculty of education and departments of electronics computer engineering (faculty of engineering) of these tertiary institutions: Federal College of Education (Technical Asaba Delta State), Federal College of Education (Technical Umunze Anambra State), Anambra State College of Education (Nsugbe Anambra State), University of Nigeria Nsukka and Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli. The descriptive research design was used for the study. while the questionnaire fashioned after that of Likert was used as the instrument for data collection, which was pilot – tested on academic staff in same academic disciplines of Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, which did not form part of the study area, and yielded a reliability index of 0.81. Which therefore was considered adequate for the study. Data collected was analysed using chi-square inferential statistics tested at 0.05 significance level. All the 2 hypotheses tested were rejected. Hence, it was concluded that though these categories of teachers in the two academic disciplines under study, are aware of the legal implications that could arise as a result of accidents resulting from non-judicious practice/application of health safety skills during practical lessons, yet not enough Health safety practice skills could be seen being meticulously adopted to prevent accidents. Based on the findings of the research study recommendations were made.
Professional development of teachers especially in these two critical academic disciplines of Human Kinetics (physical education) engineering (Technology) Education, ought to be a continuous one, considering the fact that there is need to depart from the traditionally dominant pedagogical practices of teaching and instruction to the modern methods, if the needs of the present contemporary undergraduates (students) of human Kinetics (physical education and Engineering (Technology) Education are to be met (Amour 2017) (Okon 2011).
Presently there seem not to be any clear evidence of regular or routine form of continuing professional educational development, aimed at enhancing teachers health safety skills practices in these areas of academic disciplines (Goodyear, Caseey & Kirts 2014) Efforts in this regard require sustained and continuing training and re-training of the teachers in these fields of academic areas under study, to keep the teachers abreast with current developments on health safety skill practices.
Just like faculties of engineering (Technology) Education, aim at chunning out needed technically well educated graduates, adequately equipped with the required safety skills to drive our present technologically inclined nation’s economy forward, the same way the departments of Human Kinetics (Physical Education), are expected to produce needed manpower in human kinetics, that will serve as P.E teachers in secondary schools, sports councils, coaches, and sports administrators and other related areas of sports endeavour.
Due to the proneness of these two areas of academic disciplines to frequent accidents, fresh or intending undergraduates seeking for admission into tertiary institutions, are often scared to apply for places in these areas of study, which consequently robs the nation of quality and talented candidates being enrolled to pursue courses in these academic disciplines.
Teachers in these two areas of academic pursuit need to be adequately trained on how to handle, administer and dispense the numerous delicate, risky, fragile and sometimes dangerous equipment and machines they use during workshop/sports field/gymnastic practical lessons, inorder to minimize or possibly prevent accidents on students, due to ignorance, lack of sound knowledge and sometimes carelessness as a result of error of omission or commission by the teacher.
The term accident according to National Safety Council (NSC) (2011) may be regarded as mishaps in any industrial or organizational establishment causing bodily injuries to a person, which prevents such injured person to resume ones studies or duties within the next fortyeight hours.
Accidents are usually unexpected, unwanted scenario, which may not have been anticipated, which however through adequate professional trainings and exposures in health safety skill practices, ought to have been prevented. Thereby supporting the old adage that says,
“prevention is better than cure”. According to Yekini (2016) there are still wide scale of accident cases which occur in technical colleges workshops, due to lack of adequate health safety practice skills by teachers and students alike. Accidents do not happen, rather they are caused (NCS 2011).
Furthermore Heinrich (1959) one of the foremost ancient pioneers of industrial safety engineering, described accident as objects arranged side by side, which he referred to as
“dominoes”, when the first domino is knocked over, all the other dominoes fall, in other words the accident circle or sequence, would have been completed. If however the key
“domino” is removed safely, the accident will be bridged, and the accident would have been prevented.
In line with this great ancient pioneer of industrial safety engineering, this study will critically review accident prevention and adequate health safety practice skills based on the
3E’s of preventing accidents in the cause of teaching, Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education
Relating these 3-Es to health safety skill practices for accident prevention: The first “E” refers to Education, which is the responsibility of universities and colleges of education, to impart sound knowledge to the teachers and teachers – to –be, through sustained continuous training and re-training in health safety skills practice. Hence Guarnieri cited in Yekini (2016) observed that most graduates from these areas of academic discipline do not possess adequate safety skill practices required for their safety that qualify them to work in industries.
Few years ago in Awka Anambra State, there was an incident where a 3rd year Electrical Electronics student of one university in Nigeria died of electrocution, while attempting to switch over the electricity source of power, in their living house, from the generating set back to
National grid. Unfortunately he had a cell phone stocked in his month, which he was using as torch light to see clearly while carrying out the change-over operation. This resulted to the pathetic death of the young, vibrant, energetic future hope of that family. There could be many other similar unreported cases in electrical-electronics workshops and industries which therefore calls for intensification of emphasis on health safety practice skills in the education of students in these areas of study by their teachers. (Okon 2011).
Engineering:
Teachers/teachers to-be, in other fields of endeavour may think that they have little or nothing to do with engineering. Ideally adequate training of teachers in human kinetics and other fields of academic endeavour require some engineering skills in order to prevent accident. For example re-arranging the movable desks in the classroom, in order to provide easier movement for both students and the teacher, is an aspect of engineering health safety skill practice that would reduce accidents. The act of a human kinetics education teachers regularly tightening bolts and naughts of gym equipment, is an engineering safety skill practice, that would reduce accident during gymnastics practicals.
Enforcement
Enforcement in this regards refers to discipline, which comes through education and adequate training. This is a very important role a teacher must perform, to impart to students knowledge of how to perform any given task safety and equally mindful of other peoples safety too.
Teachers are therefore duty-bound to help their students form self-image of the desire to live safely and help others to do same, (Ishaya & Halliru 2016).
In this vein, there is therefore need to include legal education in these two fields of teaching profession, in order for teachers in these fields to be aware of the legal implications of their actions or in-action during practical lessons, since ignorance is no excuse in law”. Teachers need to be educated on what constitutes negligence, sources of negligence and available legal defence strategy against negligence and tortuous liability.
The law of “tort” may be regarded as a breach of the common law, arising from breach of duty/duties primarily fixed by the law, and by implication, such duty (duties) is towards persons generally and the breach of which, is redressable by an action for unliquidated damages (Agbonjimi 2002) (Ogunyemi 2002). Primarily this law of Tort is a legal term used both in common law and civil law systems, to interprete various wrongs that may lead to civil law proceedings, mainly to seek redress for damages by persons, through their unlawful or dangerous activities on other individuals.
All over the world educational experts advocate for healthy school environment, that will support and protect the health and safety of both the teachers and learners alike. However many studies indicate high incidences of avoidable accidents and injuries, during practical lessons in these two areas of academic pursuits, hence the researchers of this study were motivated to conduct this research that aimed at ascertaining the perception of health safety practice skills by Human Kinetics and engineering (Technology) Education Teachers: Legal liabilities and Tort Administrative agenda.
Hypotheses
H01 | Teachers of Human Kinetics/Engineering (Technology) Education, will not significantly perceive non-practice of Health safety skills during practical lessons in workshops/sports fields, as major causes of accidents/injuries on students and teachers alike. |
H02 |
Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) education teachers, will not |
significantly perceive error of omission or commission, regarding diligent practice of Health safety, during practicals classes, resulting to accidents, could constitute a legal liability or tortuous act under the law.
The purposive sampling techniques was used to select the 102 teachers (lecturers) of Human Kinetics (Physical Education) and Engineering (Technology) Education teachers from six tertiary institutions in Anambra, Enugu and Delta States of Nigeria, ensuring that the research will cover 2 federal Colleges of Education (technical), one State College of Education, 2 federal universities and one state university. From each of the institutions 17 lecturers were used as respondents. Participants in the study comprised teachers that have been on the job for at least 2 years and above. The analysis of their teaching experience showed that 47 (46.08%) have 2 - 5 years teaching experience; 39 (32.24%) 6 -10 years teaching experience; 10 (9.8%) 11-15 years teaching experience and 07(6.86%) had 16 years and above teaching experience. The descriptive research design was adopted for the study, since only a few of the purposively selected sample (lecturers) will be used for the research, the result of which will later be used to generalize for the entire population.
Instrument
The research instrument was the modified likert type questionnaire with four point rating scales of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The instrument was pretested on 20 academic staff of Ebonyi State University Abakaliki , which yielded a reliability index of 0.81. Data collected was analysed using Chi-square inferential statistics tested at 0.05 Alpha level. Altogether 102 questionnaires were distributed with the help of research assistants who were briefed on what precisely they were to do, in order to ensure successful conduct of the research.
S/N Items of Responses SA A D SD Total df Calx2 Tabx2
practice skills they require for teaching, before their graduation from tertiary institutions.
The present curriculum | 14 | 9 | 35 | 28 | 86 |
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2. content of training Human |
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Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) education teachers is adequate. |
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Inclusion of detailed health | 31 | 41 | 9 | 5 | 89 |
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3. safety practice skills as part of |
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the curriculum in the training of teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) |
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education is of essence. |
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4. Further training and re | 36 | 31 | 12 | 3 | 86 |
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training of teachers of Human |
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Kinetics and Engineering (technology) Education, will reduce accidents/injuries during workshop practicals/physical education activities in the sports field. |
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Total |
109 |
127 |
69 |
39 |
334 |
9 |
103.05 |
16.92 |
0.5 level of significance
Table 1: Responses of Teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) on their perception on non-practice of Health Safety Skills as Major causes of accident/injuries during practicals in workshops & sports fields.
Table 1 indicates that the table values of X2 at 0.05 significance level is 16.9, and the calculated value is 103.05. Hence, since the calculated value turned out to be greater than the critical value, therefore the null hypothesis was not accepted at X2 = 103.05, df = 9; p<0.05
Alpha. This means that teachers of human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology)
significantly perceive non-practice of health safety skills, as major causes of accidents/injuries during engineering workshop/physical education practicals.
S/N | Items of Responses | SA | A | D | SD | Total | df | Xcal | Xtab |
1. | Teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) education, must ensure healthy school environment which supports/protects the health/safety of both teachers/learners always | 35 | 32 | 10 | 4 | 86 |
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2. |
Accidents/injuries during workshop/physical education practicals is regarded as an act of God, hence parents/guardians seeking legal redress for damages, could be termed as an act of ingratitude to the teachers efforts. |
32 |
45 | 3 | 6 | 86 |
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3. | Teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) education are adequately equipped during their training of what constitutes legal liability and a Tortuous Act, when accidents occur during practical lessons. | 13 | 11 |
32 |
30 |
86 |
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| 80 (31.7%) | 93 (36.9%) | 45 17.5% | 40 (15.5%) | 258 | 6 | 113.05 | 12.59 |
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Table 2: Responses of Teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education, Will not significantly perceive error of omission or commission, regarding non careful practice of Health safety skills, resulting to accident/injuries, constitutes legal liability or Tortuous Act under the law.
In table 2, the X2 showed that critical value is 12.59 and the calculated value is 113.05 at 0.05 level of significance, at 6 degree of freedom(df), since the calculated value is greater than the critical value, the null hypothesis was rejected at X2 = 113.05; df = 6; P > 0.05, Alpha. This indicates that Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education teachers significantly perceive that any error of omission or commission emanating from non-practice of health safety skills during practical classes, which results to accident/injury, to constitute a legal liability or tortuous Act under the law.
A total of 102 (one hundred and two) questionnaire were distributed to the teachers of Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education departments of 6 tertiary institutions, only 86 (eighty-six) were returned, which represents (84.3%) of the 102 distributed. While 16 (sixteen) or (15.7%) were not returned. Hence the researchers made use of the 86 (eighty-six) returned questionnaire for the data analysis.
Table 1 indicates that 236 (two hundred and thirty-six) of the respondents representing (68.6%) agreed with the (items of responses) statements used for testing the null hypothesis (1) one.
Furthermore, the frequencies of the respondents responses in table (2) two, portrayed that an average of 173 (one hundred and seventy-three) of the respondents or (67.1%) of the total sample, agreed with the statements the researchers used in testing the null hypothesis 2 (two). While 85 (eighty-five) of the rest respondents or (32.9%) disagreed with the statements.
In view of the findings from analysis of table 2, the null hypothesis which states that, Human Kinetics and Engineering (Technology) Education teachers will not significantly perceive error of omission or commission, regarding non-careful practice of health safety skills, resulting to accidents/injuries, constitutes legal liability or Tortous Act under the law was rejected.
The findings on table (1) one, therefore is in agreement with the observations of Goodyear, Casey and Kirk(2014) that presently there seem not to be any clear evidence regular or routine form of continuing professional educational development aimed at enhancing teachers health safety practice skills in these two areas of academic discipline.
Furthermore, the findings equally corroborates the acertion of Amoro (2017) and Okon (2011) that there is yet the need for further professional development of teachers in these areas of academic endeavour, in view of the present changing needs/requirements of training or educating undergraduates (students) in these two areas of academic disciplines.
The results of the findings in table 2(two) confirms the observation of National Safety Council (NSC) (2011) that “accidents do not happen, rather they are caused”.
In the same vein the findings equally supports Yekini (2016) who observed that there are still wide scale of accident cases which occur in technical colleges workshops, due to lack of adequate health safety practice skills by teachers and students alike. The result of the finding from same table 2 (two) equally corroborates with the study of Ishaya and Halliru (2016) that stressed the need for teachers to inculcate into their students self image of the desire to live safety and help others to do same.
Furthermore, the result strongly supports the views of Agbonjimi (2002) and Ogunyemi (2002) both of whom emphasized the need to educate teachers about the legal implications of their actions or inactions that could result to accidents or injuries during practical lessons.
There is the need to put in place regular and routine professional educational development of teachers in Human Kinetics (physical education) and Engineering (Technology) aimed at enhancing their health safety skill knowledge and practice. This is of essence due to the fact that there are continuous technological advancements in these two areas of academic disciplines, which the teachers/learners need to be aware of inorder to minimize or prevent accidents/injuries during practicals. Most workshops/gymnasia of the engineering (Technology) & Human Kinetics Education are obsolate, over crowed, poorly arranged equipment.
Due to lack of routine practice of re-training of teachers in these academic fields, some modern or recently acquired equipment are left in their unutilized containers, due to lack of knowledge on how to use them.
In view of the findings of this research the following recommendations are being preferred:
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Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
