HBA1c Levels In Non-Diabetic Patients with ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction & its Correlation with Short Term Mortality

Research Article

HBA1c Levels In Non-Diabetic Patients with ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction & its Correlation with Short Term Mortality

  • Arnab ghosh chaudhury 1*
  • S S Prakash 2
  • Prabhavathi Bhat 3
  • C N Manjunath 3

*Corresponding Author: Arnab Ghosh Chaudhury, Assistant Professor of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Sambhram Apartment II, Gokulam Main Road, V V Mohalla, Mysore-570002, Karnataka, India.

Citation: A G chaudhury, S S Prakash, P Bhat, C N Manjunath. (2020) HBA1c levels in non-diabetic patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction & its correlation with short term mortality. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 4(4); DOI: 10.31579/2690-4861/081

Copyright: © 2020 Arnab ghosh chaudhury, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 31 October 2020 | Accepted: 19 November 2020 | Published: 25 November 2020

Keywords: stemi, hba1c, non-diabetic, all-cause mortality

Abstract

Background: Elevated HBA1C level is predictive for cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetic & also in non-diabetic patients. Aim of our study was to evaluate correlation between HBA1c on admission and short term mortality in non-diabetic patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction.
Methods: 266 non-diabetic patients presenting with STEMI (within 48 hours) were included in our study. Data regarding patient characteristics were collected over 7 months. All-cause mortality data collected prospectively up to 6 months.
Results: Mean HBA1C was 5.69±0.65 for the study population. HBA1C quartiles (<5, 5.1-5.5, 5.6-6, 6.1-6.4) has shown increased 6 months mortality (3%, 4.8%, 1.7%, 15.1% respectively P=0.004) with increased values. Multivariate regression analysis has shown HBA1C>6 as an independent predictor of 6 month mortality.
Conclusion: A significant correlation exists between HBA1C on admission in non-diabetic patients with STEMI and 6 month all-cause mortality.

Introduction:

Acute glycometabolic derangement in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction is a powerful predictor of prognosis. Elevated HBA1C levels are  predictive for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients without DM indicating that long-term glycometabolic derangement in the sub diabetic range also poses a risk for cardiovascular disease [1] A recent   report   by   Timmer   JR   et   al   has   found   that   increase   in   HbA1c   levels   was  predictive  of   cardiovascular   disease   and   mortality   in   patients   without   diabetes   mellitus [2].Increasing HbA1c levels were clearly associated  with  adverse  baseline characteristics  such as a higher cardiovascular risk  profile, explaining part of the increase in long-term mortality. Among non-diabetic adults attended in a second visit of the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC)  study, higher HbA1c level was associated with higher cardiovascular disease and death [Selvin et al. 2010]. In the Rancho Bernardo cohort [3] of 1239 older non-diabetic adults, baseline HbA1c but not fasting or post-challenge glucose predicted cardiovascular mortality in women but not in men. In addition, it is conceivable that part of the association between long-term abnormalities in glucose control and outcome is due to the same complex mechanisms responsible for the adverse association between overt diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular outcome. Indeed, it has been well established that the excess risk for developing coronary artery disease is not limited to patients with diabetes mellitus but also is present in impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and other states of insulin resistance. Pai et al. [4], conducted parallel nested case-control studies in 2 cohorts of US health professionals, in non-diabetic women (Nurses’ Health Study) and men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study) and found that compared with HbA1c of 5.0% to <5.5%, those with an HbA1c of 6.0% to <6.5%, the pooled relative risk of CAD was 1.29 (95% CI 1.11–1.50) for every 0.5%-increment increase in HbA1c levels and 1.67 (95% CI 1.23–2.25) for every 1%- increment increase, with the risk plateauing around 5.0%. Furthermore, participants with HbA1c levels between 6.0% and <6.5% and CRP levels >3.0 mg/l had a 2.5-fold higher risk of CAD compared with participants in the lowest categories of both biomarkers. A recent meta-analysis also examined the association between HbA1c and risk of CAD in people without diabetes. The European guidelines on diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and cardiovascular disease recommend that people at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus should receive lifestyle counselling and, if needed, pharmacological therapy to reduce their risk of developing overt hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus especially to prevent or slow the development of cardiovascular disease. This approach could also be encouraged in our patient population, and it may alter prognosis. However, it is known that the overall increase in cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitus or milder abnormalities in glucose levels is not explained by abnormalities in glucose or HbA1c alone, which is an important consideration in designing prevention efforts.

Hyperglycaemia   is   common   during   AMI, and   may   be   a result of stress-induced catecholamine release or   previously   unidentified diabetes   mellitus.  Glycated   haemoglobin (HbA1C)  is   a  measure   of  glycaemia  over  the  preceding  months, and  may  be  helpful  in  detecting  abnormalities  of  glucose   tolerance as  there  is  an  inverse  relationship   between  HbAlc  and  glucose tolerance. Acute   glycometabolic derangement   in   non-diabetic   patients   with   myocardial   infarction   has   already   been   proven   to   be   a   powerful   predictor   of   prognosis   by   Goyel A et al [5]. Until   now,   data   on   the   predictive   value   of   HbA1c   levels,   reflecting   long-term   glycometabolic   control,   in   non-diabetic   patients with   myocardial infarction   are   limited   as   observed   by   Hudjaj   et   al   in   his article [6]. In this background, we have conducted our study on HbA1C levels in blood on admission in non-diabetic patients presented with STEMI and its correlation with short term all-cause mortality.

Objective:

To evaluate correlation between HBA1c levels in blood on admission and short term mortality in non-diabetic patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction.

Materials and Methods:

Our study was a single centre (SJIC&R) observational (cross sectional) study with short term follow up (6 months) Period of data collection was from August 2016 to February 2017(7 months). A proforma was predesigned for data collection. Written informed consent was taken from the study participants. Study consisted of history, study of angiographic report and relevant biochemical investigations. It consisted of patient details like hospital number, name, age, gender, history of diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension and other co-morbidities. Definitions used were as follows:

STEMI (O’Gara PT et al 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines)

DIABETES MELLITUS (as per ADA criteria)

HYPERTENSION (as per ESH/ESC 2013 criteria)

HYPERLIPIDEMIA (as per NCEP ATP III criteria)

Details of the angiography were obtained and weighed using SYNTAX score. The SYNTAX scores were calculated with the help of professional website tool: http://www.syntaxscore.com/. Serum concentration of HbA1c was determined by immunoturbidometric method. Mortality data (All-cause mortality) was collected prospectively. It included in hospital mortality & mortality after 6 months.

•           INCLUSION CRITERIA:

           Non-diabetic patients presented with ST elevated myocardial infarction within   48 hours of symptom onset were included in the study.

•           EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

 

MI patients presented after 48 hrs of symptom onset.

NSTEMI & Unstable angina patients.

H/O prior revascularisation (PCI or CABG)

Anaemia(Hb<10 g/dl), hemoglobinopathies

Recent H/O-blood transfusion.

Splenectomy

Drugs-ART, dapsone, ribavirine

Treatment with EPO, Iron, Vit B 12

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study. Results on continuous measurements are presented on Mean ± SD (Min-Max) and results on categorical measurements are presented in Number (%). Significance is assessed at 5 % level of significance. Assumptions:

1. Dependent variables should be normally distributed,       

2. Samples drawn from the population should be random, Cases of the samples should be independent Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to find the significance of study parameters between three or more groups of patients. Student t test (two tailed, independent) has been used to find the significance of study parameters on continuous scale between two groups (Inter group analysis) on metric parameters. Leven1s test for homogeneity of variance has been performed to assess the homogeneity of variance. Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups, Non-parametric setting for Qualitative data analysis. Fisher exact test used when cell samples are very small. Multivariate logistic regression was used to show HbA1c level as independent predictor of severity of CAD & all-cause mortality at 6 months. Significant figures :+ Suggestive significance (P value: 0.05<P<0.10) .* Moderately significant  ( P value:0.01<P £ 0.05)       ** Strongly significant   (P value : P£0.01) Statistical software: The Statistical software namely SPSS 18.0, and R environment ver.3.2.2 were used for the analysis of the data and Microsoft word and Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables etc.

Results:                        

Baseline characteristics are summarised in table 1.Mean age of the study population was 52.71±11.4 years. Most of the patients were male. Hypertension (22.9%) and smoking (26.3%) were most common cardiovascular risk factors. Most of patients presented in KILLIP class I (92.4%). Maximum patients (65.8%) had ejection fraction in 40-50% range. Few (16.5%) patients had ejection fraction<40%. Angiographically most of the patients had significant LAD disease (57.9%) and RCA disease (38.3%), very few patients had LMCA disease (0.8%). 16.5% patients had multi-vessel disease .Most of them (79.7%) had low <11 SYNTAX score. Only 0.4% patients had >22 SYNTAX score, rest patients (19.9%)had 11-22 SYNTAX score. 43.6% patients were treated with thrombolysis, 13.2% patients underwent primary PTCA. Eventually most of the patients (80.4%) underwent PTCA (including primary & pharmacoinvasive). Very few patients underwent CABG. 1.1% patients had in hospital mortality. 5.3% patients had mortality after 6 months.

HBA1C mean was5.69±0.65. In  subgroup  analysis  of  HBA1C  quartiles  of  patients, (figure 1)  33  patients(12.4%)  have HBA1C<5(subgroup 1),  63  patients(23.6%)   have  HBA1C  5 to  5.5  (subgroup 2),  117  patients(43.9%)   have  HBA1C  5.6  to  6(subgroup 3),  53  patients(19.9%)   have  HBA1C  6.1  to  6.4(subgroup 4). Mean  SYNTAX  scores  in  these  4  subgroups are significantly different(2.65, 5.53, 7.15, 13.42  respectively)(p<0.001) & it is increasing with increasing  HBA1C  values.(table 2). 6 month all-cause mortality also are significantly different  in  these 4 subgroups (3%, 4.8%, 1.7%, 15.1% respectively)(p=0.004) &  increasing  with  increasing  HBA1C  values (table 2)(figure 1). Multivariate  analysis  has  shown  that  HBA1C>6.0  is  an  independent  predictor  of  mortality as  a  risk  factor(p<0.001)  in  our  study (table 3).

Table 1: Baseline characteristics (N=266)
Table 2: HBA1C quartiles subgroup analysis in non-diabetics (correlation with 6 month all-cause mortality)
Table 3: Multivariate Logistic regression analysis to assess the risk factors of 6 month all-cause mortality
Figure 1: HBA1C distribution (n=266) in quartiles
Figure 2: HBA1C quartiles subgroup analysis in study population for 6 month mortality (X axis showing HBA1C values, Y axis showing 6 month mortality frequency.)

Discussion:

This is one of the first studies from south India, where correlation between HbA1c level and short term mortality in non-diabetic STEMI patients is attempted. Several studies have reported associations between chronic hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Selvin et al [1] and Khaw et al [7] reported that elevated HbA1c levels predict cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients without diabetes, indicating that even milder abnormalities of glucose control below the diagnostic threshold of diabetes mellitus also pose a risk of development of cardiovascular disease. In the community-based Atherosclerosis  Risk in Communities study[8] that involved  non-diabetic participants, baseline HbA1c levels  of 5.5% to less than 6.0%, 6.0% to less than  6.5%, and 6.5% or greater were associated  with increasing risk of the development of coronary  heart disease compared with those with  HbA1c levels of 5.0% to 5.5%. Our findings are in accordance with the results of most of these studies. In our study population, increasing HbA1c levels were clearly associated with higher cardiovascular risk profile, which explains part of the increased risk. In addition, it is conceivable that the same complex mechanisms that are responsible for the adverse association between overt diabetes and cardiovascular outcome (ie, oxidative stress, protein glycation of the vessel wall, and endothelial dysfunction) also play an active role in chronic hyperglycaemia   even in the sub-diabetic range. It is also possible that high baseline HbA1c levels represent patients who are at high risk for developing diabetes in the future, thus increasing the risk of developing CAD. However, because our study was cross-sectional, we were unable to assess this hypothesis. There is enough evidence to conclude that   strategies to prevent diabetes also reduce the risk of CVD. Hence, as practiced in patients with diabetes mellitus, an intensive multifactorial approach should be used to prevent CVD  in pre-diabetic patients.[9] Trans-professional  collaboration between cardiologists and diabetologists  and a multifactorial and target-driven  approach are highly rewarding.[10] Elevated HbAlc was found to be associated  with an increased mortality in non-diabetic  subjects suffering an AMI. This  finding  is  similar  to  the  finding  in  the  study  by  TA Chowdhury et al [11]. In our  study  HBA1C>6  is  identified  as  an independent  predictor  of  6  month  mortality  similar  to  the  study  by  TA  Chowdhury  et  al [11].

For a wide range of known cardiovascular risk factors, we cannot rule out the possibility of residual confounding variables in this observational study.

Conclusion:

1. A significant correlation exists between HBA1C level in non-diabetic STEMI patients & all-cause mortality at 6 months.

2. HBA1C>6.0 has proven to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality at 6 months in non-diabetic STEMI patients.

Acknowledgement:

We would like to thank dr Nagaraja Moorthy for his inputs during preparation of study proposal and data analysis.

Conflict of interest:

Authors do not have any conflict of interest.

References

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

img

Virginia E. Koenig

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

img

Delcio G Silva Junior

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

img

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

img

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

img

Layla Shojaie

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

img

Sing-yung Wu

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

img

Orlando Villarreal

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

img

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

img

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

img

Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

img

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

img

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

img

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

img

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

img

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

img

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

img

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

img

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

img

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

img

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

img

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

img

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

img

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

img

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

img

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

img

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

img

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

img

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

img

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

img

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

img

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

img

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

img

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

img

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

img

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

img

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

img

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

img

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

img

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

img

Luiz Sellmann