AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article
*Corresponding Author: Edward A. Calt, Executive Officer, Integrated BioChem, LLC. Raleigh, North Carolina USA.
Citation: Edward A. Calt, (2021) Harnessing the Microbiome for Protein Production. J, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2(6); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/034
Copyright: © 2021 Edward A. Calt. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 16 March 2021 | Accepted: 13 April 2021 | Published: 07 July 2021
Keywords: managed ecosystem fermentation, rumen, ruminant, microbial protein, microbial lipids, microbial enzymes
The microbiome of a ruminant animal rapidly converts cellulose into protein that is the true feed for the animal. Managed Ecosystem Fermentation (MEF) has harnessed this productive capacity into an industrial process. The MEF process rapidly converts cellulose, hemicellulose, carbohydrates, and starch into multiple products that have a wide range of applications in agriculture and industry. The protein produced has a complete amino acid profile and can be used as animal feed or for human consumption. Additionally, the protein contains lipids that contain Omega 3, 6 and 9, and other food additives and flavorings. The MEF process can convert approximately one metric ton of cellulosic waste per cubic meter of fermentation vessel per day into protein. This paper describes the process, results from the pilot plant, and compares the protein produced to fishmeal and other protein sources. MEF offers a technology to convert a significant amount of biomass into proteins, lipids, and enzymes in a way that is both economically and environmentally sustainable.
Multiple microbiomes exist within nature, each codependent upon the others. Microbiomes are complex systems that are difficult to analyze as many of the microbes are codependent upon each other and as such cannot be isolated. However, this does not mean that an understanding of the process cannot be ascertained and/or controlled. For example, we do not fully understand the human microbiome, yet we are able to figure out what we can and cannot eat. And as such we are able to ascertain various parameters about which our own microbiome functions. With this understanding we are able to conduct our daily lives. If we view a microbiome from this perspective, then we can exert some control over it.
Microbiomes operate within a defined set of principles that dictate its behavior and hence its output. A microbiome must have an external source of food (carbon), energy, nutrients and water. There is an energy pyramid within the microbiome where several species consume the external material and generate a waste stream. In doing so, these microbes take the material with the highest energy density and break it down and then expel it as a waste that has a lower energy density. This waste stream becomes the food source for other microbes within the microbiome. This process repeats itself until there is a way to expel the lowest energy material produced from the microbiome. A basic law of nature, which states no species can survive in its own waste stream, confirms this. These principals provide the basis for the industrializing a specific microbiome.
Both natural and managed microbiomes share several common traits. First, microbiomes are symbiotic. Each microbe is dependent upon its relationships with other microbes as well as its host environment. Second, natural microbiomes do not require a sterilized food source. Humans and animals do not require a sterilized food source. Their digestive microbiomes have evolved to protect the host. Essentially, most pathogens find an adversarial microbe within the ecosystem to consume it. Microbiomes have a wide range of materials that can be used as a food source. This permits them to survive for years at a time and is illustrated by the variety of food we eat. Third, microbiomes are focused on their own survival. This means they will adapt to changes in the environment in a way that ensures its survival. Finally, a microbiome works because a multispecies system has more chemical pathways to breakdown the biomass that any single species.
The microbiome in most animals simply break down the food so as to enable the subsequent utilization within the animal. The microbiome of a ruminant animal is unique in that it converts cellulosic biomass into the food (i.e. protein, enzymes, lipids, and volatile fatty acids) for its host. This microbiome employs over 3,000 species of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protozoa[i]. This consortium of microbes converts cellulosic biomass into the protein, amino acids, lipids and volatile fatty acids that are the true food for the host animal. This consortium of microbes is able to efficiently convert cellulose into protein. This efficiency is derived from the microbe’s ability to generate over 30,000[ii] enzymes that facilitate the decomposition in an energy efficient manner. This microbiome was designed by nature to rapidly convert cellulosic biomass into protein for the animal.
The ruminant microbiome conforms to the basics of microbiology. First, all cells require a source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and a variety of inorganic ions. Second, if there is a sufficient amount of nutrients available, growth and reproduction occur. Under optimal conditions, the microbes can double in number every 20 to 30 minutes. Third, microbes derive their energy in various ways. Some use oxidation or reduction of inorganic compounds. Others use the energy from the carbon compounds that are available. Finally, microorganisms are extremely adaptable to changes in their environment and food supply. Changes in the environment or food supply may cause the entire microbiome to change within one generation in order to survive. These elements provide the basis for the industrialization of the ruminant microbiome.
The ability of a ruminant’s microbiome to rapidly produce protein has been studied in detail by the beef and dairy industries to ascertain how to put more meat on the bone and/or get more milk from the cow. This is the same process which Integrated BioChem, LLC has industrialized. There are differences between what has been studied and the Managed Ecosystem Fermentation (MEF) process. First, the MEF process has multiple levers that can be managed to change the composition of the protein and lipids produced.
Second, the microbiome of the ruminant changes once it is freed from the control systems inherent with the ruminant animal. This enables the implementation of methods that enable the management of the process. Third, unlike most industrialized bioprocesses, MEF is a very adaptive system that can deal with changes in its food, environment, and handling. Essentially, it is an adaptive system.
Within the rumen organ the cellulosic matter is continually mixed. This mixing serves several functions. First, it moves the digested matter and microbial protein produced on through the digestive tract. Second, it facilitates the transference of the microbes on to the new feed. This enables a continuous system. This also enables the expelling of the non-digestible matter.
In the MEF process, advantage is taken from the unique property of the process to self-separate. This enables the ease of mixing and separation. In Figure 1 this separation can be seen.
Most of the biological activity occurs at the interface of the top mat and middle layer. There is a continuous circulation between the bottom and top mat. This recirculation is the exchange of nutrients and undigested matter between the various microbes. After the microbes have had sufficient time to consume the feedstock, the protein that is in the bottom is harvested.
On an industrial basis the production equipment would look something like Figure 2, which is the MEF process run at a pilot plant scale. The MEF pilot plant was run using 2 200-liter reactors. In this operation the process had a cycle time of 24 hours. In full-scale production the cycle time would be about 8 hours. This means a reactor would be harvested 3 times per day. There would be a number of fermentation vessels. The number of vessels would be determined by the availability and digestibility of the feedstock.
The MEF process is capable of processing about 1 metric ton of food waste per cubic meter of fermenter per day. The current design specifications call for fermentation vessels with 5 cubic meters of fermentation capacity. The available inbound tonnage of feedstock would be divided by 5 to ascertain the number of fermentation vessels needed for the process for a particular site.
The processing of food waste using the MEF process is consistent with that seen in the ruminant animal. On a dry matter basis, about 50% of the biomass will be converted into methane (30%) and carbon dioxide (20%). These gases are reused within the process. About 25% will come out as a protein and the remaining balance will be composed of volatile fatty acids and non-digestible matter.
From this process the protein is extracted and dried. It is pictured in Figure 3.
The protein is a dry, stable, sterile powder that can be incorporated into animal feed or be denatured for other industrial applications.
Raw MEF protein is the material that would be produced from the fermentation process after drying. Denatured MEF protein has had some of the lipids extracted from the raw MEF protein using a solvent that is used in food processing today. The numbers provided for the raw MEF and denatured protein are from an Independent Laboratory[i].
The protein produced is comparable to fish caught in the ocean and used to produce fishmeal. Table 1 shows the results of the protein produced from the pilot plant as compared to open ocean fish.
The primary reason for the fat content being lower in the pilot plant is the inbound temperature of the feedstock was too low. This meant the microbes needed to consume the fat/lipids that would normally have been stored in the microbial cell.
These results suggest that microbial protein can be used as an alternative to fishmeal. When comparing the raw fish to fishmeal
it is necessary to understand how fishmeal is produced. The raw fish are cooked, ground, and then pressed to extract the fish oil. This leaves a higher protein content with less of the various fatty acids. This is a semi-denatured product, which can be compared to the MEF protein that has been denatured using a solvent that is used in the food industry. This comparison is shown in Table 2.
Additionally, the MEF protein compares similarly to other animal based protein as shown in Table 3. Tables 1, 2, and 3 illustrate both the range of values but also show that the MEF protein can be altered to meet the specifications desired for commercial purposes.
Some of the lipids produced are shown below in Table 4 along with their industrial applications.
In commercial production the fish oil is sold either for human consumption or reincorporated into the animal feed to a desired level. In the MEF process these oils are extracted using the same solvents that are used in processing soybean and vegetable oils.
The results from the separation process are seen in Figure 4. The difference between the 2 separations is the solvent used.
While Table 4 shows the commercial application, from a nutrition perspective the critical compounds are the Omega fatty acids.
One of the critical aspects of these lipids is they are self-separating. This means that with existing food processing technology the lipids can be separated and then recombined into any desired formulation. Of particular interest would be the separation of the phospholipids that can be sold to the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.
These lipids are also common in other foods we consume that originate in a ruminant animal.
The lipids produced from the MEF process are the same as those that provide the distinctive flavor to various cheeses. In Table 5 these lipids and volatile fatty acids are identified in blue.
Table 5 shows that the lipids in the milk originate in the microbiome within the rumen organ. Controlling the exposure to various gases can increase the lipid content in the protein.
“Bacteria are known to produce a range of microbial oils that have multiple applications in industry. The production of these microbial oils has not been limited by the lack of desire for the end products, but simply by the absence of an appropriate means of producing microorganisms on a sufficiently large scale”[i]. MEF now makes the production of microbial protein and lipids possible using existing production equipment, facilities and feedstocks, at a profit needed to provide the required economic return.
In most settings, the MEF process will be housed in a building with an insulated fermentation chamber to maintain the temperature needed to sustain the process. The building, fermentation chamber, tanks pumps, separation, drying and bagging equipment are all fixed costs. This is where the largest cost element of the process will be incurred in the form of depreciation. The estimated cost of production of one metric ton of MEF protein is approximately $600 or less. This assumes that the feedstock is either free or at nominal cost. In most cases the MEF processing facilities will be collocated with industries that have high volumes of waste cellulosic biomass. The biomass will be pumped at no cost to the MEF process as the biomass generator receives the benefit of a reduced disposal cost. If the feedstock is a food waste, then the cost of nutrients per metric ton of feedstock is about $2.00. The MEF process is automated to the extent that personnel will be required in three areas; the process control, inbound feedstock preparation, and packaging and shipping. The facilities are expected to operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. As the MEF protein is in a dry powdered form, the shipping cost to the buyer should be minimal.
The MEF process addresses to growing needs in both the developed and developing world. The need to dispose of the waste biomass we generate every day is the first. The second is the need for a new source of protein. The MEF process is a technology that enables the production of protein and lipids in an economical and sustainable manner.
The MEF process has replicated the first stomach of a herbivore. In the animal, the microbial protein produced is subsequently digested and converted into the meat we see in the supermarket. This implies that the microbial protein produced by the process can be used as a substitute for protein derived from the flesh of animals. The data derived from the independent laboratory analysis as compared to other animal protein studies confirm that this position. This means by processing waste organic matter with the MEF process, a new sustainable source of protein for multiple applications is now available. Initial applications would include inclusion in animal feed, and biodegradable adhesives.
In developing the MEF process a number of design/operating advantages were pointed out by plant manages from several local biotech companies. First, the process avoids all the cost associated with sterilization. Second, the protein is self-separating. Third, the process can rapidly adapt to changes in the feedstock. Finally, the MEF process provides a processing capacity that is not inherent in other anaerobic digestion processes. MEF can process about one metric ton of food waste per cubic meter of reactor per day. This is because the microbial culture doubles every twenty minutes.
In summary, the MEF process provides a new sustainable source of protein while simultaneously addressing the issues associated with organic waste disposal. Essentially, it converts a waste stream into a revenue stream of high value compounds that have application in multiple industries.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
