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*Corresponding Author: Héctor Jorge Suárez, Sugar Cane Research Institute. CUJAE Highway Km ½. Boyeros. Havana Cuba.
Citation: Héctor Jorge Suárez, Samuel Cortez Figueroa, Oscar S. Benítez, Lázaro A. Cabrera, Francisco C. Isaacc, et al, (2024), Evaluation of Different Agam Propagation Methods and Planting Technologies in The Production of Categorized Sugar Cane Seeds in Cuba, J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice, 7(6); DOI:10.31579/2639-4162/142
Copyright: © 2024, Héctor Jorge Suárez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 09 January 2024 | Accepted: 18 March 2024 | Published: 27 March 2024
Keywords: planting technologies, propagation methods
The results of two studies in areas of the Registered Seed Bank of the Ciudad Caracas Sugar Company in the province of Cienfuegos are presented, where two methods of agamic propagation (Cuttings and Vitroplants) and two planting technologies (distance between rows at 1 .50 m and 1.80 m), the cultivar used was C10-166, the evaluation was carried out at 11 months of age. The area of the plots of the experiment with traditional technology was 60 m2 and that of the Wide Base was 72 m2. The variables studied were t cane ha-1, stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm) and number of stems m-1, as well as the economic value of propagation by cuttings comparing both planting technologies. The randomized block design with three repetitions was used, simple variance analysis and mean comparison test were performed using the Multiple Range test with Tukey's test (p<0.01 and p<0.05), in addition regressions were performed, of first and third order to determine the variables with the greatest influence on agricultural performance. The results obtained were significant increases in the variables number of stem m-1 and t cane ha-1 in favor of propagation by vitroplants, the broad-based planting technology surpassed the traditional one in stem production and agricultural yield, the number of stems m-1 linear had a positive and significant relationship with sugarcane production and the Benefit/Cost relationship was positive.
In sugarcane cultivation, the use of high-quality propagative material is of utmost importance, since it is used for the reproduction of plantations (Jorge et al., 2019). The above justifies the need to continue carrying out research in the different categories of seed with adapted and highly productive varieties with the intention of increasing the production (quality and profitability) of the mills (Alfaro et al., 2007).
The production and use of high-quality seed plays a determining role in the development and comprehensive improvement of sugarcane agriculture, which constitutes a decisive technological step in obtaining high agricultural and sugar yields per unit of cultivated area. This activity, together with the use of resistant varieties, has become the most important and almost exclusive element available to have healthy plantations.
The agamic multiplication of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) favors the spread of diseases caused by pathogenic organisms, among which the following stand out: mosaic (Sugarcane mosaic virus), leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dawson), smut (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow) and shoot rickets (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli) (Glyn, 2005).
It is important to note that the expenses involved in seed production are cushioned by the expected benefits, which can far exceed the investments, since concentrating efforts for phytosanitary control on the seed is always preferable and more economical than running the risk of spreading on a commercial scale, a pathology transmissible through planting material. (INICA 2021).
A strong seed industry is essential for the supply of vigorous propagation material to producers and for the prospective development of the agricultural sector. Planting sugarcane with categorized seeds is the simplest and most important step to increase crop yields, as an integral part of its agronomic management strategy (Jorge et al., 2018).
One of the factors that limits the production of sugar cane is the use of seeds of low phytosanitary quality, since sometimes seeds from commercial areas not from the chain of the seed system (Basic, Registered and Certified) are used. that may be affected by diseases. (Jorge et al., 2020)
Classic methods for the production of healthy sugarcane seed use heat treatments (water or hot air) and the application of chemical products to eliminate pathogenic organisms that affect the crop (Hoy and Flynn, 2001; Glyn , 2005). Furthermore, tissue culture techniques have made it possible to obtain seeds with high genetic purity, health and vigor; For this reason, its use has spread in many sugarcane-growing countries (Pérez-Ponce, 1998; Hoy and Flynn, 2001; Glyn, 2005; Guevara and Ovalle, 2005).
Different authors agree that the seed from micropropagation generally has a greater number of stems, height and weight of the stems and greater cultural and sugar/plot yield than the seed obtained conventionally by cuttings, with or without heat treatment ( Anderlini and Kotska, 1986; Jiménez et al., 1991; Santana et al., 1992; Pérez Ponce, 1998; Comstock and Miller, 2004; Flynn et al., 2005). Jorge et al., (2020) pointed out that the response of two cultivars evaluated in the plant cane and first shoot or soca strains, confirmed that the agamic reproduction methods by one-bud cuttings, three-bud cuttings (with prior soaking in water with circulation for 24 hours, heat treatment at 51 0C for one hour and chemical treatment for fifteen minutes) and vitroplants are effective and safe from a phytosanitary point of view to avoid the presence of Xanthomonas albilineans.
Categorized seed production is a practice of great importance in all agricultural crops because it allows high populations and high agricultural yields to be achieved. The Cuban seed system for the cultivation of sugar cane has 11 Basic Seed Banks and 61 Registered Seed Banks, which have good infrastructure, adequate phytotechnical conditions (irrigation, machinery, productive soils, etc.) and qualified human resources. However, the certified seed areas in Cuba only have 30% under irrigated conditions, so the majority of the seed is controlled, since it does not meet the requirement to be certified as categorized seed. In Cuba, around 70% of the planting is carried out in the period of May-June, at this stage is when the seed deficit is most accentuated since the entire period of least precipitation has passed (November - April) and the seed material propagation is not suitable, hence the importance of increasing yields in seed banks to be able to allocate part of the areas for the production of certified seed, where broad-based planting technology can be an alternative.
This technology provides important benefits for sugarcane production. Among the most relevant are the increase in the population of the fields, better weed control with savings in the number of cleanings and the application of herbicides, greater control of equipment traffic along the median and therefore a decrease in compaction and increase in agricultural yield (Labrada et al., 2018).
The objectives of this work were:
Study Location, Cultivars, Reproduction Methods and Planting Technologies.
The study was developed in the Registered Seed Bank (BSR) of the Ciudad Caracas Sugar Agroindustrial Company in Cienfuegos, located in the town of Manaquita, municipality of Lajas, on Brown soils with carbonate (Hernández et al., 2015). Two experiments were planted in the month of September 2022 and the cane plant was harvested in August 2023, at 11 months of age, the cultivar used was C10-166. Table 1 reflected the treatments used.
| Experiments | Agamic Propagation Methods | Planting Technology |
| Experiment 1 | Three-bud cuttings and vitroplants | Traditional (1.50 between rows or furrows) |
| Experiment 2 | Three-bud cuttings and vitroplants | Wide Base (1.40 +0.40). |
Experimental design and variables studied
The area of the plots of the experiment with traditional technology was 60 m2 (4 rows of 10 m long at a distance between rows of 1.50 m) and the Wide base was 72 m2 (4 rows of 10 m long at a distance between furrows of 1.80 m). The variables studied were agricultural yield (t cane ha-1 and its components (length of stems (cm), diameter of stems (cm) and number of stems m-1) as well as the economic valuation in propagation by cuttings. comparing both planting technologies. The randomized block design with three repetitions was used.
Simple variance analysis and means comparison test were performed using Multiple Range Test with Tukey's test (p<0>
To estimate the diameter and height in each plot, 20 stems were chosen at random, while the number of stems was assessed with the total count of the stems of the two central furrows of each plot of the experiments divided by the furrow length (10m).
Agricultural yield was estimated in accordance with what was reported by Martíns and Landell (1995).
t cane ha-1 = D2*h* number of stems linear m-1* (0.007854/ distance between rows)
Where: D2: diameter squared h: height or length of the stem, and 0.007854 constant.
The statistical processing of the experimental agricultural database was carried out using the Statographics-plus-5.0 statistical package.
For the economic valuation, the cost and price sheet for one hectare of cane planting by the traditional method was taken into account without including the seed (11077 cup) established by AZCUBA, in the case of the wide base it increased by 18.55 %, the cost of basic seed (for a hectare of cane at 1.50 m between plants is 10 ton ha-1, while for the wide base it was estimated at 17.6 ton ha-1), the cost of harvesting and The price per ton of Registered Seed II is also the one established by Grupo Azucarero AZCUBA, the cost of cultural services (for the wide base was 11.43% less because the field closes earlier and comprehensive cleaning tasks decrease).
Experiment 1.
The analyzes of variances of Experiment 1 showed significant differences for the stem length, the number of stems linear m-1 and the t cane ha-1, in all cases the reproduction by vitroplants was superior to the reproduction by cuttings. Digonzelli et al., (2009), in sugarcane seed studies developed in Argentina, obtained positive increases in stem length, number of stems and cane production, when they used vitroplants as planting material, compared to with reproduction by cuttings.
Table 1. Results of the analysis of variance for stem length.
Figure 1. Comparison between treatments
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. |
| Treatments | 1 | 0,03 | 0,03 | ns |
| Mistake | 4 | 0,02 | 0,004 | |
| X ± ES | 2,72± 0,04 |
Table 2. Results of the analysis of variance for stem diameter
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. |
| Treatments | 1 | 29,93 | 29,93 | ** |
| Mistake | 4 | 1,87 | 0,47 | |
| X ± ES | 14,03± 0,39 |
Table 3. Results of the analysis of variance for the number of stems m-1
Figure 2. Comparison between treatments
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. |
| Treatments | 1 | 1932,14 | 1932,14 | ** |
| Mistake | 4 | 163,92 | 40,98 | |
| X ± ES | 119,28± 3,70 |
Table 4. Results of the analysis of variance for t cane ha-1 (TCH)
Figure 3. Comparison between treatments
Experiment 2.
In this study, only the variables number of stems linear m-1 and cane production showed significant differences, also in favor of vitroplants, which confirmed what was reported in the previous test. Jorge et al., (2020) pointed out, the number of stems and the t cane ha-1 of the plants from vitroplants was higher than those of the cuttings..
Table 5. Results of the analysis of variance for stem length
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. | |
| Treatments | 1 | 37,5 | 37,5 | ns | |
| Mistake | 4 | 250,0 | 62,5 | ||
| X ± ES | 237,5± 4,56 |
Table 6. Results of the analysis of variance for stem diameter
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. | |
| Treatments | 1 | 36,51 | 36,51 | ** | |
| Mistake | 4 | 5,23 | 1,31 | ||
| X ± ES | 18,87± 0,66 |
Table 7. Results of the analysis of variance for number of stems m-1
Figure 4. Comparison between treatments
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. | |
| Treatments | 1 | 1082,73 | 1082,73 | * | |
| Mistake | 4 | 297,02 | 74,26 | ||
| X ± ES | 143,66 ± 0,66 |
Table 8. Results of the analysis of variance for t cane ha-1 (TCH)
Figure 5. Comparison between treatments
Comparison Between Plantation Technologies with Similar Form of Reproduction in the Variable t cane ha-1
The results of this comparison both in propagation by cuttings and by vitroplants expressed significant differences between the treatments (Tables 9 and 10). The broad-based planting method in both cases outperformed the traditional one. Labrada et al., (2018) in commercial areas stated that agricultural performance, in all cycles and strains evaluated, showed that broad-based technology significantly exceeded traditional technology (1.60) during the 2017-2018 harvest and An increase of 34.4% increase in agricultural production was achieved.
Jorge and Suárez (2020) in categorized seed areas reflected that the variables number of stems and t cane ha-1 achieved significant increases when the wide-based planting system was used in the plant cane and shoot strains.
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. | |
| Treatments | 1 | 1251,95 | 1251,95 | * | |
| Mistake | 4 | 188,46 | 47,11 | ||
| X ± ES | 115,78 ± 3,96 |
Table 9. Results of the analysis of variance for t cane ha-1 (TCH). Planting by cuttings
Figure 6. Comparison between treatments
| F. Variation | DF | S. squqres | M. squqres | Sig. | |
| Treatments | 1 | 592,03 | 592,03 | * | |
| Mistake | 4 | 272,48 | 68,12 | ||
| X ± ES | 147,16 ± 4,77 |
Table 10. Results of the analysis of variance for t cane ha-1 (TCH). Planting by wide base
Figure 7. Comparison between treatments
Table 11 showed that Wide Base planting technology had a positive effect on the benefit/cost ratio.
Table 11: Economic valuation. Traditional planting technology
Relationship between the component variables of agricultural yield with cane production.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 expressed that for the conditions of these studies, as the number of stems increased, cane production increased, reaching a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 89%, while the stem length variables and stem diameter, its best fit was with a third order relationship and in both cases the R2 was low, however the height achieved more than 46% and the diameter less than 14%. These results confirmed those expressed by Mariotti (1977) and Jorge et al., (1989), who indicated that the number of stems and stem length are the variables that have the greatest influence on agricultural yield (t cane ha-1).
Figure 7. Relationship between the numbers of stems m-1 and the t cane ha-1
Figure 8. Relationship between stem length and t cane ha-1
Figure 9: Relationship between stem diameter and t cane ha-1
The variable number of stems m-1 linear had a positive and significant relationship with agricultural yield, which confirms it as the component that exerts the greatest influence on sugarcane production.
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