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Efficacy of Monosodium Glutamate as a Flavour Potentiator in Salt Reduction: A Review

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Review Article

Efficacy of Monosodium Glutamate as a Flavour Potentiator in Salt Reduction: A Review

  • Prabhavathi S.N 1
  • Jamuna Prakash 1*

*Corresponding Author: Jamuna Prakash, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore. India.

Citation: Prabhavathi S.N and Jamuna Prakash (2019) Efficacy of Monosodium Glutamate as A Flavour Potentiator in Salt Reduction: a Review. J.Nutrition and Food Processing, 2(1); Doi:10.31579/2637-8914/008

Copyright: © 2019. Jamuna Prakash .This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 03 August 2019 | Accepted: 14 August 2019 | Published: 20 August 2019

Keywords: flavor enhancer; sodium reduction; salt substitutes; glutamates; sensory profile; palatability

Abstract

Sodium is an essential micro nutrient and an indispensable ingredient in most of the savoury foods. The salty taste is mainly contributed by sodium chloride through a proto-typical stimulus. The current sodium intake has been estimated to be exceeding normal recommendation at an alarming rate. This has given rise to health concerns since excessive sodium intake is associated with rise in blood pressure and eventually to cardiovascular diseases. The habitual salt intake among Asian population is around 10-12g/day against the WHO recommendation of 5-6g/day. Today food processing industries are facing challenges pertaining to sodium reduction, since it reduces the overall acceptability. In any food sodium can be reduced through a gradual lowering of salt level, however, this would require several months since it also decreases the overall palatability of foods. Another strategy that can be adopted to overcome this problem is to employ salt substitutes like monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG has 30% less sodium in comparison to table salt and can help maintain palatability of foods. There are many studies supporting this observation. Our studies on the acceptability profile of salt reduced MSG incorporated fried preparations showed that approximately 25% of salt could be reduced in products without any significant effect on flavor profile.  The results indicated that spice added product could be consumed with lower sodium levels and MSG had synergistic effect with spices.  In salt reduced tomato soups, the control product with low salt was given lower scores as against MSG incorporated samples. It was also observed that increasing levels of MSG resulted in higher acceptance of products. Hence, it can be said that using MSG as a substitute would be a better option for maintaining adequate palatability in savoury foods with reduced sodium content.

Introduction

Sodium chloride is considered as an indispensable ingredient in most of the processed savoury products. The salty taste contributed by sodium chloride is a prototypical stimulus [1]. Sodium is known to improve various sensory properties of food; mainly by increasing saltiness and sweetness, decreasing bitterness and also bringing about other congruent flavor effects [2]. The overall liking and acceptance of salty foods and their governing factors are not well understood. Certain environmental factors like, level of sodium in diet and sodium content in habitual diet are proposed to have a significant role [3, 4]. Sodium is an essential element needed for maintaining normal physiological functions. The estimated current sodium intake of populations across the world seems to be exceeding the normal recommendation [5] and is not showing any decline. This has raised concerns regarding the safety of consumers since high sodium intake is strongly associated with an increase in blood pressure. Apart from this, it is also known to have other negative health effects such as gastric cancer and decreased bone mineral density [6].

It has been reported that a modest 15% reduction in sodium intake can prevent cardiovascular disease related deaths all over the world over in 10 years [7]. Despite its negative health consequences, humans are still continuing to consume sodium in the form of salt in amounts well above the recommended levels in most of the developed countries. Hence, this should become the prime priority for public health and well being. Due to this, a wide variety of strategies to reduce sodium in different food matrices have been tried. However, success is said to be often very limited since, sodium reduction tends to have adverse effects both on taste quality as well as flavor perception [8]. As per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation, an adult individual is permitted to consume <5g>

Concenrns for Food Industry With Reference to Sodium Reduction

Sodium chloride is one of the most commonly used food additives, because it is low cost and has the ability to increase one’s liking of foods via bringing about modification in flavor and other functional parameters in a food matrix [11,12]. Sodium chloride is indispensable in food processing. It is normally added to achieve technological properties such as dough development in bread and it also helps to bind water in meats. Thus, it helps to preserve the products. It has been reported that the sodium content of many food products exceeds the maximum set limits and such levels are thought to produce positive sensory effects [13]. A survey was carried out in UK among the food manufacturers to collect responses regarding the usage of sodium chloride in a wide variety of processed foods. The commonly cited response was that salt imparts appetizing flavor and the constraint to reduce sodium content in food was that it is known to greatly affect the palatability and consumer preference [14]. As sodium reduction is known to reduce food acceptability, it would increase the pressure on the food manufacturers to maintain and retain current sodium levels in processed foods. Sodium reduction in a food matrix is known to have greater impact on the overall taste perception. The major areas of concern include the following aspects.

1. Loss of Palatability and Reduced Consumer Acceptance

In a food choice taste is considered as the major governing factor. Humans and animals are known to have liking towards salty taste [15]. Therefore, when there is a greater reduction in the level of salt, consumer acceptance would tend to decline [16, 17]. A gradual small incremental decrease in the amount of added sodium is thought to be effective since consumers may not be able to detect the level of reduction up to certain point [18]. A continued reduction in the amount of sodium added to a food product inevitably leads to a saturation point at which a difference in flavor profile would reach a detectable level and the resultant effect is reduced food acceptability. Investigation by Lukas et al. [19] demonstrated that sodium reduction in a meal component to the extent of >50% was found to have only a minor decrease in liking. Thus, a large amount of sodium reduction could be achieved. But, the salty taste of sodium needs to be replaced with a suitable substance in order to have positive consumer acceptance.

2. Textural and other Quality Characteristics

Reducing sodium chloride level has been demonstrated to negatively affect the textural parameter along with affecting other parameters including moisture level, fat content, pH, starter culture, various additives and even processing conditions [1]. For instance, sodium chloride helps to bind the food constituents such as proteins, fats and even water. Therefore, the meat batters containing low sodium need to incorporate a sodium replacer. This not only helps to achieve salty taste, but also helps to compensate for other functional roles which might be lost when there is low sodium content in a food matrix [20]. Sodium chloride helps to inhibit the growth of yeasts. It also facilitates the development of gluten structure in bread. Therefore, when there is a reduction in the level of sodium chloride, it would increase the risk of rapid spoilage through the growth of yeast colonies and could also affect gluten development which is known to have negative effect on the texture of bread [21]. In cheese preparation if the sodium content is reduced, it could affect the starter culture activity. In US, the food industries are marketing cheddar cheeses with different levels of sodium chloride [22].

3. Food Preservation and Microbial Safety

Sodium helps to reduce the water activity and thus limits the growth of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in a wide variety of food system [23]. Sodium chloride is widely used in meat industry both as a preservative and for palatability, though consumers are now gradually becoming aware of adverse effects of excessive salt consumption [24]. In processed meat products and cheeses, sodium chloride is known to minimize the growth and production of toxin especially by C. Botulinum [25], and others such as sodium diacetate also show similar effect for Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria in ready-to-eat meats [26]. On the other hand, sodium reduction would tend to increase the growth of bacteria and bring down the shelf life. When sodium is reduced certain factors such as cooking, packaging and storage temperature should be given utmost importance. Other preservatives need to be added to extend the shelf life. All low sodium products need to be evaluated for its microbiological safety and shelf stability as these qualities are greatly associated with adverse effects on the stored products in low sodium environment [23].

Use of Salt Substitutes

Due to the adverse effect of high sodium consumption on health, it has become imperative to use a suitable alternative that can compensate for the salty taste along with maintaining normal sensory attributes. The food processing industries have resorted to use salt substitutes to maintain normal sensory attributes of savoury foods. These salt substitutes mimic the pure taste of saltiness and can be incorporated to foods with an objective of maintaining the savoury taste. Sodium chloride replacers such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate are being used to replace or enhance salty taste in a range of food products [27]. These salts, though they are beneficial in contributing salty taste, may also bring about certain undesirable effects such as bitter after-taste, metallic or astringent tastes. Due to this, their use is currently limited in various food manufacturing sectors [28, 29]. Food grade acids have also been shown to be effective in enhancing the saltiness of sodium. Little and Brinner [30] conducted an evaluation of the sodium chloride and citric acid content of tomato soup to know the taste preference and saltiness. It was observed that, the intensity of saltiness increased along with an increase in citric acid concentration.

The other viable solution to improve the sensory profile of low sodium products would be to incorporate certain flavouring agents such as herbs and spices and flavour potentiating agents. One of the most important flavor potentiating agents is monosodium glutamate (MSG) which is responsible for contributing umami flavor and has been proven to be a good flavor enhancer especially in low sodium chloride products. MSG is known to contain only 12% of sodium which is comparatively lower than common table salt and its incorporation would help to achieve normal salty taste perception along with maintaining normal sensory attributes without leading to substantial increase in total sodium content of the product [11].

Results and Discussion

Research Studies on The Sensory Aspects of MSG Incorporated Salt Reduced Products

The preferred level of salt in any food product can be lowered through a reduction in sodium intake. This should be exercised gradually. Since a sudden reduction would tend to have initially a decreased palatability. This attempt may take several months of effort to accustom to low salt profile of the products. Available evidence suggests that low sodium foods would be more acceptable when prepared by adding acids and other flavouring ingredients in comparison to foods made without adding acid or any flavouring agents. It is also known to cause acquisition of a preference for the newly formulated foods [31]. MSG is known to alter the flavor profiles through which it brings about enhanced palatability.

Table 1: Studies on the acceptability profile of low salt products
 
Table 2: Studies on the acceptability profile of the products prepared in our laboratory

Conclusion

The above studies imply that MSG is the most suitable salt replacer with a great potential to maintain the pleasantness, saltiness, familiarity and taste intensity of various products. Hence, with low sodium chloride it would be possible to achieve greater level of consumer acceptability without substantially adding up to increased sodium consumption. Thus, the prevailing problem associated with high sodium intake could be minimized.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner