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*Corresponding Author: Abdela Befa, Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Centre.
Citation: Abdela Befa, Desta Fikadu, Beriso Mieso, Mamud Aman, (2021). Effect of drying method and storage days on essential oil yield and quality of Rue (Ruta chalepensis) leaves. J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 4(3); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/049
Copyright: © 2021, Abdela Befa, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 09 April 2021 | Accepted: 19 April 2021 | Published: 30 April 2021
Keywords: essential oil; refractive index; specific gravity; hydro distillation; moisture content; food preservation; antimicrobial activity
The genus Rue (Ruta chalepensis) is an aromatic medicinal plant used in the folk as an herbal remedy medicine for the treatment of a variety of disorders in Ethiopia. Information about the effects of drying methods and storage days on essential oil physical properties is limited. The fresh leaf of rue was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center and was subjected to sun and shade drying methods and four storage days (0,5,10, and 15) days for each day's moisture content and essential oil extraction using hydro distillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index). The highest value of moisture content in percent was recorded at 0-day storage days with the value of 73.533 and the lowest one was recorded at 15-day sundry with the value of 8.400. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content in volume by weight in percent was 0.673 and 0.174 at 0 day and 10-day sun, respectively. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content weight by weight in percent was 0.996 and 0.287 at 0 day and 15-day sun, respectively. The results showed that the rue dried under shade had a higher level of moisture content, essential oil content, volume by weight and weight by weight, specific gravity, and refractive index compared to the rue leaf dried under sun-drying methods. In the case of storage days in all parameters except refractive index and specific gravity, the rue fresh leaf (0 days) was higher in moisture content and essential oil contents compared to others storage days. This study provides evidence that drying herbs for different storage days and different drying methods affect the essential oil content and physical properties of essential oil.
Essential oils are components of herbs and plants which are rich in hydrocarbon compounds that have oxygenated, hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated functional groups [1, 2]. Essential oils of plant origin are an important product of agriculture-based industries and have various applications, mainly in food preservation and as flavoring agents in food products, drinks, perfumeries, cosmetics, and medicines particularly as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, local anesthetic, anthelmintic, antipruritic, and antiseptic as well as many other therapeutic uses [3-6]. At present, there is a growing interest in essential oils and their components, particularly for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which can provide, for instance, alternative functional ingredients to extend the shelf life of food products and ensure microbial safety for consumers [7].
Rue (Ruta chalepensis) is an aromatic evergreen shrub that belongs to the family Rutaceae and native to the Mediterranean and is currently distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical countries [8]. Rue is the source of diverse classes of natural products with biological activities including antifungal, antioxidant, phytotoxic, abortive, depressant, antidotal, and anti-inflammatory activities [9-11].
Rue essential oils mainly contain ketones, acyclic alkenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, esters, and aldehydes which are used in different industries, including food, cosmetics, perfumes, and phytotherapy [12, 13]. These compounds are produced during secondary metabolism in plants, and their synthesis and accumulation might vary by species [14, 15].
In Ethiopia, rue is called Tenadem in Amharic and Sunkurata in Oromiffa, cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal herb in gardens used as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial, to protect against free radicals, to treat veins, in the treated tradition of eyesight and milk flavor and Preservation [16].
Drying is the most common and fundamental method for postharvest preservation of medicinal plants because it allows for the quick conservation of the medicinal qualities of the plant material in an uncomplicated manner [17, 18]. Drying of this plant reduces the growth of microorganisms and prevents some biochemical reactions [19, 20]. However, it has several negative physical and chemical modifications of the quality of the marketed plant such as changes in appearance, smell, and possible loss of essential oils [21, 22]. This led us to study the possible modifications of the essential oil constituents occurring during the drying and storage of the plant under defined conditions [23, 24].
The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of drying methods for four storage different storage days (0,5,10, and15 days) on the essential oil yield and physical properties of rue leaves.
Sample Collection and Preparation
The sample of fresh rue was collected from the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center experimental field at optimum harvesting age. The sampling site was located about 267 km south of Addis Ababa with altitude range between 1760 and 1920 masl and annual rainfall and temperature 1372 mm and 19°C respectively[25]. The collected samples were weighed and transported to Wondo Genet Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory and subjected to four different storage times (0,5,10, and 15) and shaded and sun-dried samples.
Essential Oil Extraction
The essential oil was extracted from fresh and dried leaves using the Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours by hydro-distillation method and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 according to [14].
Moisture Content
The moisture content of rue samples was determined from the fresh and dried leaves according to the method described by [26]. The moisture content was calculated as follows
Physical Quality parameters of essential oil
Essential Oil Content
The Essential oil content of rue samples was calculated by the following formula.
Specific Gravity of the Essential Oil
The specific gravity was determined according to the method described by [27]. The 5ml of distilled water was added to the cleaned pycnometer. The distilled water was weighed (Mwater). The distilled water was removed and the pycnometer was dried. Then the same volume of oil was added to the pycnometer and was weighed (Moil). Finally, the specific gravity or relative density was calculated using the following formula
Refractive Index Determination
The refractive indexes of the essential oils were measured by a refractometer (Reichert, AR200) according to the method described by [27, 28]. The prism of the digital spectrophotometer was cleaned, and the red button was pressed first to make sure that it was cleaned well. The sample was applied to the prism of a digital spectrophotometer using a micropipette. Finally, the result of the refractive index was read and recorded. The triplicate analysis occurred and the result was the average triplicate value in all cases.
Data Analysis
Experimental data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences among means at p<0>
Effect of drying on essential oil composition
The results of the effect of drying methods and storage days on the essential oil, moisture content, and physical properties of rue essential oils obtained from fresh and dried leaves were shown in (Table 1). The physical quality parameters of extracted rue essential oil like moisture content, oil content in terms of both volumes to weight and weight to weight-based, specific gravity (relative density), and refractive index were analyzed for both sun and shade dried rue samples. The highest moisture content of rue leaves was obtained at 0 days for both sun and shade dry with the value of 73.533. The next highest value was 5-day shade dry and 5-day sundry with the values 40.667 and 31.133, respectively. Followed by 10-day shade and 10-day sundry with the values 25.533 and 10.800. The lowest moisture content value was obtained at the 15-day shade and 15-sun dry with the values 13.467% and 8.400 %, respectively. The oil content in terms of volume by weight was large at 0-day for both shade and sundry with the value of 0.673. The oil content in terms of volume by weight at 5-day was 0.281 and 0.242 for shade and sun, respectively. At 10-day, the oil content was 0.209% and 0.174% for shade and sun, respectively. At 15-day, it has the value of 0.193% and 0.182% for shade and sun, respectively. The oil content in terms of weight by weight was 0.996% for both shade and sun at 0-day. At 5-day, it has the value of 0.444% and 0.383% for shade and sun, respectively. At 10-day, it has the value of 0.354% and 0.295% for shade and sun, respectively. At 15-day, the oil content was 0.3044% and 0.287% for shade and sun, respectively. The value of essential oil content in this study was found within the range of research findings reported by [10, 29-31]. The specific gravity of rue essential oil was 0.860 at 0-day and 15-day shade dry, 0.853 and 0.863 for 5-day and 10-day shade dry. The specific gravity of rue oil for sundry was 0.860 at 0-day,0.850 at 5-day, and 0.880 at both 10-day and 15-day. The refractive index of rue oil was 1.432 nD at 0 5, and 10 days and 1.434 nD at 15-day for shade dry. For the sun dry, the value of the refractive index was 1.432 nD at 0 and 5-day, 1.438 nD and 1.435 nD at10 and 15 days respectively.
The results of the effect of the interaction between drying method on storage days that shows significant were done and the result is shown in (Table 2). At 5 and 10 drying days, the moisture content, volume by weight, weight by weight, and specific gravity are significantly different between the sun and shade dry. However, there is no significant difference in the refractive index value between sun and shade dry. In the interaction of drying methods and storage days, shade to 0 days is the highest in all parameters except specific gravity, and sun to 15 days is the lowest. From this, the drying to storage days affects the essential oil content and physical parameters of rue leaf.
The effects of drying method and storage days on the essential oil content, moisture content, and some physical (specific gravity and refractive index) properties of essential oil rue leaf, the results show qualitative differences depending on the storage days and in some parameters in drying conditions. In this study, as the storage days increase, the essential oil content decreases. Further study should be done for essential oil chemical composition.
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural and Medicinal and Aromatic Research program for financial support of this study. Food Science and Nutrition laboratory for their technical support, and we would like to thank Mr. Habtamu Gudisa, Henock Tesfaye, and Wondemagegn Abraham for their contribution during raw data analysis.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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