AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article
*Corresponding Author: Abyt Ibraimov, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Citation: Abyt Ibraimov, Stalbek Akhunbaev, Orozali Uzakov, Argen Alymkulov, Mayramkan Kerimaly and Tahmina Tayirova. (2023) COVID-19: Another Important Factor Aggravating the Course of the Disease. J. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews,7(4); DOI:10.31579/2692-9406/138
Copyright: © 2022, Abyt Ibraimov, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 18 November 2022 | Accepted: 30 November 2022 | Published: 28 December 2022
Keywords: COVID-19; human body heat conductivity; human age; obesity; heterochromatin; temperature homeostasis
Apparently, COVID-19 can infect all individuals in the human population. However, not everyone is seeking medical help. Perhaps most people carry the infection relatively easily, and some may not notice at all that they have contracted COVID-19. Nevertheless, some infected individuals still seek medical help, and some of them need inpatient treatment (hospitalization). Factors aggravating the course of COVID-19 are known. Among these factors, the most important was the age of a person and obesity. There are other factors that can affect the course of the disease: low blood oxygen saturation (below 88%), diabetes, chronic heart disease, weak immunity, vitamin D and K deficiency. Our own experience has shown that there may be another important factor that could affect the severity of the clinical course of COVID-19. By this factor we mean a little-studied physical characteristic of a human, namely the level of thermal conductivity of his body. In particular, it turned out that individuals with low thermal conductivity of the body are more difficult to tolerate COVID-19.
Apparently, with COVID-19, all individuals in the population can become infected. However, not all infected individuals go to the hospital or seek medical help. Factors aggravating the course of COVID-19 are known. Among these factors, the most important was the age of a person. In particular, the older the patient, the higher the probability of a difficult course of the disease. Statistics showed that the most common indications for hospitalization were in patients over 75 years old, as well as people over the age of 65 and those who were obese. The factor that most strongly influenced the severe course of the disease was the low oxygen saturation of the blood (below 88%). There are other factors that can affect the course of the disease: diabetes, chronic heart disease, weak immunity, vitamin D and K deficiency [1].
These circumstances prompted us to pay attention to the possible role of another factor that could affect to the vulnerability, and the severity of the clinical course of COVID-19. By this factor, we mean some the physical characteristics of the human bodies, namely the level of their thermal conductivity. Since this constitutional feature of the human body has a hereditary nature and is still little known to clinicians, it was considered necessary to give very short information.
It turned out that the exact measurement of the thermal conductivity of the body of living organisms, including humans, is a completely unexplored problem. In the literature available to us, we could not find not only a special method, but also even any attempt to estimate the thermal conductivity of macroscopic organisms [2-5].
As is known, thermal conductivity is the transfer of energy from more heated parts of the body to less heated bodies because of thermal motion and interaction of micro particles. Thermal conductivity leads to equalization of body temperature. Thermal conductivity due to energy transfer is one of the three transfer phenomena existing in nature (thermal conductivity, diffusion and viscosity). All substances possess thermal conductivity: gases, liquids and solids. In solids, unlike gases and liquids, convection is impossible, so heat transfer is carried thermal conductivity.
In thermophysics, the thermal conductivity of solids (e.g. metal) is measured by determining the thermal conductivity coefficient by the calorimetric method. Heat transfer occurs through a metal rod, the ends of which are placed in a calorimeter with water taken at temperatures Т1 и T2 (T1 > T2). To measure the thermal conductivity coefficient of a given metal rod, it is necessary to determine the amount of heat transferred and time by experience.
It is obvious that the direct transfer of the method of measuring thermal conductivity used in thermophysics is not acceptable for the human body, both for technical and ethical reasons. However, we tried to approach the solution of this problem indirectly by estimating the thermal conductivity of only a part of the human body (hereinafter, the human body heat conductivity [BHC]). To do this, we had to modify the generally accepted method of physicists so that it was acceptable to humans. By trial and error, we have developed two methods for assessing a human BHC. The first method is adapted for stationary (e.g. in laboratory conditions), and the second for "field" research ("express method"). The stationary method requires special equipment and temperature conditions for conducting calorimetric studies. The second method is very simple, takes little time and does not require expensive devices and specially trained personnel. To implement this technique, it is enough to have a pyrometer (a device that has become popular since the COVID-19 pandemic for non-contact measurement of forehead temperature in people on the street, in public transport, airports, etc.) and nursing staff, which measures the surface temperatures of the forehead and palm (for details see [2-5]). In this study, we used only the express method to assess human BHC.
The objects of the study were female individuals of Kyrgyz nationality at reproductive age. Female students of educational institutions in Bishkek were studied as a control group. The study sample included individuals who received medical care in hospitals specially organized for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and were discharged as recovered patients (reconvalescents). The choice of female reconvalescents was due to a number of reasons: a) in females in the population, the level of BHC is, on average, lower than in men; b) there is no Y chromosome in the karyotype of women, which carries the largest block of constitutive heterochromatin in the human genome, responsible for the high level of BHC; c) constitutive heterochromatin on the Y chromosome is also characterized by high variability (polymorphism) in the population [2,3,5].
To assess the human BHC, the surface temperatures of the forehead and right palm of the examined individuals were measured. For the convenience of analyzing the numerical results of experiments with all measurements, when the pyrometer readings coincided with an odd number, its values were underestimated by one tenth of a degree to get an even number. For example, if the pyrometer showed at 31.5 ° C, it was recorded as 31.4 °C. After measuring the temperature of the forehead and palm, the differences between these two characteristics were calculated to assess the level of BHC of this individual [3,5,6].
Previously, we established the existence of a connection between the temperature difference between two parts of the body (for example, the surface of the palm and forehead) and the human BHC [2-5]. In particular, it was shown that the smaller the temperature difference between the palm and the forehead surface, the higher the human BHC, and vice versa. If the temperature difference between the palm and the forehead does not exceed 1.0 ° C, then such an individual has a high BHC. If this difference exceeds 2.1 °C, then such an individual has a body with low heat conductivity (for details see [2,3,5]).
Table 1 presents the results of measurements of the forehead surface temperature in the individuals we examined. As can be seen from this table, the control sample and the reconvalescents differ statistically significantly from each other. In particular, it turned out that individuals who had COVID-19 had an average forehead temperature significantly higher than in the control.
Table 1: Distribution of forehead temperature (t °C) in healthy individuals and reconvalescents who underwent COVID-19.
Table 2 presents the results of measurements of the surface temperature of the right palm of the individuals we examined. As can be seen from this table, the control sample and the reconvalescents differ statistically significantly from each other. In particular, individuals who have undergone COVID-19 have an average palm temperature significantly lower than in the control.
Table 2: Distribution of palm temperature (t °C) in healthy individuals and reconvalescents who underwent COVID-19.
Table 3 shows the distributions of the temperature difference (t °C) of the forehead and palm in healthy individuals and reconvalescents. As can be seen from the table, according to this characteristic, the control sample and the reconvalescents statistically significantly differ from each other. In particular, it turned out that in individuals who underwent COVID-19, the temperature difference between the palm and forehead was significantly higher than in the control sample.
Table 3: Distribution of the temperature difference (t °C) of the forehead and palm in healthy individuals and reconvalescents who have undergone COVID-19.
Thus, our studies have shown that individuals who were admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 have a low BHC. If this is really the case, then we can expect that: a) all individuals can get sick with COVID-19, regardless of the BHC level; b) this infection is most easily tolerated by individuals with high BHC and they rarely seek medical help; c) COVID-19 is hard to tolerate by individuals with low BHC and they are most often admitted to hospitals. However, we cannot say that individuals with a relatively high BHC compared to other patients recover more often from hospitalized patients, since we do not yet have data on the level of BHC among the deceased due to the ban on working in the "red zone", where COVID-19 patients are treated.
Earlier we showed that on the population level: a) individuals in a population differ from each other on the level of BHC; b) individuals differ in BHC from different age groups, on the average human BHC level is steadily changed decreasing with age; c) weight, height, types of body constitution, pulse rate and level of arterial pressure do not effect on the variability of BHC in population; d) individuals suffering from alimentary obesity are characterized by extremely low BHC; f) the indigenous inhabitants of the low mountains and low geographical latitudes differ on average in higher BHC than the inhabitants of the highlands and high latitudes [2-5].
It is noteworthy that these results correspond to the data obtained in the study of the quantitative content of constitutive heterochromatin in the genome, which determines the level of human BHC, namely: a) at the population level, the amount of heterochromatin in the karyotype of men is usually greater than that of women [7]; b) the amount of chromosomal heterochromatin in different age groups is different, most of the heterochromatin material is present in the genome of newborns, and the smallest amount in the elderly [8-10] and c) the largest amount of heterochromatin is present in the genome of populations living permanently at low geographical latitudes, the smallest in the indigenous inhabitants of the Far North and highlands, and residents of temperate climates zones in this respect occupy an intermediate position [2,11].
As statistics show, most often indications for hospitalization were in patients over 75 years old, as well as people over the age of 65 and those who were obese. In the light of the above, related to the wide variability of the BHC level in individuals in the population, this circumstance could find a rational explanation. Therefore, for example, according to the principle of temperature homeostasis, excess heat must leave the body; otherwise, dispersing in tissues, it causes a rise in temperature that is incompatible with life. As heat cannot be used by the body as a source of energy necessary for useful biological work, removal of heat is apparently the most important task of thermoregulation, since only a few degrees are needed to prevent thermal death. If heat emission into the external environment ceases completely, dangerous events of overheating during complete muscular rest may develop in 3-4 hours in man; in mice the corresponding period takes about 40 minutes, while in small birds- only a quarter of an hour. During moderate muscular exercise these periods are several times shorter [12]. Thus, the organism is not a thermal “machine” and does not use heat to perform physiological work. Therefore, thermoregulation is mainly directed at preventing overheating of the organism, which in terms of biology is more dangerous [13].
Above said we want to emphasize that the level of BHC is most directly related to the ability of the human body to promptly and effectively remove excess heat outside his body [9,10,13]. Since the level of BHC in the population of elderly and obesity individuals is the lowest, it is easy to imagine how difficult it is to deal with an increase in body temperature and its effective elimination. It is no coincidence that the main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In short, older and obesity people with low BHC will experience serious difficulties in removing excess heat outside the body.
Acknowledgments. We apologize to that authors whose work is not cited or is cited only through reviews. The reason for this is only the space limitations of the publication.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
