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*Corresponding Author: Laaliaoui Aymen, Mohammed VI Gynecological Oncology Center, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.
Citation: Laaliaoui Aymen, Tossi Sara, Benhessou Mustapha, Ennachit Mohamed and El Karroumi Mohamed, (2024), Conisation and cervical dysplasia concordance between cytology, Colposcopy and histology, J. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics, 8(4); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/199
Copyright: © 2024, Laaliaoui Aymen. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 12 June 2024 | Accepted: 08 July 2024 | Published: 17 July 2024
Keywords: cervical dysplasia; cytology; colposcopy and histology
Conization is a crucial component of the diagnosis and, more importantly, the management of neoplasia found by cytology. We attempted to incorporate conization into the diagnosis and treatment toolkit for precancerous conditions of the uterine cervix in light of a retrospective series of 15 cases. It is required for the diagnosis of microinfestation and enhances the diagnostic yield offered by cytology and biopsy by itself or when guided by colposcopy. In 82% of the cases in our series, the FCU was in agreement with conization, but in 12% of the cases, it overstated the lesion. In 67% of cases, a biopsy resulted in an appropriate diagnosis. In 20% of cases, it overstated the lesions, and in 12% of cases, it underestimated them.
The development of cervical dysplasia or intra-epithelial neoplasia (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: CIN) begins at the squamous cell junction.
Prevention mainly consists of detecting precancerous lesions using regular FCU.
Care of patients with a positive screening test is becoming more explicit. It is based on carrying out a colposcopy accompanied by cervical biopsies.
If a precancerous lesion is discovered, treatment by conization can be offered.
Our study aims, during a retrospective series, to analyze the results of conization of the cervix, which remains the reference intervention in the treatment of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and to carry out a critical analysis of the comparison between the data of the cervical-uterine smear (FCU), biopsies and the histological results of conization.
We carried out a retrospective study concerning 15 women who underwent conization at the Mohammed VI center for the treatment of cancers at the IBN ROCHD University Hospital of CASABLANCA during a period spanning from 2018 to 2019.
FCU results are established according to the Bethesda classification.
The results of colposcopy are expressed according to the terminology of the French society of colposcopy and cervicovaginal pathology.
The search for agreement between the different qualitative parameters was carried out by calculating the concordance coefficient: Cohen's k.
The coding and processing of the data as well as the calculation of the sensitivity were carried out using Excel software. The analysis was carried out by the Epi info 7 software.
Conization was carried out in all patients either for therapeutic purposes or for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
In our study conization was indicated in
| INDICATION | NUMBER | % |
| CIN2 | 6 | 40% |
| CIN3 | 6 | 40% |
| CIS | 1 | 6.67 |
| DISCORDANCE COLPO-CYTOHISTOLOGICAL | 2 | 13.33 |
For discordance in the colpo-cyto-histological tripod
Two techniques were used in the practice of conization, 13 cases by cold scalpel (86.67%) and 2 cases by electric scalpel (13.33%).
| FCU | OPERATIVE ROOM |
| HSIL | CIS |
| HSIL | CIS |
| HSIL | CIN1 |
| HSIL | CIN3 |
| HSIL | CIN3 |
| HSIL | CIN2 |
| HSIL | CIN2 |
| HSIL | CIN2 |
| HSIL | CIN2 |
| HSIL | CIN1 |
| LSIL | CIN1 |
| ASCUS | CIS |
| ASCUS | CIN2 |
| NOT DONE | CIN2 |
| NOT DONE | CIN3 |
Table 1 : - Results of FCU and operating room.
In 9 cases (82%) we noted a concordance between the results of the smear and those of the specimen. 2. A discrepancy: due to an excessive estimate in two cases (12%) The comparison between the results of the FCU and the histological results of the conization specimen aims to establish a correlation between the severity of the cytolgic abnormalities of the FCU and the severity of the histological results of conization.
Based on this statistical analysis, there was moderate agreement with a kappa of 0.421.
The sensitivity rate was 81% and it was impossible to calculate the specificity given that our sample only contained positive FCUs.
| COLPOSCOPY | OPERATIVE ROOM |
| Not specified | CIS |
| Not specified | CIS |
| TAG 2 | CIN1 |
| Not specified | CIN3 |
| Not specified | CIN3 |
| TAG1 | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN1 |
| TAG1 | CIN1 |
| Not specified | CIS |
| TAG2 | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN2 |
| Not specified | CIN3 |
Table 2 : - Colposcopy results and operating specimen.
04 patients had undergone colposcopy.
Thus, we note a concordance of 25 % between the results of colposcopy and those of the operating specimen in one case. 2. A divergence: in 3 situations, or 75%.
The analysis of the colposcopic pictures and the histological results on the conization specimen aims to establish a correlation between the severity of the colposcopic abnormalities and the severity of the histological results.
In this analysis, there was no significant relationship because the kappa coefficient was zero.
The sensitivity was 33% and it was impossible to calculate the specificity given that our sample only includes positive cases.
| BIOPSY | OPERATIVE ROOM |
| CIS | CIS |
| CIN3 | CIS |
| CIN3 | CIN1 |
| CIN3 | CIN3 |
| CIN3 | CIN3 |
| CIN2 | CIN2 |
| CIN2 | CIN2 |
| CIN2 | CIN2 |
| CIN2 | CIN2 |
| CIN1 | CIN1 |
| CIN2 | CIN1 |
| CIN3 | CIS |
| CIN1 | CIN2 |
| CIN2 | CIN2 |
| CIN3 | CIN3 |
Table 3 : -Biopsy results and surgical specimen.
In 10 cases, or 67%, we noted a concordance between the results of the biopsy and those of the surgical specimen. 2. A divergence in 5 situations.
The results of the cervical biopsy are compared to the histological results of the conization specimen in order to seek a correlation between the degree of severity of the histological abnormalities of the biopsy and the severity of the histological results of the conization.
According to this statistical analysis, there was no significant relationship because the coefficient was of low significance (KAPPA coefficient of 0.286).
The histological result of colposcopy-directed cervical biopsy is 76% sensitive.
Concordance biopsy / colposcopy / conization / FCU / results
Cyto-histological agreement
| authors | year | Rate of concordance cytohistological |
| Elbahja | 2011 | 87.67% |
| LANSAC | 2007 | 86% |
| PORT | 2003/2005 | 60.7% |
| PORT | 2002/2005 | 68.5% |
| PORT | 2003/2004 | 57.9% |
Painting: -Concordance rate according to the authors.
Colpo-histological agreement
The probability of having a CIN2 and 3 type lesion, or even the beginning of invasion (CIN2+), increases with the severity of the anomalies at the initial FCU and with the severity of the colposcopic impression.
In patients with CIN 2 on biopsy, the risk of diagnosing a CIN2+ type lesion on the surgical specimen would be 37% for a patient with low grade FCU and whose coposcopic impression is also low grade, versus almost 70% in cases of high-grade FCU with the presence of major abnormalities on colposcopy [1,2]. that is to say that the risk of having CIN 2+ on the analysis of the conization specimen for patients with a diagnosis of CIN2 on biopsy is 2.8 times greater in the case of high-grade FCU than for those with a low-grade smear (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.7-4.8; p<0>
The performance of colposcopy also depends on the position of the internal boundary of the junction zone. colposcopy is all the more effective when the internal limit of the transformation zone is entirely exocervical.[3]
In our series, we note
A concordance in 1 case (25%) between the results of the colposcopy and that of the surgical specimen A discrepancy in 3 cases (75%)
In our series we noted a concordance in 9 cases (82%) between the results of the smear and that of the surgical specimen. an overestimation in 2 cases (12%): the cytological diagnosis was overestimated by the presence of HSIL compared to CIN 1 in the surgical specimen.
Biopsy/conization agreement
According to Badlauf and Ritter [4], the overall histological concordance was 73%. They counted the errors in under- or over-evaluation (41.7% to 54%) with 47% in the case of low grade, 88% in the case of high grade, 21% for metaplasia and 96%. for cancers. the overevaluations were the result of small lesions, which the biopsy had perhaps removed entirely, or which had regressed spontaneously in a process of healing and tissue repair following the trauma of the biopsy.
The main causes of under-evaluation of biopsy results (5 to 30%) were the endocervical location of the lesions during inconclusive colposcopies and the error of the coloposcopist who did not direct the biopsy to the most severe lesion.[11]
Zmatkov [5] evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of directed biopsies in 60 patients with abnormal cytological, in 47 (78.3%) of them, there was a coincidence within one degree of the histological results. For the remaining 13 cases, 4 represented false positives (6.7%), and 9 represented false negatives (15%). The sensitivity was therefore 83% and the positive predictive value 91.7%.
In our series we noted a concordance in 10 cases or 67 % between the results of the biopsy and that of the surgical specimen, an underestimate: in 3 cases or (20%), with CIN3 on the biopsy and CIS to the operating specimen in 2 cases, and CIN1 0 the biopsy and CIN2 to the operating specimen in 1 case. An over-estimation: in 2 cases, i.e. (13%): with CIN 2 on the biopsy and CIN1 on the surgical specimen in 2 cases, and CIN3 on the biopsy and CIN1 on the operating specimen in 1 case.
The FCU-colposcopy-cervical biopsy tripod, and the concordance between its elements makes it possible to assess the risk of ignoring an early invasive cervical lesion and to guide the clinician in its management.
Conization is confirmed as a reference technique in the management of precancerous lesions of the cervix due to its effectiveness and safety, however it requires a prerequisite, namely adherence on the part of the patient to monitoring that is as necessary as it is restrictive.
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