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*Corresponding Author: Rocío Llamas-Ramos, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007, Salamanca. Spain.
Citation: Rocío Llamas-Ramos, Beatriz María Bermejo-Gil, Fátima Pérez-Robledo and Inés Llamas-Ramos (2022) Changing Habits due to the covid-19 Pandemic. An online Epidemiological Survey. J. Clinical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, 4(1); DOI:10.31579/2642-1674/014
Copyright: © 2022 Rocío Llamas-Ramos, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 25 February 2022 | Accepted: 10 March 2022 | Published: 28 March 2022
Keywords: social habits; sars-CoV-2; spanish population; survey
The coronavirus Sars-Cov-2 is the cause of the pandemic declared in March 2020. Since then, countries have developed different strategies to control the spread, inducing changes in citizens daily-life. A telematic questionnaire with daily habits performed before and during the quarantine was designed, without regional or sex restriction, and minimum age of eighteen years. 1800 answers were recruited. The mean age was 41.3 ± 12.9 years, and women represented the 69.8%. More than half of the population (53%) carried out face-to-face work, 18.8% telecommuting, and 17.5% combined both methods. Shopping habits after the pandemic reduced their shopping frequency in person, beside no changes were observed in online shopping. Walking and gyms/sports centers activity was decreased in frequency. Going to bars or restaurants habit has also been reduced: "never” option was the preferred one (46.3%-54.3% respectively). Finally, friends and family meetings has also been reduced from several times a week to several times a month. A relationship between having suffered from the disease and restricting activities that suppose a greater risk has been found. Spanish population has modified behaviors since the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic onset. Activities that involve social contact have a frequency reduction.
The new coronavirus Sars-Cov-2 is the cause of the pandemic declared in March 2020. Inducing a variety of atypical respiratory diseases, which present different symptoms and morbidity depending on individual genetics [1]. Among the most frequent symptoms are fever, cough, anosmia, ageusia, myalgia, and extreme fatigue [2]. In some cases, these symptoms can be severe which could cause the death of patients infected by the virus.
One of the main characteristics of the virus is its high capacity for spreading and contagion. Currently, there are more than 100 million infected people around the world and the numbers are increasing every day [3]. This contagious capacity, together with the severity of the symptoms, has forced political systems around the world to take measures to prevent the spread [4,5]. The measures that have been used are social distancing, confinement, early case detection, isolation, contact trading, and quarantine of exposed people [4]. Among them, social distancing has proven to be the most effective in preventing new infections [5,6]. The spread of the virus is reduced by up to 93.3% by maintaining these measures [7].
Although social distancing measures are effective for the pandemic, they
are associated with negative consequences, including the development of mental illnesses [8,9]. Among them, the most prevalent symptoms have been anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress [9].
Added to health consequences, social environment aspects have been affected by the covid-19 [10]. In this sense, social life is greatly compromised.
It is known that the attitude and capacity of the planning social activities following social distancing restrictions influences the control of virus spread [11]. How people deal with restriction measures can significantly influence the pandemic development, since it is necessary to have a good attitude towards social distancing to control social mobility and to avoid the increase of infections increase [12].
For this reason, it is necessary to know the social habits of the populations and their attitude to restrictive measures, to face the third wave of the pandemic in a more effective way.
Objectives
Epidemiological study to define how the habits of the Spanish population have changed during the quarantine period caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Methods
The questionnaire is designed to include questions about daily habits performed before and during the quarantine.
The questionnaire was designed through “Google Forms”. Before its completion, the participants read an information sheet (first section) where the objectives are described, and the characteristics of the study are reported.
The questionnaire consisted of five sections: "information for the participants", "demographic data", "consumption and socialization habits", "Covid-19", "Covid-19 positive" and "Covid-19 negative". All participants completed the first 4 sections and depending on their response in the fourth section, fill in the positive or negative Covid-19 section, respectively.
The first section gives relevant information to participants such as type of study, design, objective, a brief description of the questionnaire, benefits, and risks of completing it, confidentiality, and information from the research team. All participants had to check the acceptance box (informed consent) to confirm the reading and understanding, thus reflecting their voluntary participation.
Demographic data considering the date of birth (month, day, year), sex (male or female), region and province of residence, area in which they live ("rural" or "urban"), and the constitution of the family unit (section 2). Consumption and socialization habits (objective of this study) collecting information corresponding to the current work system (face-to-face, telecommuting, combined (face-to-face and telecommuting) or without work-training activity at this time. In the same way, questions were included regarding daily habits such as going shopping, going to the gym, or leisure centers among others, before the pandemic situation generated by Covid-19 and concerning the subsequent situation and personal adaptation to the new circumstances. This third section was made up of 7 questions: "How often do you go to the supermarket / physical store?", "How often do you buy online?", "How often do you go for a walk?", "How often do you go to the gym?”, “ How often do you go to bars or cafes? ”, “ How often do you go out to lunch / dinner? ” and "How often do you meet your family and friends?" The 4 possible answers were: "Every day", "Several times a week", "Several times a month" and "Never". The following sections relate to having been diagnosed as Covid-19 positive or not (“Yes”, “No”, and “I don't know”). In the first case, the participant was redirected to another section where the diagnosis data (the method used, tests repetition and days elapsed between them), symptoms suffered, need for hospital admission, days of quarantine, and the possibility of home isolation was estimated.
On the other hand, if the participant had not suffered from Covid-19 or did not know it, the section to which he was directed consisted of knowing whether diagnostic tests had been carried out and the selected method, as well as the need to have quarantined in some moment by close contact with a positive Covid-19 person and the days of this quarantine.
Almost all the questions in the questionnaire were mandatory and presented responses with several options to select or a short answer that the participant had to complete.
The questionnaire was distributed via WhatsApp and email and participation were voluntary. The inclusion criteria were present a mobile device with which to complete the questionnaire and be in full mental capacity to fill it out. No exclusions were established to age, level of education or training, or geographic location.
The recruitment of the sample was carried out in December 2020. The research team was always available for any questions that may arise during its completion through the email located in the information sheet in the first section of the questionnaire.
Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM-SPSS Statistics version 26 database. First, a descriptive analysis of the results was performed, using the mean and standard deviation as descriptors when the data were quantitative and counts and percentages in the case of qualitative variables. Qualitative variables were recorded into quantitative variables when necessary for correlational analysis. Cross tables were made to see the relationship between some variables and, when possible, correlations were made with the Pearson coefficient when the variables were quantitative, and with the Spearman coefficient when any of the variables were qualitative. A safety level of 95% was established.
Ethics Statement
All participants were informed at the beginning of the questionnaire about the purpose, procedure and outcomes of the study and must sign an informed consent to participate. This project is the first stage of a study to recruit patients to test a mobile application for Covid patients; Bioethical Committee of the University Hospital of Salamanca gave the approval with the registry number 591. Helsinki Guidelines have been followed.
The study sample consisted of 1800 volunteer participants belonging to the Spanish population. The mean age was 41.3 ± 12.9 years, and women participated to a greater extent (69.8%). More than half of the population carried out face-to-face work (53%), 18.8% telecommuting, and 17.5% combined both methods (Table 1).
|
| Patients (n= 268) |
Age (years) |
| 41.2 ± 12.9a |
Age groups | Under 40 years | 45.9% |
Between 40 and 65 years | 51.3% | |
Over 65 years | 2.8% | |
Gender | Female | 72.2% |
Male | 27.8% | |
Live area | Rural | 15.4% |
Urban | 84.6% | |
Family unit (number) |
| 2.9 ± 1.2a |
|
|
|
Job modality | Face-to-face | 55.4% |
Telecommuting | 13.2% | |
| Combination | 18.1% |
Neither study nor work | 13.3% |
a Mean (Standard deviation)
Table 1: Descriptive data of total sample
The most representative percentage of the sample belonged to the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León (31.9%), mainly from the province of Salamanca (20.3%). The next most represented Community was Madrid (20.5%), and the rest of the sample belonged to the rest of the Spanish territories (Figure 1). An 81.8% of the sample belonged to the urban area and lived in an environment with an average number of cohabitants of 2.9 ± 1.2 people (Table 1).
14.4% of the sample suffered Covid-19 in recent months, and of them, only 9.3% had to be hospitalized. The most used detection system was PCR (55.6%) followed by serology (43.3%). The tests were repeated to check the evolution in 53.7% of the patients, with a mean duration between tests of 19.6 ± 28.2 days. Most of the people who had Covid-19, had to quarantine for 20 days or more (67.9%). The highest percentage of them were able to stay away from their partners or did not need it (73.2%).
Within the group of participants who did not suffer from Covid-19, 40.5% of them underwent a PCR and 30.5% a serological analysis to confirm the result. Of them, 14.4% had to quarantine, in most cases for 10 days (55.9%). Few cases exceeded 20 days (4.7%) (Table 2).
|
|
| Patients (n=286) |
POSITIVE COVID |
Diagnostic Method | PCR | 80.1% |
Antigen (nasopharyngeal) | 17.5% | ||
Antigen (capillary blood) | 24.2% | ||
Serology | 29.9% | ||
Retest | Yes | 53.7% | |
No | 46.3% | ||
Time between test (days) |
| 19.59±28.16 | |
Symptom’s duration (days) |
| 50.8±81.6 | |
Hospital admission | Yes | 9.3% | |
No | 90.7% | ||
Quarantine days | 10 days | 22.8% | |
Between 10 and 20 days | 32.1% | ||
20 days | 9.3% | ||
Over 20 days | 35.8% | ||
NEGATIVE COVID |
Diagnostic method | PCR | 40.5% |
Antigen (nasopharyngeal) | 13.8% | ||
Antigen (capillary blood) | 21.8% | ||
Serology | 30.5% | ||
Close contact quarantine | Yes | 11.8% | |
No | 88.2% | ||
Quarantine days | Not applicable | 88.4% | |
10 days | 6.3% | ||
Between 10 and 20 days | 4.5% | ||
20 days | 0.3% | ||
Over 20 days | 0.5% |
Table 2: Covid-19 characteristics
Regarding habits before the pandemic, most of the sample used to shop in person several times a week (55%) and shopping-online several times a month (58%). Regarding their physical activity, the participants mostly walked every day or several times a week (67.7%), while a high percentage never went to the gym (47.8%). They carried out leisure activities in bars and restaurants generally several times a month (44.7% and 63.4% respectively), followed by those who attended several times a week (39.3% and 44.8% respectively). Finally, regarding the frequency they visited friends and family, the highest proportion was several times a week (47.8%).
Changes in lifestyle habits were evidenced after the pandemic. People who shop in person reduced their frequency, being now more predominant to go several times a month. In the online purchase, no changes were observed. Among those who went out for a walk, the number who did it weekly decreased, and the percentage of those who walked several times a month increased. In the habit of going to gyms or sports centers, the frequency of the habit also decreased, increasing the number of people who never attended, and now 71.1% of the sample does not have this habit. The frequency of going to bars or restaurants has also been reduced, now, the option "never” is the preferred one (46.3% and 54.3% respectively). Finally, the frequency with which participants see friends and family has also been reduced, going from several times a week to several times a month (Table 3).
HABITS |
| Before the pandemic | Nowadays |
Face-to-face shopping | Never | 1.6% | 5.8% |
Sometimes a month | 33.6% | 60.2% | |
Several times a week | 56.8% | 31.7% | |
Everyday | 8% | 2.3% | |
Online shopping | Never | 27.7% | 14.6% |
Sometimes a month | 59.9% | 59.4% | |
Several times a week | 12% | 25.3% | |
Everyday | 0.3% | 0.7% | |
Walk | Never | 7.2% | 10.9% |
Sometimes a month | 22.8% | 28.3% | |
| Several times a week | 36.1% | 38.7% |
Everyday | 33.9% | 22.1% | |
Go to the gym | Never | 49.4% | 73.6% |
Sometimes a month | 11.1% | 8.7% | |
Several times a week | 34.1% | 15.7% | |
Everyday | 5.4% | 2.1% | |
Go to pubs | Never | 4.7% | 47.9% |
Sometimes a month | 46.2% | 37.9% | |
Several times a week | 40.6% | 13.1% | |
Everyday | 8.5% | 1.1% | |
Go to restaurants | Never | 7.6% | 56.1% |
Sometimes a month | 65.6% | 35.1% | |
Several times a week | 25.6% | 8.6% | |
Everyday | 1.2% | 0.2% | |
Relatives’ visits | Never | 1.2% | 26.9% |
Sometimes a month | 40.2% | 57.7% | |
Several times a week | 49.4% | 14.2% | |
| Everyday | 9.2% | 1.2% |
Table 3: Sample Daily living habits.
When carrying out an inferential analysis of the results, a correlation was detected between the age and the presence of disease, showing that it seems that older people were more likely to be infected. The presence of the virus was also higher in those who had a face-to-face work system. This situation conditioned some habits since the people who suffered from the disease changed more the frequency with which they went to bars (Table 4).
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS | Covid-19 |
Age | 0.050* |
Job modality | -0.044 |
Family unit | -0.003 |
Change of face-to-face shopping habits | -0.005 |
Change of online shopping habits | -0.015 |
Change of walking habits | -0.027 |
Change of habits in going to the gym | 0.008 |
Change of habits in going to pubs | -0.057* |
Change of habits in going to restaurants | -0.021 |
Change of habits in visiting relatives | -0.033 |
* Significance level < 0>
Table 4: Correlations of sociodemographic aspects with contagion by Covid-19.
Significant correlations were found in the age groups: the elderly had a long time of symptoms, a longer duration of quarantine, and a better reaction to the possibility of new confinement (Table 5).
ASPECTS RELATED TO THE DISEASE | Age groups |
Symptom’s duration | 0.204** |
Quarantine days in positive Covid | 0.154* |
Close contact quarantine days | -0.099** |
Attitude to a new lockdown | 0.058* |
*Significance level < 0>
Table 5: Correlations of aspects related to the disease and the different age groups.
Significant correlations were found between symptoms time and changing habits; since the people who had had symptoms of the disease for a longer time presented a higher change in the frequency with which they went shopping, to bars, restaurants, and to see their relatives.
People who had a lower frequency of going to bars, restaurants and seeing family members had a better attitude towards new confinement, and this relationship was significant.
Finally, a correlation between the people who made a broad change in their shopping habits (in person and online) and walking was found. as well as a better attitude to new confinement (Table 6).
DAILY LIVING HABITS | Symptom’s duration | Attitude to a new lockdown |
Face-to-face shopping (nowadays) | -0.016 | 0.032 |
Online shopping (nowadays) | -0.100 | -0.034 |
Walk (nowadays) | 0.076 | 0.017 |
Go to the gym (nowadays) | 0.122 | 0.037 |
Go to pubs (nowadays) | 0.083 | 0.084** |
Go to restaurants (nowadays) | 0.169** | 0.056* |
Visit relatives (nowadays) | 0.105 | 0.076** |
Change of face-to-face shopping habits | 0.141* | 0.055* |
Change of online shopping habits | -0.018 | -0.047* |
Change of walking habits | 0.114 | 0.053* |
Change of habits in going to the gym | 0.102 | 0.000 |
Change of habits in going to pubs | 0.124* | 0.001 |
Change of habits in going to restaurants | 0.204** | 0.030 |
Change of habits in visiting relatives | 0.185* | 0.025 |
Table 6: Correlation of daily living habits with symptom’s duration and attitude to a new lockdown
Our study shows the relationship between different social behaviors of Spanish population and how they have changed due to the pandemic situation.
The study was designed with the online survey format, which is considered the ideal means to access the general population and achieve a larger sample size (balance) without any risk. The sample of our study belonged to the different Spain regions, which allows representativeness of the territory, as well as to compensate for the differences that may exist between them. Also, the sample size was higher than other studies reviewed, which allows increasing the degree of generalization of the results [13, 15].
In addition to trying to collect habits before the pandemic, our study has tried to go further, analyzing how they have been modified by different social restrictions and social distancing policies [16,17]. This has made it possible to demonstrate a reduction in the frequency with which the Spanish population performs the different activities that involve social contact. Of the habits examined, it was found that all those that involve leaving the home were conditioned by the pandemic, while online purchases, without personal contact, did not change.
The Spanish population has reduced all behaviors that involve certain social contact, as well as others that are more related to healthy lifestyle habits, such as physical exercise. This corresponds to other studies that have studied these habits [18,19].
It was also analyzed how the disease affected the Spanish population, and how the measures derived from the process have affected their daily life. The measure that is the most effective in restricting the spread of the virus and the transmission of the disease is home confinement [20]. However, as some authors point out, these confinements have negative psychological and affective consequences [21,22]. This could lead to a worse attitude towards new confinement; however, our study does not show a direct relationship in this sense.
Studies suggest that testing should be done 24 hours apart to optimize management and keep the number of exposures to a minimum [7]. Despite this, it does not seem to be a reality, the times obtained in our study are much longer, the average time exceeding two weeks, which may be significantly reducing the effectiveness of the monitoring of active cases. On the other hand, longer periods of quarantine could be beneficial in order to avoid transmission, as other studies highlight the importance of timing of testing, duration of quarantine to minimize economic impacts, disruptions to operational integrity, and COVID-related public health risks [23].
Regarding the affectation, it was observed that the elderly was more affected by the disease and were the ones who presented the longest time of symptoms and confinement. This corresponds to what has been observed in multiple studies, which show that those over 65 years of age are more vulnerable to the disease [24-26]. They were also the group with the greatest behavior change, as shown by Muto et al. [27]. This is related to the result obtained in terms of their expectations before new confinement. The fact of having spent more time at home and having reduced their frequency in social habits has not contributed to generating fear of isolation, but rather seems to improve their attitude and their security sense.
As expected, people with a face-to-face job had a higher incidence of cases. Exposure to the virus is greater in these people and therefore can influence the prevalence of the disease in this group, as pointed out by some authors [28].
Affected people in the Spanish population showed a greater change in the frequency with which they went to bars, in contrast to what was observed in those who had not suffered from the disease. In our opinion, this may be due to the expectation of greater insecurity in this area. These behaviors have not yet been explored in the literature, so they are considered an aspect that should be more widely studied in the future.
In the same way, those who presented symptoms for the longest time were the ones who changed their habits the most, especially those who required more direct social contact, like going to bars, restaurants, shops, or visits to relatives. Some authors explored some of these aspects, and our study shows results like those reported in their works [29-30].
Finally, it should be noted that the attitude presented by the participants to new confinement was better in those who presented a more infrequent social behavior and in those who had a greater change in it. This may be a bidirectional aspect, but we consider it advisable to increase research in this field to understand the causes of this phenomenon.
The Spanish population has modified its behavior since the beginning of the pandemic produced by Sars-CoV-2. They have reduced the frequency with which they carry out activities that involve social contact. Besides, a relationship has been found between having suffered from the disease and restricting activities that suppose a greater risk.
to participants who collaborate with us.
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
all authors collaborate equally in the conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology and writing of the manuscript.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The authors report no conflict of interest.
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“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
