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Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia after Breast Cancer Radiotherapy and letrozole: A Case Report and Literature Review

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Case Report

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia after Breast Cancer Radiotherapy and letrozole: A Case Report and Literature Review

  • Alati Aurélia 1*
  • Clavère Pierre 1
  • Leobon Sophie 2

*Corresponding Author: Aurelia Alati, Radiothérapie, CHU de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King 87042 Limoges Cedex, France.

Citation: Alati Aurélia, Leobon Sophie, Clavère Pierre, (2021) Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia after Breast Cancer Radiotherapy and letrozole: A Case Report and Literature Review. J. Archives of Medical Case Reports and Case Study. 4(3); DOI:10.31579/2692-9392/049

Copyright: © 2021 Aurelia Alati, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 04 May 2021 | Accepted: 11 May 2021 | Published: 17 May 2021

Keywords: bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia; organizing pneumonia; radiation therapy; breast cancer; letrozole

Abstract

Objectives:

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia occurs with prevalence rate 1–3% after breast conservative treatment in series. In response to radiation of a lung or surrounding tissues, an inflammatory reaction can affect both lungs and is located within the radiation field. Characteristic imaging features include multiple alveolar opacities and diffuse ground-glass shadows. Letrozole may induce iatrogenic organizing pneumonia.

Materials and methods:

we report the case of a 76-year-old female who underwent conservative treatment for an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast. Hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered with a total dose of 42.5 Gy in 16 sessions of 2.65 Gy using a three-dimensional technique. After the radiotherapy ended letrozole was indicated.

Results:

Several weeks after the radiotherapy ended and letrozole was introduced, she described a flu-like syndrome. Samples were negative, and there was no improvement after four courses of antibiotics. Imaging suggested bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Her symptomatology lessened after the letrozole was discontinued, and 11 months after radiotherapy finished, her imaging results were clear.

Conclusion:

Physicians must consider bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Cases may increase with hypofractionated radiation treatment and new drugs. Letrozole may potentiate the risk. Dosimetry may be adapted to the lung and subpleural areas for patients with risk factors and taking adjuvant or concurrent drugs with potential pneumotoxicity.

Introduction

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia occurs with prevalence rate 1–3

Case report

We report the case of a 76-year-old female. She had three pregnancies, menopause at age 49 years, and was on no treatment. She self-palpated a nodule of the left breast leading to the diagnosis of a tumor in the upper-inner quadrant. Tumorectomy found a grade 1, invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (axis 0.9 cm) that tested positive for hormone receptor and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The tumor resection margins and sentinel lymph-node biopsy were negative. She received adjuvant whole-breast irradiation with a three-dimensional conformal technique. Hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered with a total dose of 42.5 Gy in 16 sessions of 2.65 Gy. Treatment was well tolerated. Letrozole was introduced when radiotherapy ceased [10,16]. At the third-month evaluation, she described side effects of letrozole, with hot flashes, and weight gain of 2.5 kg associated with increasing dyspnea grade 2 (Medical Research Council [17], dry cough, and intermittent low-grade fever. No other drug had been introduced. Physical examination did not find signs of heart failure or venous thromboembolic disease. Chest X-ray showed a pneumopathy in the left lobar base. Chest tomography revealed a post-radiation appearance of consolidation in the left lung (Figure. 1A). All serologies were negative. Symptoms progressively worsened despite four courses of antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin and clavulanate, cephalosporin, macrolide [18,19]. Bronchial endoscopy found a normal bronchial tree and the absence of secretions. Bronchioalveolar lavage was negative for pathogens but identified lymphocytic alveolitis with no eosinophilic disorder. Computed tomography showed bilateral pneumopathy with alveolar consolidation, and a diffuse ground-glass appearance, in keeping with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (Figure. 1B). She received low-dose corticotherapy (<1>

With the chronology and the interstitial lung disorder, we considered drug-induced pneumonia due to letrozole. One month after letrozole was discontinued, and nine months after radiotherapy ceased, computed tomography revealed a partial regression of the opacities, with clinical improvement. Eleven and 5 months after radiotherapy and letrozole ended, respectively, computed tomography revealed disappearance of the abnormalities (Figure. 1C), and the patient had fully recovered without permanent sequelae. Regarding dosimetry, lung and subpleural areas received radiation (Dmax: 43 Gy) with the tangential field (Figure 2A). The mean dose received by the ipsilateral lung was 8.7 Gy, with the volume receiving 20 Gy equal to 17% (Figure. 2B).

Figure 1: Chest computed tomography after radiotherapy three months (A), six months (B), eleven months (C) 
Figure 2: Transverse plane. PTV (blue) coverage with 95% isodose (orange) (A) - Dose volume histogram: left lung (green curve), left breast (yellow curve), heart (blue curve) (B)

Methods

The patient was diagnosed and followed-up at the Dupuytren University Hospital Centre in Limoges, France. A postmenopausal female who underwent conservative treatment for an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast that tested positive for hormone receptor. Hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered with a total dose of 42.5 Gy in 16 sessions of 2.65 Gy by a Clinac 2300 linear accelerator, using a three-dimensional technique. The prescribed dose of 42.5 Gy was delivered to the planned target volume (PTV) (whole mammary gland with a margin of 5mm) and it received 95% of the prescribed dose (Figure. 2B). After the radiotherapy ended letrozole was started 2.5 mg per day for 5 years. 

Discussion

Conventional whole-breast or chest-wall radiotherapy is the standard treatment after breast cancer surgery. Adjuvant radiation improves local control, disease-free survival, and mortality rates [20]. However, radiotherapy can induce early and late pulmonary toxicity. Organizing pneumonia is rarely described, but cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after radiation therapy have increased in literature. Radiation therapy or letrozole are the least-described triggering factors. The tangential radiation field generally spares the parenchyma but causes inflammation of the subpleural region, rich in lymphoid tissue, inducing lymphocyte recruitment and alveolitis. In addition, part of patients irradiated for breast neoplasia have discrete pleural effusion [21]. Radiation of one lung can create inflammation in both lungs [22,23], highlighted by bilateral lymphocytic alveolitis and biopsy [24,25]. Cottin et al. reported five cases of eosinophilic pneumonia in atopic patients caused by whole-breast radiotherapy [26]. Pneumopathy occurs within 3 weeks to 12 months after radiation and can disappear within a year. Symptoms appear within several weeks to more than a year after radiotherapy ceases. As our case, shortness of breath or dry cough during radiotherapy may be an early sign of a pulmonary reaction and further toxicity. Patients experience a flu-like syndrome: dry cough, increasing dyspnea, persistent low-grade fever, and sometimes chest pain [6,25,27]. There is a lack of clinical response to antibiotic therapy with no pathogen found. Pulmonary function test results can be normal. Bronchioalveolar lavage can show no abnormalities or hypercellularity [24,25,27]. Computed tomography reveals diffuse ground-glass opacities with air–space consolidation. Patchy opacities occur more frequently in the periphery and lower-lung zones. Varying abnormalities are characteristic, in the radiation-exposed lung and extending into the contralateral lung, outside the radiation fields, which distinguish it from radiation pneumonitis [1,25]. With this suggestive radiological and clinical presentation, biopsy is not mandatory [24]. A literature review identified some recurrent risk factors: age > 50 years [13], chemotherapy and concurrent endocrine therapy. A preclinical study has shown Letrozole can be a radiosensitiver, but the association with normofractionated radiotherapy is considered as safe [28,29] and incidence of lung fibrosis is similar between concurrent and sequential introduction of aromatase inhibitors [29]. One case suggested that trastuzumab had induced organizing pneumonia after breast irradiation [30]. It may occur with genetic mutations and an individual response of hypersensitivity to radiation [31]. Oie et al. suggested a link between organizing pneumonia and radiation pneumonitis [2]. They concluded that opacities spread from the site of radiation pneumonitis to the hilum and often to the contralateral lung. In a meta-analysis, radiation pneumonitis risk factors were hypofractionation (dose > 2.5 Gy), the volume of irradiated lung, and several concomitant drugs. By contrast, organizing pneumonia is not associated with irradiated lung volume [13], one study showed a correlation with central lung distance > 1.8 cm [4]. Cases have been reported after hypofractionation [30,32], partial breast [13] and chest-wall irradiation [33,34]; with three-dimensional radiotherapy. In our case no biopsy was realised and corticotherapy was too brief.  We cannot exclude letrozole a cause. To our knowledge this is the first case in which there is the temporal correlation between Letrozole initiation and symptoms emergence, and both scanner normalization and symptomatic improvement after discontinuation of letrozole without immunosuppressive treatment. Cough, dyspnea, and interstitial pneumonitis are rare sides effects of Letrozole [35–37]. Several cases of pneumopathy with anti-aromatase have been reported [35,38,39] and the time to start adjuvant hormonotherapy in patients who will receive post-operative radiotherapy remain controversial moreover with hypofractionnated scheme in which dose per fraction can rise 2.67 to 6 Gy [40,41]. A study shown mild to moderate toxicity but not designed for assessment of lung toxicity [42]. Treatment should depend on the severity of clinical conditions, and considering the adverse effects of prolonged corticosteroids and risk of relapse [43]. A few deaths have been reported.

Conclusion

Physicians must consider bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Cases may increase with hypofractionated radiation treatment and new drugs. Letrozole could potentiate the risk. Dosimetry may be adapted to the lung and subpleural areas of patients with risk factors and taking adjuvant or concurrent drugs with potential pneumotoxcity.

ETHICS

The patient kindly provided her informed consent at the time of hospital admission to the publication of personal data.

FUNDING DECLARATION

This research was not funded by any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank Textcheck for their assistance with editing the language of this manuscript. The English in this document has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English. 

For a certificate, please see: http://www.textcheck.com/certificate/41yqjy

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner