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*Corresponding Author: Zahra Rezvani, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
Citation: Pavlo Anakhov, Viktoriia Zhebka, (2024), Biological attacks on underground hydroelectric pump storage power stations, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 21(1); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/618
Copyright: © 2024, Pavlo Anakhov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 22 November 2024 | Accepted: 24 December 2024 | Published: 31 December 2024
Keywords: dam; hazard protection measure; water conduit
Studies have shown the unconditional danger of biological attacks on underground hydroelectric pumped-storage power stations. A hypothetical list of biological damage to water conduits and dams is determined. Relevant predictions are given, as well as accident events of hydraulic structures are described. A universal scheme for the application of hazard protection measures, which can be comprehensive, has been developed. Praemonitus praemunitus – precautions should be taken.
The attractiveness of using abandoned mines in the construction of underground hydroelectric pumped-storage power stations (UHPSPS) consists in reduction or exception of reservoir preparation works. However, there are doubts about the safety of this innovative technology.
Firstly, the water pumped to the upper reservoir is aerated, and its initial chemical composition evolves to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere leading to an increase of pO2 (power of hydrogen) and associated chemical reactions. In addition, this water is released into the underground reservoir and may react with the surrounding fractured medium and with the water occupying the reservoir. This may induce the deposition or dissolution of minerals and the associated impacts, e.g., reduction or increase in pH. In the specific case of abandoned coal mines, where sulfides are common, an increase of pO2 in the upper reservoir may induce sulfide oxidation when the water is released in the underground reservoir. This fact would lead to very low pH values (i.e., acidification) and then affect the surrounding groundwater quality through the infiltration exchange fluxes between the underground reservoir and the surrounding geological layers [1,2].
Secondly, the construction of UHPSPS requires the use of a lower underground reservoir in the form of drifts (horizontal underground mine). This could lead to problems in the discharge of water from the turbine due to the resistance implied by the lower reservoir, since it is not at atmospheric pressure. This resistance, in case of being high, could require a higher pressure for the turbine to complete the filling of the tunnel network [3].
Thirdly, at the end of the drift, the total reflection of the falling wave occurs. In theory, the waves double at those positions [4]. Consider that in the wet liquidation of mines, in which the volume produced is filled with water, a fractured-reservoir array is formed; it acts as a single fractured zone. Normal fluctuations of the water masses can contribute to increasing the seismicity of the created depression zone [5].
Current global warming is one of the factors that accelerates the invasive process. There is information on the “aggression” of invasive species in relation to local flora and fauna. The danger catalyst can be the anthropogenic impact, characterized by the promotion of climate change, artificial modification of the environment. There is evidence of attacks on communication cables, radioelectronic and electronic computing means that can cause invasive and indigenous populations of organisms or their communities, plants under global warming [6].
The aim of the paper is to study biological threats to underground hydroelectric pumped-storage power stations and possible bioaggression protection measures.
To achieve the aim, the following objectives must be accomplished:
1. To determine a list of threats;
2. To analyze their destructive effect;
3. To consider countermeasures.
Figure. 1 shows the classification of biological damage to radioelectronic and electronic devices, Table 1 provides the explanation.
Figure 1: Classification of biological damage to radioelectronic and electronic devices [7].
| Bio damage type | Explanation |
| 1. Mechanical failure upon contact (caused mainly by macroorganisms having dimensions comparable to product dimensions): | |
| 1.1. Collision | birds with radio antennas |
| 1.2. Gnawing | materials by rodents, or insects |
| 1.3. Destruction | usually occurs in the process of feeding organisms |
| 2. Deterioration of operational parameters: | |
| 2.1. Pollution | excretion of organisms and their metabolic products, the action of which as a result of wetting with water or absorbing moisture from the air leads to changes in product parameters |
| 2.2. Clogging | fungal and bacterial spores, plant seeds, parts fungal mycelium, bird droppings, secretions of organisms, dying organisms |
| 2.3. Fouling | bacteria, fungi, sponges, mollusks and other organisms, which increases metal corrosion |
| 3. Biochemical destruction (caused mainly by microorganisms that are microscopic in size and invisible to the naked eye): | |
| 3.1. Consumption during nutrition | associated with preliminary chemical destruction of the starting material of sometimes only one component (usually a low molecular weight compound, for example a plasticizer, stabilizer) by enzymes. Such destruction opens the way for physicochemical corrosion, leads to a deterioration in the thermodynamic properties of the material and its mechanical destruction under the action of operational loads |
| 3.2. Chemical effects of released substances | chemical effect of metabolic products of microorganisms, which increases the aggressiveness of the environment, stimulates corrosion processes |
| 4. Biocorrosion | biocorrosion at the material-organism interface due to the action of amino and organic acids, as well as hydrolysis products; it is based on electrochemical processes of metal corrosion under the action of microorganisms |
Table 1: Description of biological damage to radioelectronic and electronic devices [7].
Assume the default unconditional biological vulnerability of radioelectronic and computing electronic means of hydropower stations and pay attention to biological damage to water conduits and dams. Some dam failures related to animal and plant activities are shown in Table 2.
| Case, Location, Date (M/Y) | Failure mode |
| Sid White Dam, Near Omak, WA, USA, 05/1971 [8] | Infiltration through animal burrows. Caused the dam to fail |
| Lower Jones Tract, California Delta, USA, 09/1980 [8] | Infiltration and rodent activities |
| Summit Landfill, Tennessee, USA, 09/1989 [9] | The dam breached. One of the failure causes was overtopping due to heavy rainfall, the presence of tree roots |
| Iowa Beef Processor Waste Pond Dam, Wallula near Richland, Washington, USA, 01/1993 [8] | Uncontrolled infiltration through animal burrows on the downstream face, resulting in erosion |
| Eleva Roller Mill, Wisconsin, USA, 03/1994 [9] | Piping; biological attack (i.e., bush, tree growth) |
| Lake Montonia Dam, North Carolina, USA, 02/1995 [9] | Infiltration was noted in three locations, in particular at the blown over tree under the root ball downstream of the drain pipe near the emergency spillway channel |
| Oaklawn Pond Dam, Texas, USA, 11/1996 [9] | The dam was severely damaged when strong winds uprooted several trees on the embankment. An inspection revealed that the upheaving of the root mass, aggravated by beavers damage, had left gaps in the crest and on the slopes of the dam |
| Pischieri Pond Dam, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1999 [8] | The dam was breached as a result of a void in the body |
| Johnny Stewart Pond, Mississippi, USA, 02/2003 [9] | Infiltration along rotting tree roots developed into two major infiltration paths that were carrying material from within the dam |
| Foenna Stream, Sinalunga, Italy, 01/2006 [8] | Porcupine burrow, internal erosion and dam subsidence |
| Truckee Canal, Fernley, Nevada, USA, 01/2008 [8] | Woody vegetation and animal burrows present |
| Truckee Canal, Nevada, USA, 01/2008 [10] | Breach of piping due to rodent activity |
| Pin Oak levee, Winfield, Missouri, USA, 06/2008 [8] | Muskrat burrows |
Table 2: Dam failures (or near failure) related to animal and plant activities.
Table 3 shows the description of biological damage to hydropower stations in the proposed form of Table 1.
| Biodamage type | Event that occurred / Threat of the event |
| 1. Mechanical failure upon contact: | |
| 1.1. Collisions | On August 7, 1978, about 25,000 m3 of logs and wood debris passed down the Melezza River to the Palagnedra Dam (Switzerland) and accumulated in the catchment area [11]. The dimensions comparable to the dimensions of gates and water conduits determine the danger of their destruction by a ram. |
| 1.2. "Gnawing" and infiltration | Some dam failures caused by digging holes and seeping through tree roots, associated with animal and plant activities, are shown in Table 2. |
| Examples of typical damage to earth dams by rodents are systematized and presented in the paper [8]. | |
| In the early 2000s, the United States conducted a survey of experts on the danger that vegetation poses to dams. The analysis of accidents revealed their causes [12]: | |
| - uprooted trees that produce large voids and reduced freeboard; and/or reduced x-section for maintaining stability; | |
| - decaying roots that create infiltration paths and internal erosion problems; | |
| - obstructing emergency spillway capacity; | |
| - falling trees causing possible damage to spillways and outlet facilities; | |
| - inducing local turbulence and scouring around trees in emergency spillways and during overtopping; | |
| - providing cover for rodent burrows; | |
| - allowing roots to wedge into open joints and cracks in foundation rock along abutment groins and toe of embankment, thus increasing piping and leakage potential; | |
| - root penetration of conduit joints and joints in concrete structures. | |
| 1.3. Destruction | No incidents were detected |
| 2. Deterioration of operational parameters: | |
| 2.1. Pollution | Accumulation of biological pollutants can occur within an organism (for pathogens) or within a community (for genetically modified escapees or introduced invertebrates). The effects of introduced invasive species are sufficient to disturb an individual (internal biological contamination by parasites or pathogens), a population (by genetic changes) or a community (by increasing or decreasing the species complement) [13]. No damage to hydropower stations due to biopollution was detected. |
| 2.2. Clogging | Clogging is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and in such projects as tailings, dams. This seriously affects their safety. Comfortable conditions in the area, affected by power plants, attract periphyton colonies. Settlement and growth of populations are facilitated by changes in the hydrological regime, caused by the operation of dams and other hydraulic structures, increase in water temperature due to heat flows from power plants, enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients [14]. Reports of only jellyfish interfering with power station operation around the world [11,15–17] |
| 2.3. Fouling | A significant number of events that are not provided by normal operation conditions of power stations is associated with fouling of gates and water conduits, trash grates, spiral chambers of turbines, other metal structures by plants and animals, which is a worldwide problem in marine systems [9,18,19]. Bacterial and fungal slimes begin to develop on virtually any wetted surface within minutes of immersion. They reduce heat transfer in condensers, but they can also accelerate microbiologically induced corrosion of metals and concrete. Fungi are also involved in the biodegradation (rotting) of timber [20]. Research results of fouling organisms and degree of fouling, mitigation techniques are presented in the manuscript [15]. |
| 3. Biochemical destruction: | |
| 3.1. Consumption during nutrition | Livestock damage earthen dams by removing stabilizing vegetation. External erosion occurs due to loss of vegetation [8,12]. |
| 3.2. Chemical effects of released substances | In many cases, microorganisms participate in stimulating the corrosion process. In aqueous environments, microorganisms tend to attach to the surface of solids and grow thereupon. This results in the formation of a uniform biofilm layer. The activity of microorganisms in the biofilm on the metal surface causes changes in the chemical composition of the environment and physical conditions at the metal-environment interface. The origination of heterogeneities of a physical and chemical nature at the metal-environment interface following biofilm formation is characterized by changes in the environment (pH, oxidation ability, temperature, rate and character of flow, concentration of certain environmental components, etc.) [21]. |
| 4. Biocorrosion | Biocorrosion on the metal surface is caused by microorganisms or their metabolic products. These can affect cathodic and anodic reactions, thus altering electrochemical processes at the biofilm-metal interface. It is reported that the National power company of South Africa, which provides 90% of the country's power needs, has identified cases of biological corrosion of carbon steel in water cooling systems at almost all of their power plants [22]. The paper [23] gives examples of detection of sulfate-reducing bacteria in metal structures of the Salto Pilão hydroelectric power station, Brazil. Microorganisms stimulate the corrosion process using environmental components or corrosion products during their metabolism. Examples include the ability of sulfate-reducing bacteria to exploit hydrogen and the ability of iron bacteria to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+, and thereby permanently support the corrosion process. Microorganisms can also evolve aggressive substances for metals (evolution of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria, production of sulfuric acid by sulfate-oxidizing bacteria, etc.). Only biofilm formation, enabling the formation of concentration corrosion cells, shall be considered as a physical change at the metal-environment interface [21]. |
Table 3: Biodamage to hydropower stations.
It must be admitted that natural disasters are often inevitable. So, optimization of their negative consequences becomes a practical task. Hazard reduction (protective measures) may include short-term hazard forecasting and warning; long-term forecasting and establishment of strict building codes in high-risk areas. The scheme of application of protection measures for radioelectronic and computing electronic means as a part of hydropower stations is the reason for using it in UHPSPS protection (Figure. 2).
Figure 2. Scheme of application of hazard protection measures (from [24], modified).
The proposed scheme is designed for developing an action plan to prevent hazards of interferences, or at least reduce their negative consequences. Short-term hazard forecasting is performed to alert the public and collect data. The data are used in long-term forecasting. It is used in assessing risks and their acceptable levels to declare the safety of facilities, make decisions on their location and operation, develop prevention measures against accidents and prepare to respond to them. The list of protection measures includes:
- application of hazard-resistant materials and structures;
- hazard interception, which involves shielding the object or its most vulnerable and critical elements from danger, or shielding danger from the object, as well as counteracting the danger;
- maintenance systems reconfiguration (power supply, ventilation and air conditioning, fire alarm, fire extinguishing, warning, etc.).
The concept of reasonable sufficiency should be used as a basic criterion when developing a protection project. Its purpose is to ensure that the biological safety requirements for underground pumped-storage power stations are met with a minimum of funds and protection measures in the face of expected impact.
The development of protection measures against the effects of damaging factors depends on:
- the intensity of biological attacks in the appropriate area (zoning planning);
- estimation of objects vulnerability;
- the cost of object protection equipment, as this can be an important criterion for complicating the protection scheme.
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