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*Corresponding Author: Abdurrazzaq Ibrahim Abdullahi, Department of Fisheries, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600004, Nigeria.
Citation: Abdurrazzaq I. Abdullahi, Andara Haruna and Tukur Mohammed, (2024), Antimicrobial Effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella foecum-graecum) Extract on Smoked Dried African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 7(6); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/224
Copyright: © 2024, Abdurrazzaq Ibrahim Abdullahi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 31 May 2024 | Accepted: 17 June 2024 | Published: 28 June 2024
Keywords: fenugreek extract, microbial activities, African catfish, general acceptability.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foecum-graecum) extract solution on smoke-dried African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) stored at ambient temperature (32.0±2°C) over the period of 21 days. The experimental treatments were the control, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% (w/v) fenugreek extract solutions. A total of 70 fish of average mean weight of 30.98±1.32g were degutted, washed and soaked in the extract solutions for 30 minutes and later smoked-dried for 12 hours. The smoked-dried fish treated with 1.0% solution of extract had the highest moisture content of 12.33%, followed by 11.39% recorded in fish treated with 0.0% solution of the extract. Highest crude protein of 49.09% was obtained in the control while the least (37.76%) was recorded in the fish treated with 0.5% fenugreek extract. There was no increase in microbial loads in all the treated samples except in the control which increased from 5×103 to 18×103. There was no significant difference in the general acceptability of all the treated samples. This study revealed that fenugreek extract can be used as a preservative against microbial activities on smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus thereby reducing nutritional and economic loss.
Fish is highly perishable because it provides favourable medium for the growth of microorganism after death [1]. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a global problem and has led to a search for alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Inadequate storage and preservation techniques are responsible for up to 40% of the total catch going to waste. Many of the challenges associated with fish spoilage are as a result of the lack of proper storage and preservation, leading to low protein intake, post-harvest losses, and lack of adequate technology and skills in many tropical countries [2]. Composition of the microflora on newly caught fish depends on the microbial contents of the water in which the fish live. Fish microflora includes bacterial species such as Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Vibrio, Serratia and Micrococcus [3]. Microbial growth and metabolism are the major causes of fish spoilage which produce amines, biogenic amines such as putrescine, histamine and cadaverine, organic acids, sulphides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones with unpleasant and unacceptable off-flavors [4]. For unpreserved fish, spoilage is a result of gram negative, fermentative bacteria (such as Vibrionaceae), whereas psychrotolerant gram-negative bacteria (such as Pseudomonas spp. and Shewanella spp.) tend to spoil chilled fish [3].
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn) is a legume belonging to the Fabaceae family. Nearly 175 compounds have been identified in fenugreek seeds [5]. Fenugreek contains active constituents such as steroid saponin compounds, fibers, phenolic acid compounds, protodioscin, flavonoids, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, terpenes, fatty acids glycosides, carbohydrates, amino acids, and their derivatives [6]. Fenugreek is rich with a wide variety of metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and glycosides which are known to have antimicrobial properties [7]. Studying the antimicrobial effects of fenugreek extract on smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus can provide insight into its potential as natural preservative against microbial activities. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foecum-graecum) extract solution on smoke-dried African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
Study Area
The study was conducted in fish processing unit of the Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
Experimental fish
A total number of 70 Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Custom fish market Maiduguri, Borno State and conveyed in a polythene bag to the laboratory for the experiment.
Procurement of the Fenugreek
Fenugreek (Trigonella foecum-graecum) were procured from Custom market, Maiduguri, and was carried in a polythene bag to the fish processing unit of the Department of Fisheries, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Formation of extract
Different solutions were prepared by adding separately specific quantity (5g, 10g and 15g) of the fenugreek powder to make 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% concentration respectively, then discovered in 1000ml of distilled water and were allowed to stay for 24 hours to form 3 treatments [1]. No extract was added to the control.
Experimental design
The experimental fish were randomly assigned to one control and three experimental treatments. They were divided based on the concentration of the extract in the solution to 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Each treatment and the control were triplicated with total weight of 500g fish. The fish were soaked into the aqueous solution of the bitter leaf extract for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the fish were placed on wire mesh and allow to drain under shed. Light was set for the smoking kiln to glow for ten minutes. Then the fish were arranged based on their treatments and replications in the smoking kiln consisting of three racks and hard wood was used for ignition. The smoking process lasted for 12 hours and the fish were weight at the first 30min and after each 1 hour for all the smoking period until a minimum weight was obtained and the temperature was regulated between 45-85oC [1]. After the smoking the smoked-dried fish were allowed to cool and packed in different containers based on the treatments of the extract and then transferred to a cool dry place, save from any contamination. Samples were taken for microbial analysis at seven days’ interval for a period of 21 days.
Proximate composition determination
The proximate composition of the fish samples, before and after smoking were determined. The percentage of moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract or lipid, ash, carbohydrate or nitrogen free extract (NFE) were determined as described by AOAC [8].
Moisture content
This was done based on the difference between the net weight and the weight after drying to a constant (at 100oC) for 24 hours. Empty clean beakers, one for each sample were dried in a hot air oven at 100oC for 30 minutes. Each beaker was then weighed (W1). Five grams of the sample were placed in the beaker and then reweighed (W2). The beaker with the sample was then dried in an oven at 60oC for 72 hours, for a constant weight to be attained, and then transferred to a desiccator to cool. The beaker was quickly weighed with minimum exposure to the atmosphere (W3). The loss in weight of the sample during the drying represented the moisture content, while the dry matter was the weight obtained after drying the sample.
% Moisture =W2 – W3x 100
W2 – W1
Crude protein
The crude protein content was analyzed using Kjeldahl tablets and 1gram of the samples was weighed into a digestion tube and Kjeldahl tablets were added. 10ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was added onto the tube and digested at 420℃, for 5 hours. After cooling, 80ml of distilled water was added into digested solution. About 50ml of 40% Caustic Soda (NaOH) was added to 50ml of the digest and then placed on the heating section of the distillation chamber. 30ml of 4% boric acid, bromocreasol green and methyl red (as an indicator) were put into a conical flask and placed underneath the distillation chamber for collection of ammonia, the solution changed from pink to green colour. About 0.1 normal solution of hydrochloric acid (HCL) was weighed into a burette. The conical flask containing the solution was titrated until the colour changed from green to pink. The burette reading was taken. The crude protein was calculated using the formula:
% CP = (A – B) x N x F x 6.25 x 100
Weight of sample
Where:
A = Volume of acid used for titrating the samples (in ml)
B = Volume of acid used for titrating blank sample (0) in ml
N = Normality of acid used for titration
F = Factor (14.007)
6.25 = Constant
Ether extract
Ether extract was determined by using Soxhlet apparatus, 1g of the sample was weighed into filter paper and 100ml of petroleum ether was measured and added into a flat bottom flask, this solution was heated at 45℃ for 2hours. The collecting flask was removed, cooled in desiccator for 15 minutes and the percentage (%) fat in the sample determined using the formula:
% Fat = Weight of flask + fat after extraction x 100
Weight of samples
Ash
Ash content was determined by weighing 1gram of the samples into crucible and dried at 105℃ for 24hours, then cooled in the desiccator for 15 minutes and weighed. This placed in a muffle furnace for 2 – 3 hours at 600 to 650℃, then cooled in a desiccator for 15minutes and weighed.
% Ash = Loss in weight x 100
Initial weight
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
Percentage free extract was determined by difference as described by Abdullahi et al. [9]
: % NFE = 100 – (% CP + % CF + % EE + % Ash)
Where:
CP = crude protein, CF = crude fibre, EE = ether extract
Total bacteria count
Total bacterial count was carried out using tenth fold serial dilution with normal saline. 9ml each of the normal saline were dispensed in a sterilized test tube and 1gram of the sample was weighed and transferred into a sterile universal bottle and 9ml of normal saline was added and shook well. Then 1ml was taken using sterile tests to make 10 fold serial dilution, then 0.1ml was transferred from the 3rd tube to a sterile dried nutrient agar and spread, it was later incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. The colony was counted using colony counter and result was recorded and presented as colony forming unit (cfu) [1].
Identification of microorganism
The isolate were identified by conventional methods starting with grams staining briefly, using a sterile wire loop a drop of distilled water was put on the center of grease-free slide and a portion of colony was picked and emulsified into drop of sample and allow to air dry before fixing to gram stain, crystal violet will then be applied for 3 minutes. It was then be replaced with a gram’s iodine for one minutes, prior to rinsing with water and application of 95% alcohol until no colour appeared on the flow. Slides were then be rinsed with water and safranin was applied for 1-2 minutes. This was followed by rinsing and air drying and then observed microscopically under x 100 emersion oil objective [1].
Sensory evaluation
The smoked-dried fish were subjected to 10 people panel from the Department of Fisheries. Where students and some technologist assessed the comparison of these products, the comparison was carried out in terms of organoleptic characteristics, such as colour, appearance, flavor, taste, and general accessibility. It was requested to assess each organoleptic features of the smoked-dried fish products in accordance to a 7-point hedonic scale (7 = excellent, 6 = very good,5 = good, 4= fair, 3 = poor, 2 = very poor 1 = extremely poor), as desperate by Abdullahi et al.[1].
Data obtained was subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using XLSTAT,version 2022, followed by Duncan pairwise comparisons which was used to separate significantly different means at a confidence interval of 95%.
Fenugreek seed extract (%) concentration
| Parameters | FSE 0.0 | FSE 0.5 | FSE 1.0 | FSE 1.5 |
| Moisture | 11.39±0.03 c | 8.53±0.04c | 12.33±0.2 b | 11.07±0.2c |
| Crude Protein | 49.09±0.56 a | 37.76±0.3 c | 42.80±0.3 a | 47.23±0.02d |
| Either extract | 7.00±1.33 b | 8.00±1.33 b | 9.00±2.55 a | 9.00±1.65a |
| Ash | 12.00±3.42 a | 10.00±0.85b | 11.00±2.55 b | 11.00±1.67b |
| Nitrogen free extract | 25.95±0.00 c | 34.95±0.00 a | 25.95±0.00 b | 27.60±0.95b |
Means with the same superscript across rows were not significantly different (P>0.05)
Keys: FSE = Fenugreek seed extract
Table 1: Proximate composition of experimental fish treated with different concentration of Fenugreek seed extract (g/100g)
Proximate composition of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus treated with different concentration of (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of fenugreek seed extract is presented in Table 1. Highest value of moisture content 12.33% was recorded in fish treated with 1.0% concentration of extract followed by 11.39% in sample treated with 0.0% solution of the extract. The lowest value of moisture content (8.53%) was in sample treated with 0.5% of the extract. The control samples recorded the highest crude protein content of 49.09% followed by samples treated with 1.5% solution with a value of 47.23%, while least was recorded in fish treated with 0.5% of the extract with a value of 37.76%. There was significant difference (P≤0.05) in the moisture, crude protein and nitrogen free extract content among all the treatments and the control observed in this study.
The results of proximate composition indicated that, the crude protein formed the largest quantity of the dry matter among all treatments and the control, this was in line with the report of Ajani et al. [10] who reported that, crude protein formed the largest quantity of dry matter in all fish. Also there was significant difference among all the treatments and the control, the control sample recorded the highest crude protein content of 49.09% followed by samples treated with 1.5% solution with a value of 47.23%. The lowest value of crude protein content was recorded in fish sample smoke in 0.5% of the extract at 37.767%. Abdullahi et al. [1], stated that, protein and ash content do not vary as often as fat. There was significant difference in ash content for all the samples, the sample treated with 0.5% of the extract had the least. Olayemi et al. [11] stated that ash is a measure of the mineral content of fish.
Fenugreek extract Concentration level (%) | Initial weight (g) | Final weight (g) | Weight Loss(g) | Percentage Weight loss |
| 0.0 | 500 | 165 | 335 | 67% |
| 0.5 | 500 | 170 | 330 | 66% |
| 1.0 | 500 | 180 | 320 | 64% |
| 1.5 | 500 | 200 | 300 | 60% |
Means with the same superscript across rows were not significantly different (P>0.05)
Table 2: Difference in weight lost after twelve hours of smoking Clarias gariepinus with a solution of fenugreek extract
Table 2 shows the weight loss of Clarias gariepinus during smoking period of twelve hours at temperature of 85°C for the first hour and remaining eleven hours maintained the temperature of heat at 45-85°C for smoking trail. The result of the weight loss of Clarias gariepinus treated with different solution of Trigonella foecum-graecum extract before and after smoking for 12 hours was presented in (Table 2). The percentage of average weight loss of 63.75% obtained in this study was similar to the percentage of average weight loss of 63.34% reported by Agbabiaka et al. [12] in their research work on the nutritional and storage quality of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked with Anthonotha macrophylla.
| Fenugreek Concentration % | Total Viable Count ( cfu/g) |
| 0.0 | 5×103 |
| 0.5 | 2×103 |
| 1.0 | 2×103 |
| 1.5 | 1×103 |
Means with the same superscript across rows were not significantly different (P>0.05)
Keys: CFU/G colony-forming units per gram
Table 3: Microbial population (cfu/g) in fish smoked with different concentration of fenugreek extract
Microbial population in fish smoked with the different concentration of fenugreek extract is shown in Table 3. The fish treated 0.0% has the highest microbial load of about 5×103. And 1.5 which shows that is least and is recorded as 1×103 while 0.5 and 1.0 shows the same cfu/g of 2×103.
| Extract Concentration level (%) | 1 day | 7 days | 14 days | 21 days |
| 0.0 | 5×103 | 15×103 | 16×103 | 18×103 |
| 0.5 | 2×103 | 2×103 | 2×103 | 2×103 |
| 1.0 | 2×103 | 2×103 | 2×103 | 2×103 |
| 1.5 | 1×103 | 1×103 | 1×103 | 1×103 |
Means with the same superscript across rows were not significantly different (P>0.05)
Table 4: Changes in Microbial loads (cfu/g) of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus during storage at room temperature for twenty-one (21) days
Changes in microbial loads of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus treated with different concentration of Trigonella foecum-graecum extract during storage at room temperature for the period of twenty-one (21) days is presented in Table 4. After one week (7) of storage, the population of bacterial loads decreased in all the treated samples except in control which increased from (5×103) to (18×103). Smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus treated with 1.5% solution of the bitter leaf extract was recorded the least microbial loads (1×103) after the storage period. In the changes in microbial loads of smoked fish products during storage at room temperature for the period of twenty-one (21) days, the result agreed with work of Abdullahi et al. [1]. After one week of storage, the population of microbial loads decrease in all the treated samples except in control which increase to 15×103 cfu.
| Parameters | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
| Appearance | 5.00±1.15c | 5.00±1.15c | 6.00±1.15 | 7.00±1.15a |
| Colour | 6.00±0.09b | 6.00±0.09b | 5.00±0.09b | 7.00±0.00a |
| Flavour | 6.00±0’08b | 5.00±0.08c | 5.00±0.08c | 7.00±0.00a |
| Texture | 6.00±0.43a | 6.00±0.43a | 6.00±0.43a | 6.00±0.00a |
| Aroma | 5.00±0.08b | 5.00±0.08c | 5.00±0.08c | 7.00±0.00a |
| General acceptance | 7.33±0.11a | 7.00±0.11a | 7.00±0.11a | 7.33±0.00a |
Means with the same superscript across rows were not significantly different (P>0.05)
Table 5: Sensory evaluation of smoked Clarias gariepinus treated with different concentration Fenugreek Extract
The sensory evaluation scores as presented in Table 5 indicated that smoked catfish retained very good scores for appearance, color, flavor, texture, and general acceptance after 21 days of storage. The overall acceptability scores of the fish treated with 10g and 15g of fenugreek extract solution showed that the product was generally accepted. The results are in agreement with previous research [1] which found that deterioration in the eating quality of smoked fish can be best tested using organoleptic methods. The improved shelf life up to 21 days may be due to the active component of the fenugreek extract, which reduced water activity and impaired the action of spoilage microbes. This study revealed that incorporating fenugreek extract on fish before smoking has favorable effects on the overall quality of the final product, such as prevent microbial activity, enhanced taste, color, flavor, and general acceptability. These qualities are important for attracting consumer attention and improving the marketing strategy.
In conclusion, there was no increase in the microbial loads in all the treatments except in the control. Highest crude protein content (49.09±0.56.) was recorded in the control while the least value (37.76±0.03%) was obtained in the fish treated with 0.5% concentration of the extract. Sensory evaluation revealed that, the smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus retained good score of overall acceptability. There was significant influence of fenugreek extract on antimicrobial activity of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus making it naturally suitable and microbial stable, thus limiting economic loss and possible health risk to consumers. Therefore, it is recommended to be used as natural preservative in fish processing and preservation industries.
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Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
