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*Corresponding Author: Shahin Asadi, Medical Genetics-Harvard University. Director of the Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Optogenetic Research & Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Citation: Hadi s., Mahtab F.M. Masjed, Naser S. Esmaeli, Asadi S. (2022) A Review of Colitis Ulcers in the Gastrointestinal Tract; J. Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders, 6(1) DOI: 10.31579/2641-5194/051
Copyright: © 2022, Shahin Asadi, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 25 September 2021 | Accepted: 28 October 2021 | Published: 06 January 2022
Keywords: colitis ulcer disease; immune system attacking; colon and developing ulcerative colitis
Colitis ulcer disease is a chronic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface of the rectum and intestine, which makes up most of the length of the large intestine. Inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) in the large intestine. Doctors still do not know exactly what causes ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease, but genetics appear to play an important role.
Family history is seen in many patients with ulcerative colitis. In fact, having a relative with ulcerative colitis is the biggest risk factor for the disease, meaning you may inherit the genetic cause of ulcerative colitis.
In addition, some environmental factors are involved in the immune system attacking the colon and developing ulcerative colitis. Families with ulcerative colitis share some of the genes that appear to be linked to the disease. Note that several genetic changes may play a role in the development of ulcerative colitis. Genes may stimulate ulcerative colitis by altering the immune system response or disrupting the protective barrier of the intestinal wall.
Colitis ulcer disease is a chronic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface of the rectum and intestine, which makes up most of the length of the large intestine. Inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) in the large intestine. Colitis ulcers usually appear between the ages of 15 and 30, although they can occur at any age. This inflammation tends to get worse several times in a lifetime, causing recurrence of its symptoms [1].
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a pathogenic virus that can rarely infect the gastrointestinal tract, especially in people with a history of internal or external immunosuppression [1].
The most common symptoms of colitis ulcers are abdominal pain and cramping and recurrent diarrhea, often with blood, pus, or mucus in the stool. Other signs and symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue and fever. Chronic bleeding from inflamed intestinal tissue and ulcers can cause red blood cell deficiency (anemia) in some people. People with this disorder have difficulty absorbing enough fluids and nutrients from their diet and often lose weight. Affected children usually grow slower than normal. Typically, colitis ulcers cause problems with the skin, joints, eyes, kidneys, or liver, most likely due to abnormal inflammation [2].
Toxic megacolon is a rare complication of colitis ulcer that can be life threatening. Toxic megacolon includes dilatation of the large intestine and excessive bacterial infection (sepsis). Colitis ulcers also increase the risk of colon cancer, especially in people whose entire colon is inflamed and in people who have had colitis ulcers for 8 years or more [2].
Colitis ulcer is a common type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Another type of IBD is Crohn's disease, which causes chronic inflammation of the intestines. Unlike colitis ulcers, which affect only the inner surface of the large intestine, Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and the inflammation can spread deeper into the intestinal tissue [3].
A variety of genetic and environmental factors are involved in the development of colitis ulcers. Recent studies have identified changes in dozens of genes that may be associated with colitis ulcers. However, the role of these changes is not fully understood. Researchers speculate that this condition may be due to changes in the protective function of the lining of the gut or an abnormal immune response to normal bacteria (normal flora) in the gastrointestinal tract, both of which may be due to genetic changes [3].
Several genes that may be associated with colitis ulcers are involved in the protective function of the intestines. The inner surface of the intestines provides a barrier that protects body tissues from bacteria that live in the intestines and toxins that pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Researchers speculate that breaking down the barrier could allow contact between intestinal tissue and bacteria and toxins, which could be an immune response. This immune response may lead to chronic inflammation and gastrointestinal problems characteristic of colitis ulcers [4].
Other genes associated with the disease are involved in the immune system, especially in the maturation and function of immune cells called T cells. T cells detect foreign substances and protect the body against infection. Some genetic changes may expose some people to an overactive immune response against bacteria and other gut microbes, which can lead to chronic inflammation that develops in colitis ulcers. Another possible explanation is that colitis ulcers occur when the immune system is defective and attacks intestinal cells, causing inflammation [4].
The hereditary pattern of colitis ulcers is unknown because many genetic and environmental factors are likely to be involved. Even if the pattern of inheritance of these conditions is unclear, having a family member with a colitis sore increases the risk of developing the disease [4].
Colitis ulcers are more common in North America and Western Europe. However, the prevalence is increasing in other areas. In North America, colitis affects about 40 to 240 people per 100,000 people. It is estimated that more than 750,000 people in North America suffer from this disorder. Colitis ulcers are more common in whites and Jews of Eastern and Central European descent (Ashkenazi) than in people of other ethnicities [5].
Colitis ulcers can be diagnosed based on the clinical findings of some patients and some pathological tests, and radiological imaging techniques. The most accurate method of diagnosing this disorder is radiation imaging with endoscopic technique [5].
The treatment and management strategy of colitis ulcer is symptomatic and supportive. Treatment may be done with the help and coordination of a team of specialists, including oncologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and other health care professionals. There is no effective treatment for this disease and surgery to remove colitis ulcers is not permanent. Genetic counseling is also important for all parents who want a healthy child [6, 7].
Researchers have found many genetic changes that are involved in ulcerative colitis but still do not know how these changes cause the disease. However, there are several theories:
Some of the genes associated with the disease are linked to the body's ability to produce proteins that form a protective barrier in the lining of the gut. This protective barrier keeps natural bacteria in the gut and any other toxins in the gut. If this protective barrier breaks, bacteria and toxins come in contact with the epithelial surface of the large intestine, which stimulates the immune system to react [8].
Other genes associated with ulcerative colitis affect T cells. T cells help identify bacteria and other foreign invaders in the body and attack them in the immune system [8].
Some genetic makeup may cause T cells to mistakenly attack bacteria that normally live harmlessly in the gut, or they may overreact to toxins or foreign invaders that have entered the large intestine. Show. This severe immune reaction causes ulcerative colitis. A 2012 study found that more than 70 genes could play a role in inflammatory bowel disease. Many of these genes have previously been linked to other immune disorders, such as psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis [9].
It is true that genetics play an important role in this disease, but remember this is only part of the puzzle. Most people with ulcerative colitis have no family history [9].
In general, inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, especially in urban areas. Air pollution, diet and chemicals may play a role in increasing the risk of this disease [9].
Possible stimuli associated with ulcerative colitis include:
Lack of exposure to bacteria and germs in childhood, which prevents the immune system from developing normally [9].
A diet high in sugar and red meat and low in omega-3 fatty acids and vegetables
Vitamin D deficiency
Exposure to antibiotics in childhood
Taking aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Infection with bacteria or viruses such as Salmonella, E. coli and measles
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