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*Corresponding Author: Roshan Kumar Yadav, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
Citation: Roshan K Yadav, J Tah, S Mukhopadhyay. (2021) Assessment of the Role of Environmental factors and Associated Plants for the Mass Cultivation of Santalum album L in Nepal and India. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews. 3(1); DOI: 10.31579/2692-9406/016
Copyright: © 2021 Roshan Kumar Yadav, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 06 August 2020 | Accepted: 28 December 2020 | Published: 04 January 2021
Keywords: environmental factors; associated plants; mass cultivation; santalum; Nepal; India
Sandalwood (White Sandal) is the fragrant heartwood of some species of genus Santalum. The widely distributed and economically important Santalum genus belongs to the family Santalaceae which includes 30 genera with about 400 species, many of which being completely or partially parasitic (John, 1947). The word Sandal has been derived from Chandana (Sanskrit), Chandan (Persian), Savtador (Greek) and Santal (French). There are references of Sandalwood in Indian mythology, folklore and ancient scripts. ‘Chandana’ the Sanskrit name ascribed to Santalum album L. was known and used in India from the earliest historic times and is frequently mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit writings, some of which dated before Christian era. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (320 B.C.) considered Sandal as one of the important forest products to increase royal revenue. Charaka Sanhitha, the major text book of internal medicine in Ayurveda (300 B.C.) quotes uses of Sandal over 160 time in the entire text. In treatment of major diseases like fever, piles, hemorrhagic conditions, diabetes, dropsy, mental disorders, management of poisons & skin disorders wide spread uses of sandal is seen. Susrutha Samhita (150 B.C.) a great text on Indian wisdom on surgical procedures, equally preferred sandal for the management of wounds. Sandal fumigation is indicated in warding off evils and organisms, which contaminate the wounds. Such fumigations hasten the wound healing & surgical wards remain aseptic. Dusting of wounds with sandal for early healing is common. In the Amarkosha (Lexicon 3rd or 4th Century A.D.) sandal is mentioned and it is said that ‘Vina-malayam anyathra chandanam vivarditha’ [Majumdar, 1941].
Materials for Experiment- 1:
Materials for Experiment- 1 : (Contg)
Materials for Experiment- 1 : (Contg)
Information of plantation:
Materials for Experiment- 1: (Contg)
Growth parameters:
i) Plant height (cm),
ii) Basal girth (cm),
iii) Branch no,
iv) Leaf length (cm)
v) Leaf breadth (cm)
Soil smaples
Collection of soil samples
Results: Soil Parameters Study Six soil samples were collected from the different forest gardens of Bankura and Burdwan district, viz. Bagaldhara, Rangamati, Kamalpur, Beliatore & Hirbandh of Bankura and Khandari of Burdwan. Similarly, we have collected samples from Nepal also for testing. The soil samples were tested for pH, Organic carbon, available N, P and K and presented in Table-I. Only one table (Table-I) has been cited below:
Micronutrient analysis was done for 4 soil samples, viz. Bagaldhara, Rangamati, Kamalpur and Hirbandh and reflected in Table-II. It is evident from the results that the micronutrient (Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe,Mo & B) content is lowest in Bagaldhara, Cu content is maximum in Rangamati, Zn & Fe content is highest in Kamalpur, Mn content is highest in Hirbandh. In all the cases B content is below the critical level (0.3 ppm) and Mo content is below dection level (BDL).
Study of soil parameters:
White sandal requires good drainage and does not stand waterlogging. Best growth of sandal trees are found on rich fairly moist soil such as garden loam and well drained deep alluvium on the river banks (Troup, 1921). A significant relataionship between available nitrogen content in ‘A’ horizon and annual growth increment was observed in the soils of Talamalai Range (Krishnamurthy et al., 1983). In a study carried out by Jain et al.,(1988) on soil properties and their relationship to the growth of sandal in three areas, it was observed that lime status, water holding capacity, pore space, volume expansion on wetting, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and available potash, exert positive influence on the increment in girth and height. Requirement of host for proper growth of sandal was demonstrated in a field study by Ananthapadmanabha et al., (1984). Further analysis of soil and leaf samples from this trial had shown that sandal depands on its host for K, P and Mg (Rangaswamy et al., 1986b). Sandal can draw other nutrients directly from soil because its roots have good cation exchange capacity (Parthasarathi et al., 1971).
Comment
It is evident that the soil components viz; Phosphorus, potassium, Ammonical nitrogen, carbon, PH of soil etc. have their specific individual or combined role for the growth and development of the plant population. On the contrary, the meteorological activities has specific action upon the plant population for their morpho-phisiological performances towards survivalibility over the location.
Photographs
Materials and Methods [Experiment- 2]
Materials: As same as Experiment – 1
Methods:
(i) A Randomized Block Design Field (RBD) having 12 ‘X 15’ plant spacing,
(ii) Provide uniform agronomic cultures in both the forest gardens,
(iii) Collection of data (Plant height, branch number, leaf number) in regular manner,
(iv) Biometric calculations followed by Tah, 2018.
Study area:
This study was conducted in Khandari (Burdwan), Basudevpur (Bankura), Bagaldhara (Bankura), and Rangamati (Bankura)
[Calculations: CF = (161286)2/80 =325164672.45 TSS = 10094500900- 325164672.45 = 9769336227.55 RSS = (6567044516/ 4)- 325164672.45 = 1316596456.55 TRSS = (6582137396/4)- 325164672.45 = 1320369676.59 ESS = 9769336227.55- (1316596456.55+1320369676.59) = 7132370094.45]
Results [Experiment- 2]
[Calculations: F= (225.44)2/80 = 635.28 TSS = (30)2 + (3.5)2 + (5.9)2 + (5.9)2 + (30.6)2 ……………….……………...+ (10)2 - CF = 19361.08 – 635.28 = 18725.8 RSS = {(58.98)2 + (55.8)2 + (56.54)2 + 954.12)2}/ 4– 635.28 = (12718.02)/4 – 635.28 = 2544.42 TRSS = {(83.06)2 + (49.02)2 + (48.04)2 + (45.32)2}/ 4- CF = 3415.9-635.28 = 2780.635 ESS = TSS- (RSS + TRSS) = 18725.8- (2544.22 + 2780.63) = 13400.95]
Results [Experiment- 2]
Calculations
[Calculations: CF= (258.8)2/80 = 837.218 TSS = 30934- 837.218 = 30096.782 RSS = (17333.92/4) - 837.218 = 3496.262 TRSS = (17493.52/4) - 837.218 = 3536.162 ESS = 30096.782 – (3496.262+3536.162) = 23064.35]
Discussion
The average number of leaves found in different geographical regions of our study showed L1 (46986), L2 (38240), L3 (41160), L4 (34900). The average height of plants as in the study site was found to be 83.06, 49.02, 48.04 and 45.32 feet respectively for L1, L2, L3 and L4. Similarly, the average branch number were in the order of 86, 53, 67.4 and 52.4 as shown in the table above. Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a partial root parasite, small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12 to 15 metres and a girth of 1 to 2.4 metres with slender drooping as well as erect branching. FAO, 1995 published a bulletin on Flavours and Fragrances of Plants origin which is very much related with Santalum album L. This plant has been rendering its performance properly for the sake of human beings since ancient time of civilization. There was no existence of sandal plant in West Bengal in national map. Recently, Das and Tah (2014) reported its existence in West Bengal in an international forum. A few plants were grown by forest executive in undivided Bankura Forest Division. It was felt by present workers that there is certainly some scientific lacuna for its seed propagation and also adaptation due to specific edaphic factors and less germination percentage. Keeping all these views in mind, this venture was undertaken to find out any reason behind this problem.
Discussion (Contg)
Jahan and Rahman, 2014 explained that sandal dissolves inflammation and tumours and stabilizes palpitation. Sandalwood is used as a disinfectant in bronchial and genitourinary tract infection. Das and Tah (2013) observed the effect of concentration of GA3 on seed germination of sandal (Santalum album L.). Das and Tah (2014) vividly experimented on Silvicultural practices for its adaptability with different host species and natural regeneration in south-West Bengal in different forest gardens in Bankura and Burdwan Forest Divisions in South Bengal Das and Tah (2015) studied the soil nutrients for the growth of white sandal (Santalum album L.) in southern part of West Bengal. Batabyal et al., (2014, 2015 and 2017) experimented on different seed-sources on germination parameters by means of artificial seed germination of Santalum album L ., different seed bed materials and GA3 on seed germination of Santalum album L. and Characterization of Bacillus cereus Symbiotic to Hemi-parasitic Plant Santalum album L. Yadav et al., 2018 took up a venture on the Study of Edaphic Factors of the Location for the Growth of White Sandal (Santalum album L.) in Indo-Nepal Border.
Conclusion
The productivity of timber plants is measured by analysing the plant height and breast height girth (b.h.g) in specific unit area. In this case four locations are distributed in both the Forest Divisions, Bankura (South & North). The plant height and basal girth were measured critically as much as it was possible out of 700 of S. album plants, grown in Forest gardens. The yield of heartwood varies from locality to locality and with the age of the tree. In India, trees of 100cm girth have been reported to yield between 85kg and 240kg of heartwood according to the area from which they come (FAO, 1995). Timber wood production is expressed by its timber volume. It is measured by the plant height and basal girth.
Photographs
Materials and Methods [Experiment-3]
Materials
1. Seed materials collected from (I) Bankura, (II) Burdwan,(III)Mokrampur 2. i) Chemicals: Gibberelic acid (GA3), ii) HgCl2 Miscellaneous: Distilled Water, Petridishes, Compost manure, Beakers, Conical flasks, measuring cylinder, Chemical weigh balance (digital), Hycopots, Note book, pen etc. Seeds of white sandal (Santalum album L.) were grown in nursery bed to rage the seedlings of the plant. The six months seedlings were planted in the different locations having 15x12 feet plant spacing in the garden. The randomized block design (RBD) having three replications was followed for the plant populations in each locations. The Uniform agronomic measures were provided for the proper growth and development in each locations. The metrical characters were studied annually in each garden. After 5th year the plant population was observed and the metrical characters were analyzed in correlation and coefficient model of Panse and Sukhatme 2005. On the contrary the soil samples were also taken from each locations at least 20 sample annually and analised it in the laboratory properly. All those data were calculated properly and tabulated it in table no. 1 and 2.
Materials [Experiment-3(Contg)]
Statistical Models: Statistical Models and methods were done as followed by Singh & Chaudhary (1995) and Panse&Sukhatme (1995).
Results [Objective- 3]
Discussion
Three locations were allotted to study in this location. Observations after one year were considered bi-variate correlation co-efficient analysis. The calculated r-values were presented in Table -127. The r-values against each treatment are lying in-between 0.149 – 0.839 in first set experiment, 0.383 – 0.882 in second set of experiment and 0.086 – 0.867 in third set of experiment respectively which are most acceptable in biometrical view point. Das and Tah (2013) experimented on the effect of seed germination of Sandal plant and thereafter observed the adaptability on this crop with different host plant species in varied edaphic factors in South Bengal .Batabyal and Tah (2014), Batabyal et al. (2014) studied the variation of seed morphology of different sources and its contribution to seed germination of S. album and germination parameter by means of artificial seed germination and its responses of some phyto-hormones for vegetative propagation of this ancient crop species. Das and Tah (2014) reconfirmed the stability parameters of S. album through different silviculture programmes. Batabyal et al., (2014) have been exercised lot experiments in this problem. Das et al., (2015) vividly studied on frequency distribution on the growth of Santalum album L. Karmaker et al., (2017) observed an extensive study on “Germination behaviour and morphological activities of white sandal” whereas Jadav et al. (2017) showed the “Role of edaphic factors over seed production and rate of seed germination of white sandal (Santalum album L. ). Ananthapadmanava et al (1984) stated that though the sandal plant can survive without host, but it has proved beyond doubt that the host plants are absolutely necessary for the better growth of sandal plant. He also published his work on survival % and mean height growth of sandal plants following standard error (SE) model.
Conclusion
It is evident that the soil components viz; Phosphorus, potassium, Ammonical nitrogen, carbon, PH of soil etc. have their specific individual or combined role for the growth and development of the plant population. On the contrary, the meteorological activities has specific action upon the plant population for their morpho-phisiological performances towards survivalibility over the location.
Materials for Experiment-4:
Materials:
1. Sandalwood seeds: Seeds of Santalum album L. were collected from Hirbundh mouza of Hirbundh Range under Bankura (South) Forest Division during the month of November-December and May-June of 2011 and 2012 for experimentation. Simultaneously, seeds of S. album were also procured from Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore in the month of February, 2012 for the same experimentation purposes.
2. Chemicals: Gibberellic acid (GA3)
3. Apparatus: Container, Markin cloth, Polypots, Hycopots.
4. Miscellaneous: Soil samples (for analysis), Sandalwood Samples (for oil and santalol content analysis), Sand, Bricks, Seive, FYM, Water, etc.
5. Meteorological Informations of Bankura District from 2016-2019:
Materials [Experiment-4 (Contg)]
Six types of this genus taken for the experiment:
Peculiarities were observed in leaf shape, leaf size, colour, thickness, texture and flowering seasons. The seadling planted in different forest gardens have been shown foliar variations. Leaves are opposite, and opposite decussate, sometimes show whorled arrangement. The leaf shape varies from lanceolate to ovate or elliptical (Kulkarni and Srimathi 1982). Two consipicuous types of white sandal trees are observed where from the seeds were collected in Hirbandh forest garden which are as follows:
Materials [Experiment-4 (Contg)]
Various types of leaves:
-Shape and measurements-
Table I: Morphogenetic peculiarities of S album L.
Results and Discussion
The following data of the phenotypic characters were observed and tabulated In the following tables:
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Results (Contg)
Discussion
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