AUCTORES
Research Article
*Corresponding Author: Krzysztof Wierzcholski. Prof. DSc. Ph.D. M.Sc. Krzysztof Wierzcholski tel.505 729 119, ORCID: 0000-0002-9074-4200, University of (WSG) 85229 Bydgoszcz, Garbary street.
Citation: Krzysztof Wierzcholski, (2024), The Phenomenon of Impact on A Healthy Human’s Lifespan, J Clinical Research Notes, 5(6); DOI:10.31579/2690-8816/150
Copyright: © 2024, Krzysztof Wierzcholski. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 04 November 2024 | Accepted: 12 November 2024 | Published: 20 November 2024
Keywords: training activity (ta); human sweat dynamic-viscosity (swv); human metabolic age (ma); basal metabolic rate (bmr); influences between clothing (dress) material features on the bmr and ma
Purpose
The topic of the presented paper concerns the mutually influences of dynamic of viscosity changes of the human sweat during the flow in thin gap between human skin and tightly fitting sport clothes (underwear) on the human metabolic age, hence on a healthy human’s lifespan.
Material And Devices
During the performed research had been applied postoperative preparations and samples of human skin. Moreover had been used inorganic sport wear equipment and following measurement devices: Segmental Body Composition Analyzer Tanita MC 780MA, AFM, pedometer Garmin Ltd.2015. The author gained experience in Germany research institutes, and practical results were obtained after measurements and information from students and patients.
Methods
The presented methods are applied in the form of performed sweat lubrication measurements of the human skin. Moreover are performed analytical and numerical calculations using Mathcad Professional Program 15 by virtue of some solutions of hydrodynamic lubrication equations and matter conversion and metabolism equations.
Results
The results presented in this paper indicated the mutually connections between human skin and underwear features with the basal metabolic rate. Moreover are indicated relations between underwear material properties and suit fashions on the human Metabolic Age (MA).
Conclusions
1.The increments of the human Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and more significant drops of human Metabolic Age (MA) indirectly depend on sweat dynamic viscosity increases and rise after exercises activity such as weight
2.If the elastic modulus of the clothing (underwear) material increases, and it happens after training activity with material wettability changes, then: a) for lubrication by squeezing, the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)values increase, while the human Metabolic Age (MA) decreases; b) for rotating lubrication, The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) values decrease, while the human Metabolic Age (MA) decreases more slowly or increases
3.Indication of the proper kinds of skin-sweat lubrication, underwear material features and suit fashions, to obtain after activities the best rejuvenation i.e. the largest metabolic age decreases,
The main research of the presented paper concerns the mutually connections between human Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Metabolic Age (MA) in one hand and human Sweat Viscosity in second hand [1-6]. Such connections are related and implemented by the influences of material features of tightly fitting clothes, underwear [4,7,8]. The current knowledge level of human Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Metabolic Age (MA) is high for physiotherapy and sports medicine [7,9-16]. According to the contemporary scientific research, human BMR & MA and health depends primarily on such many known factors. Nonetheless, experimental studies revealed that the impact of the mentioned factors, accurately described through numerous formulas in scientific papers [1,2,3], does not always correspond to reality [7,8,15,16]. This encouraged the author to explain and investigate the phenomenon of impact on a healthy human’s lifespan using biotribology methods. Such methods also apply to the influence of skin hydrodynamic lubrication with sweat viscosity changes implemented by the Training Activity (TA), clothing material features on the BMR and MA. Presented paper states the continuation of previous authors achievements in domain of the human skin-sweat-underwear hydrodynamic lubrication [15,16-21]. However at first it is necessary to define some notions. Hence now we explain some main notations (indexes) occurring in presented paper.
□ The BMR[cal/day] index is defined as the difference between the total daily energy used in Kcal and the energy expenditure during the daily human activity in Kcal. Hence, the BMR index can be said to denote how many calories one’s body burns while at rest. The Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Connecticut estimated the following BMR values for human age groups: 20-29 years:1,360 calories; 30-49 years:1,300 calories; and 50-70 years: 1,200 calories. The Daily Caloric Need (DCN) is the BMR value multiplied by the value of dimensionless factor α from 1.2 to 1.9 depending on human activity level.
□ The Metabolic Age:MA[year] indicates how many calories one’s body burns at rest, compared to the average BMR[cal/day] for people of a certain chronological age in the general population. According to C.J. Anderson, the MA [age in years] is commonly defined as how one’s BMR compares to the average BMR for people of the same chronological age. The human MA is converted from calories to time in years after comparing one’s BMR to the average chronological age group [14]. The success after a training activity denotes decreasing human MA values. The effect is positive (negative) when the MA is lower (higher) than the subject’s actual chronological age [7,8]. The success after a training activity denotes decreasing human MA values. The effect is positive when the MA is lower than the subject’s actual chronological age (rejuvenation). The effect is negative when the MA is higher than the subject’s actual chronological age (aging, senescence).
□ Body Mass Index (BMI) depends on the Training Activity TA and next on the human Sweat Viscosity SWV[Pas]. BMI [kg/m2] is defined as the quotient where human body mass in kg is divided by the second power of the human stature in m. The following intervals of BMI are respected: BMI<18>50.0 over obesity.
□ A Training Activity Effort (TA) unit scale was applied, with the scoring range 1 ≤TA≤5. One unit represents a sportsperson’s effort while running over a 100 m distance at 2m/s. Hence, unit level 5 denotes the effort made when running over a distance of 500 m at 2m/s.
□ Wettability (We) occurs in range from 300 for hydrophilic i.e. large absorbability material, to the 750 -850 for hydrophobic i.e. small absorbability material (clothing, underwear, tights, skin).
□ Wear-ability (Wa) unit scale was applied, with the scoring range 1 ≤Wa≤100. One unit denotes the wear presented the 1mg loss of material during the time cooperation 1000 000s i.e. 10-6mg/s
2.1. Human sweat and skin in relation with inorganic sport clothing, underwear materials
The hydrodynamic lubrication of the human skin for the thin sweat layer between human skin surface and tightly fitting clothing material, characterizes with the non-monotone variations of the sweat dynamic viscosity SWV[Pas] across the boundary layer presented in Fig.1ab.
Figure 1. a) Sweat dynamic viscosity h distribution across the thin sweat boundary layer between motionless lower skin surface 1 and movable clothing upper surface 2 with sweat viscosity h assignations to the sweat flow velocity values V1, V2 in section A and B, b) sweat flow lubrication between the clothing surface and humanoid robot skin; Notations: LA- lactic acid, 3-skin, 4-epidermis layer
The clothing, or underwear surface presented in Fig.1a is loaded by the small increasing of pressure pA in section A, and loaded by the large increasing of pressure pB in section B [22]. Human sweat in the thin gap between skin and underwear(dress) consists mostly (90 per cent) of water, electrolytes, fatty acids, Lactic Acid (LA), amino acids, carbohydrate nitrogen metabolites, such as ammonia, urea, uric acid, and Urea Water Solutions (UWS) with the following density values: 1,084 kg/m3[23]. The value range of the typical human sweat’s dynamic viscosity is between 1.21 and 4.414 mPas (cP). Male sweat contains more lactic acid (LA) than female sweat [21]. Thus, laboratory measurement results demonstrate [22] that power hydrogen ion concentration pH in male sweat is lower than in female sweat. Hence, considering the abovementioned remarks, male sweat’s dynamic viscosity is higher than that of female sweat. The skin of a healthy human typically excretes (eliminates) ca. 1,200 ml of sweat daily and, additionally, 700 ml of sweat after intensive gymnastic training. For a conventional Training Activity Effort (TA) unit scale was applied, in interval 1 to 5. The values of the ESM= Eskin of the superficial layer of human skin are included in interval:0.01GPaFigure.1 ,2ab).
Figure 2.Vertical sections of skin sample contacting with the sweat flow implemented with the values of variable elasticity modulus of the skin ESM=Eskin=E; a) First (1) epidermis zone divided in the layers: A-corneous, B- granular, C- spinous, D-basis, b) three zones: first (1) epidermis, second (2) basis skin, third (3) hypodermis
The total human skin consists of following three zones: 1-epidermis, 2-basis skin,3-hypodermis. Epidermis as the first zone (1) is divided on the following layers presented in Figure.2ab.: A-corneous epidermis with old exfoliated cells, B - granular epidermis, C-spinous epidermis, D-basis epidermis. The second zone-basis skin (2) includes: nerve, blood vessel, adenoma of the sweat gland and is from 1mm to 3 mm thick. The third zone (3) i.e.
Hypodermis includes connective tissue with young cells and fat cells Figure.2b[14,24,25].
During the performed research were used inorganic sport clothing and underwear equipment including panty-hose, single-piece, tight-fitting gymnastic overall, sport clothing presented in Figure.3abcd, produced from elastic tricot, nylon material with its specific wettability and elasticity modulus features [22].
Figure 3. Clothing of sport suit :a,b) two piece gym body and tights-pantyhose of elastic tricot, where 0.2GPa
The values of elasticity surface modulus of the superficial layer of clothing material ESM= Ed were included in interval 0.2GPa
2.2 Measurement devices and Computer program
To the lifeless materials applied during research belong following measurement devices: Segmental Body Composition Analyzer SBCA, Tanita MC 780MA with additionally implementation of SC-240, BC-418 MA, and Rank Taylor Hobson device type of Talyscan 150 implemented with Talymap Expert Computer Program, laser and mechanical sensors pedometer Garmin ltd.2023. Moreover had been applied an IKA ROTAVISC lo-vi Complete Visco-meter, an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and a Scanning Microscope (ACM)[21,26-29] It is possible to perform an 8-polar bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA).A handy printout shows result values for BMI kg/m2, BMR in Kcal/day, fat %, fat mass, desirable ranges for fat %, external human body fat in percent, internal
human body fat in a scale from 1 to 59, total body water in percent, muscle in kg and in percent, the human bone mass in kg, synovial fluid and sweat viscosity. Obtained data were next utilized in further analytical and computer calculations using Mathcad 15 Professional Software Program to obtain finally the values of human Metabolic Age MA [30].
Here are presented the various research methods, to obtain BMR [cal/day] and M A[age] index. The methods presented in this section have been now exactly divided adequately to the final results obtained in the following parts namely:3.1-theoretical Semi-Analytical-Numerical (SAN) research methods, mutually connected and implemented with 3.2 -Experimental methods (EXM), or 3.3- anamnesis methods.
3.1. SAN research methods for sweat and materials (human skin, clothing, underwear)
Now we are going to show the semi-analytical-numerical methods of solutions to present the mutually analogous connections between, human Sweat Viscosity (SWV) during the clothing material or skin lubrication in one side and kinds of material features of gym body, gym tights in second side. In SAN methods referring Sweat Fluid (SW) lubrication are taken into account analytical hydrodynamic calculations of the sweat flow between skin and clothing surfaces or overalls during the various kinds of sport training activities presented in Figure.4abcd [16].
Figure.4.The various kinds of sport activities during the hydrodynamic sweat lubrications: a,c) by rotating; b,d) by squeezing; a,b) hydrophilic clothing material, large absorbability; c,d) hydrophobic clothing materials, small absorbability.
The problem of lubrication flow for human sweat SW implemented with power hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is described by means of the conservation of momentum, continuity, energy, heat transfer, Young -Kelvin equations, related to the hydrodynamic aspects [ 12,31,32].
The deformations of elastic, hyper-elastic and bio-anisotropic biological bodies, tissues cellular structures of human skin and gym body, gym tights material surfaces are described by the equilibrium of hyper-elasticity momentum equations, physical dependencies, compatibility equations, the heat transfer equation and material property conversion equations [24].
3.2 -Experimental methods (EXM)
In the presented scientific bio-tribology and nano-sport-medicine research, the measurements of features of non-living and living materials were applied. The realization considered examinations of mentioned features had been realized using devices presented in intersection 2.2. The bio-samples of postoperative living materials in the form of pathological human skin surfaces, are gained from PhD.DSc.J. Cwanek, Poland from Rzeszów Tech. Univ [18]. Additionally the living materials and experimental methods had been gained through experience in German research institutes, and practical results were elaborated after measurements and information from students and patients after gymnastic and physical rehabilitation [26,27]. Human sweat dynamic viscosity SWV[Pas] values had been measured in laboratory form by way of the pilocarpine iontophoresis using the Gibson-Cook method [13,23,26]. Experimentally values of B M R[cal/day] and M A[year] are obtained from SBCA device [29] and next compared with the same values obtained in analytical and numerical way. The differences not exceed 5 percent.
4.1 General results
Using the material, devices and methods presented in foregoing intersections, the general results are now presented for a rotational and squeezing, periodic and unsteady, isothermal, incompressible, viscoelastic SWV flow lubrication, inside the gap height depended on unsteady time t[s]. Using the matter conversion [24] and elasto-hydrodynamic equations, we obtain in numerical way the BMR, MA values depended on the elasticity of superficial layer material modulus ESM[Pa], wettability 300 Fig.5. The SWV[Pas] for SW, denoted by ηT [Pas] and indicated in Fig.6 had been formulated in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates ai (i=1,2,3) in the following form [4,18,28]:
Figure 5. Human BMR,MA depended on bio-fluid dynamic viscosity (SWV), as a function of: ESM-elasticity modulus of superficial layer material, We-wettability of material (skin, clothing),Wa- wear-ability of the material, pH-power hydrogen ion concentration of the bio-fluid ( liquid, fluid, sweat),p-hydrodynamic pressure, U-the urea water solution component in considered bio-liquid, T- temperature, v- average velocity of the considered lubricated bio-liquid flow, whereas: hydrodynamic pressure p [Pa], temperature T [K],bio-liquid or sweat velocity components vi[m/s] for i = 1, 2, 3, and the joint gap height or the distance between skin and overall or underwear ε (α1, α 3) [m],k = 1.38054∙10–23[J/K]-Boltzmann constant, 1
4.2 Particular results for human sweat and skin with gym clothing cooperation
Now we are presented the particular cases of general results contained in intersection 4.1 and restricted to the human skin, sweat, gym overall, clothing cooperation with its influence on the BMR& DCN[Kcal/day] and human M A[years]. Using computer calculations implemented with measurements, in mentioned influences are considered squeezing, rotating actions with parameters ESM [Pa], We, for skin and gym overall and SWV [Pas] dynamic viscosity for the sweat. For skin and gym overall had been assumed constant values of Wear-ability Wa=50, temperature T=293K, hydrodynamic pressure p=0.0015 MPa. For sweat are taken into account constant values of urea water solutions U with density 1.07 kg/m3, constant value of hydrogen ion concentration pH=6. Moreover sweat and skin diseases are neglected. In this research are used semi-analytical SAN methods presented in intersection 3.1, the experimental EXM methods illustrated in intersection 3.2 implemented with devices indicated in intersection 2.2. Figure.6 illustrates the sweat dynamic viscosity SWV[Pas] versus elasticity surface modulus ESM[Pa] of skin Eskin and gym overall material Ed, during the squeezing and rotation lubrication for wettability variations depended on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic overall material. Presented values are obtained for following constant values: wear-ability Wa=50, temperature T=297K, shear rate of sweat flow s. The changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic materials, are connected with the ESM[Pa] increments [ 7,13]. The ESM[Pa] increments (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic) during the rotating lubrication, imply the SWV[Pas] decrements. And the ESM[Pa] increments during the squeezing lubrication lead to the SWV[Pas] increments [13]. For hydrophilic lubrication, the SWV[Pa] values obtained for rotating lubrication are larger than the SWV[Pa] values for squeezing lubrication (A>B). For hydrophobic lubrication the SWV[Pa] values obtained for squeezing lubrication are larger than the SWV[Pa] values obtained for rotating lubrication (compare Fig.6, D>C and Figure,7c)
Figure 6 Illustration of the sweat dynamic viscosity (SWV) versus elasticity surface modulus (ESM) of skin and gym clothing dress material, during the lubrication by squeezing B,D and by rotating A,C, for hydrophilic A,B( large absorbability) and hydrophobic C,D (small absorbability ) facilities of gym dress material connected with the wettability properties.
Figure 7abc illustrates the particular connections between values relations of squeezing and rotation activities for sweat dynamic viscosity values h= SWV versus the underwear elasticity surface modulus values E=ESM on the analogy of Fig.6. The new results presented in Fig.7abc are obtained for underwear presented in Fig.4abcd but now performed from nylon clothes whereas are assumed following parameters: wear-ability Wa=20, temperature T=297K, shear rate of sweat flow s, power hydrogen ion concentration pH=6, urea water solution in the sweat U=1.07 kg/m3, dimensionless flow index for non-Newtonian sweat properties n = 0.95. Considered nylon material has the values E for elasticity surface modulus ESM in interval from 0.70 GPa to 1.50 GPa according to the sweat wettability intensively We. The values depicted in Fig.8abc are obtained after numerical calculations and experiment measurements. Figure.7c shows that same value E of elasticity surface modulus of underwear hydrophobic material implies larger sweat dynamic viscosity during the squeezing than in rotating lubrication. And the same values E of elasticity surface modulus of underwear hydrophilic material implies larger sweat dynamic viscosity during the rotating than in squeezing lubrication. Fig.7b shows that the values of elasticity surface modulus E decrements from underwear hydrophobic to hydrophilic material implies decrements of sweat dynamic viscosity for squeezing and sweat dynamic viscosity increments for rotating lubrication.
In Figure.8 the dependences between SWV[Pa] values and BMR&DCN[Kcal/day], M A[years] (human Metabolic Age) are now illustrated, based on previously obtained authors results [7,33], computer calculation of analytical solutions of matter conversion and metabolism equations implemented with the measurements [8]. The Sweat dynamic viscosity (SWV) presented in horizontal axis in Figure.8a depends on the material wettability (We), elasticity surface modulus of material (ESM), training activity (TA), lactic acid (LA) contained in sweat. Simultaneously the kinds of squeezing and rotating lubrication of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials are here taken into account. The presented data depicted on the Fig.8a are obtained for constant wear- ability value Wa=50, temperature T=297K, power hydrogen ion concentration pH=5, shear rate s of the sweat flow. The arrow of the first (right) vertical axis in Fig.8a shows the positive direction of the growth of BMR values in Kcal/day. The arrow of the second (left) vertical axis in Fig.8a presents the positive direction of M A[years] values decrements in years. The dynamic viscosity increments, presented by the arrow in horizontal axis, imply the growth increases of BMR[Kcal/day] values and lead to the increases of M A[years] decrements i.e. rejuvenation. The results presented in Fig.9a are respected simultaneously to the squeezing and rotating lubrication mainly for hydrophobic materials illustrated in Figure.8b.
Figure.7.Sweat dynamic viscosity h versus elasticity surface modulus E of nylon underwear, implemented with particular values illustrations between the squeezing and rotating lubrication activities: a)graphical illustrations of the functions for rotating and squeezing nylon material lubrication, b)relations from hydrophobic to hydrophilic underwear material, for different values of elasticity surface modulus E and corresponding different sweat dynamic viscosity values, c) comparisons between hydrophobic and hydrophilic underwear materials, for the same values of elasticity surface modulus E and corresponding different sweat dynamic viscosity values
Figure 8.The metabolic values BMR and MA depended mainly on sweat viscosity, material elasticity modulus ESM[Pa] ,temperature T[K],lactic acid LA[mg], shear rate s flow, power hydrogen ion concentration pH , wear ability properties Wa of the material and wettability We i.e. absorbability properties of the material: a)The BMR[Kcal/day] increments and human metabolic age MA[years] increments of decrements i.e. MA decrements versus increments of Sweat Dynamic Viscosity SWV[mPas] values, b) squeezing and rotating lubrication activities corresponding with the graphical charts, Based on previously obtained authors results [7,8] after computer calculation of analytical solutions of matter conversion and metabolism equations implemented with the measurements, the squeezing and rotating lubrication, are now illustrated in Fig.9ab. Here are presented Basal Metabolic Rate BMR DCN[Kcal/day] increments (decrements) with human Metabolic Age MA[years] decrement (increments) values, versus Elasticity Surface Modulus increment values in interval 0.1 GPa
Figure 9.The BMR[Kcal/day] and human metabolic age MA[years] variations versus Elasticity Surface Modulus ESM [GPa] increments , depended mainly on Sweat dynamic viscosity SWV[mPas] values, temperature T[K],lactic acid LA[mg], shear rate s flow, power hydrogen ion concentration pH , wear ability properties Wa of the material and wettability We i.e. absorbability properties of the material, 1.2<α<1 Wa=50, T=297K, pH=5,>
The increments of the ESM[GPa] for the squeezing lubrication, presented by the arrow in horizontal axis in Fig.9a, imply the increases of the sweat viscosity SWV[Pas] and changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties of the clothing (or overall) material. The mentioned increments of the ESM[Pa] presented in Fig.10a denote the training squeezing activity changes from B to D presented in Fig.6 and simultaneously denote the changes of the using of the sport clothing material from the two piece b to the one piece d presented in Fig.5 during the training activity. The increments of the Elasticity Surface Material ESM [GPa] for squeezing lubrication, presented by the arrow in horizontal axis, imply indirectly the growth increases of BMR&DCN [Kcal/day] values and lead to the increases of the decrement of the human metabolic age M A[years] i.e. rejuvenation. This phenomenon valid because ESM increments imply hydrodynamic pressure and next built human muscle mass, increasing resting energy consumption. The more muscle mass in the physician composition, the higher is BMR required to sustain their body at a certain level [7]. After computer calculations for squeezing lubrication follows, that if in sweat the values of density of urea water solution increases in interval: 1.08 [ kg/m3] Figure.9a follows, that if the shear rate of the sweat flow increases in interval: 100 [ 1/s] <<500> From obtained results presented in the right hand side of the Figure.9a follows, that the best rejuvenation (i.e. largest MA decreases) and best largest basal metabolic rate effect, had been attained after gymnastic squeezing activity realized using elastic nylon hydrophobic small absorbability one piece gym overall material presented in Fig.7 c,d with large Elasticity Surface Modulus (ESM), and during the squeezing training activity of type D.
The increments of the ESM[GPa] for the rotating lubrication, presented by the arrow in horizontal axis in Figure.9b, imply the decreases of the sweat viscosity SWV[Pas] and changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties of the clothing (or overall) material. The increments of the E S M[pa] presented in Figure.9b denotes the training rotating activity changes from A to C presented in Fig.6 and simultaneously denotes the changes of the using of the two pieces a to two pieces c sport clothing,underwear material presented in Fig.4 during the training activity.
The increments of the Elasticity Surface Material ESM[GPa] for rotating lubrication, presented by the arrow in horizontal axis, imply the decrements of BMR[Kcal/day] values and lead to the decreases of the decrement (i.e. increments) of the human metabolic age M A[years]. This fact denotes the small human senescence effect, connected with the smaller decreases of MA i.e. more slowly rejuvenation.
After charts presented in Figure.9b follows, that if the shear rate of the sweat flow increases in interval: 100 [ 1/s] <<500>Figure.9b follows, that the best rejuvenation (i.e.largest MA decreases) and best largest basal metabolic rate effect, had been attained after gymnastic rotating activity realized using two piece gym suit of elastic nylon hydrophilic large absorbability material presented in Fig.7 a,b with small Elasticity Surface Modulus (ESM), and during the rotating training of type A.
□The best rejuvenation (i.e.largest MA decreases) and best largest basal metabolic rate effect, had been attained after gymnastic squeezing activity realized using elastic nylon hydrophobic, small absorbability, one piece gym clothing material with large Elasticity Surface Modulus (ESM).
□The best rejuvenation (i.e.largest MA decreases) and best largest basal metabolic rate effect, had been attained after gymnastic rotating activity realized using two piece gym suit of elastic nylon hydrophilic large absorbability clothing material with small Elasticity Surface Modulus (ESM).
□. If the elastic modulus of the clothing (underwear) material increases, and it happens after training activity with material wettability changes, then: a) for squeezing, the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) values increase, while the human Metabolic Age (MA) decreases; b) for rotating, the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) values decrease, while the human Metabolic Age (MA) decreases more slowly or increases
□By virtue of the measurements and computer calculations we show that Dynamic viscosity (Pas) of non-Newtonian pseudoplastic human sweat increases vs:
1.Increments of pressure [N/m2=Pa],
2.Decrements of temperature from 316 K to 308K (430 C, 350 C),
3.Decrements of Shear Rate from 1000 000 Hz to 10Hz,
4.Decrements of the elasticity modulus during the rotating or linear motion of the superficial layer of skin or underwear (dress) surface which is by bio-liquid lubricated from 1000 MPa to 2MPa,
5.Increments of the elasticity modulus during the squeezing motion of the superficial layer of skin or underwear (dress) surface which is by bio-liquid lubricated from 2 MPa to 1000 MPa,
This study was funded by the WSG Bydgoszcz University, with its head office on ul. Garbary 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland. The Authors would like to thank all the persons involved in the discussions at the study preparation stage.
In previous papers [7,8,12,33,34] the authors have proven that human sweat dynamic viscosity increments during skin-sweat-clothing hydrodynamic squeezing lubrication, contribute to the increasing BMR&DCN and decreasing MA values. Additionally in this paper the author has proven that human sweat dynamic viscosity decrements during skin-sweat-clothing hydrodynamic rotating lubrication lead to the decreasing BMR and increasing MA values.
Why is this phenomenon valid? To explain this question, we show the following interpretation.
In this and in previous papers the authors show that the sweat dynamic viscosity depends and increases on many factors for example such as: sport training activity TA particularly exercises of weight lifting, increments of the elasticity modulus of material during the squeezing motion, increments from 2 to 4 of power hydrogen ion concentration, and after Mifflin-St.Jeor such factor as body mass, human stature, human age.
It is evident that dynamic viscosity increments (decrements), imply a hydrodynamic pressure increments (decrements) during human skin dynamic lubrication with sweat. Hence, this phenomenon after many exercises such as weight-lifting indirectly lead to higher BMR because they build muscle mass increasing resting energy consumption. The more muscle mass, the higher the BMR. Moreover by virtue of experimental measurements and of analytical considerations of energy conversion and conservation follows, that the total energy and fat increase calorie burning by enhancing the breakdown of fat cells. The additionally obtained energy is converted into calories, systematically improving BMR values. Up today, to calculate the BMR value, we can use the following formulae well-known in literature, e.g., Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St.Jeor, Katch-McArdleor the Cunningham Equation calculator [14,29]. Unfortunately, we seldom obtain the same BMR value using the formulae, where only body mass, human stature, human age influences were taking into account. According to the authors’ suggestion, the differences between Mifflin-S.Jeor result and BMR,MA values obtained in this paper follow from the fact that the referenced formulae do not consider skin lubrication influences of TA,ESM,pH on the sweat dynamic viscosity values increases and its synergistic effects and next final on the BME&DCN values.
After the authors’ knowledge, to the best achievement obtained in this paper, is the indication of proper kind of human skin and to present the proper kind of absorbability and fashion of clothing underwear or sport underwear material during the training activity to obtain the best BMR and best human rejuvenation (i.e. Largest MA decreases).
Nomenclature
AFM-Atomic Force Microscope,
BMI- Body Mass Index, kg/m2,
BMR-Basal Metabolic Rate, Kcal/day
DCN-Daily Caloric Need, Kcal/day =BMR×α,
ESM- Elasticity Surface Modulus, Pa,GPa,
EXM-Experimental Method,
Eskin –elasticity modulus of human skin,Pa
Ed –elasticity modulus of clothing (underwear) material,Pa
LA-Lactic Acid, mg,
MA-Metabolic Age, year
PL-Phospholipid
SAN-Semi Analytical Numerical method
SK-human skin,
SW-human sweat,
SWV-sweat dynamic viscosity, Pas
TA-Training Activity,
T-Temperature, K,
U-urea water solution, kg/m3
Wa-wear ability of the material, mg/s
We-Wettability, grad,
k-Bolzmann constant,J/K,
n-dimensionless flow index,
p-pressure, Pa
PH –dimensionless power hydrogen ion concentration,
v-velocity,m/s,
α-dimensionless coefficient from 1.2 to 1.9 depending on TA activity,
dynamic viscosity,Pas
shear rate,1/s,
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Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.