AUCTORES
Review Article
*Corresponding Author: Yuanyuan Zhang, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Citation: Xinyue Zhang, Adam David Goff, Hainan Zhu, Carol Bosholm, Kane Maurren, et al, (2024), Innovative Cell Therapies: Leveraging Stem Cells from Body Fluids, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 7(11); DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/214
Copyright: © 2024, Yuanyuan Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 26 August 2024 | Accepted: 12 September 2024 | Published: 25 October 2024
Keywords: BODY fluids-derived stem cells; stem cell therapy; regeneration; personalized medicine
Stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of a multitude of pathologies by promoting tissue regeneration and repair. Traditionally, bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells have been the primary source of stem cells for clinical applications. However, these methods have limitations, including invasiveness and low cell yield. This review explores body fluids as an alternative, readily accessible source of stem cells. We discuss various body fluid-derived stem cells, including stem cells from amniotic fluid, peripheral blood, cord blood, menstrual fluid, urine, synovial fluid, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid and highlight their unique characteristics and advantages for cell therapy. Overall, this review suggests that body fluids offer a promising and accessible alternative to bone marrow for stem cell therapy, and continued research needs to further investigate their potential use in therapeutic applications requiring stem cells.
The field of regenerative medicine strives to develop innovative treatment techniques to restore function in compromised tissue and organ systems. This can be accomplished by harnessing the healing potential of innate mechanisms in the human body. Widely embraced approaches to renew physiological function include tissue engineering, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cellular therapeutics[1, 2]. In all three of these modalities, stem cells play a crucial role through self-renewal, differentiation into specialized cell types, and the production of restorative secretomes for immunomodulation and trophic effects[3-5]. Bone marrow and adipose tissues have long been the gold standard sources for stem cell collection6, 7. However, harvesting stem cells from these tissues poses challenges, such as necessitating invasive procedures and potentially yielding a limited number of stem cells[8, 9]. As a result, researchers have begun investigating alternative reservoirs that are more easily accessible and may offer enhanced therapeutic promise.
Bone marrow collection, while effective, can be invasive and cause discomfort for the donor. In addition, the differentiation potential, and the number of stem cells in bone marrow naturally declines with age[10]. Collecting adipose stem cells (ASCs) also poses similar challenges. In addition, the location and technique chosen to harvest ASCs can affect cell viability and physiological function[11]. Fortunately, a new frontier is emerging: the utilization of body fluids as a readily accessible alternative[12]. The human body contains a complex network of fluids that plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by performing tasks like transporting nutrients, regulating temperature, and lubricating tissues. Ultimately, these abundant fluids could serve as a source of stem cells requiring minimally invasive or non-invasive harvesting methods, rendering them a more patient-friendly and obtainable approach.
This review explores the potential of various body fluids, such as umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, urine, breast milk, menstrual blood, peripheral blood, and synovial fluid, as a source of stem cells. These "body fluid-derived stem cells" (BFSCs) exhibit unique properties and hold promise for regenerative medicine applications. We will investigate the characteristics of BFSCs found in different fluids, discuss isolation techniques, and examine their potential for treating a range of conditions. Finally, we will address the ongoing challenges and future directions in harnessing the power of BFSCs for clinical use.
Classifying stem cells
There are four main ways to classify different types of stem cells.
Potency: This refers to a stem cell's ability to differentiate into various cell types[13, 14] 1). Totipotent stem cells: The most versatile cells, able to differentiate into all cell types of an organism, including each primary germ cell layer and extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta (only present in very early embryo stages). 2). Pluripotent stem cells: Can differentiate into any fetal or adult cell type. However, they are unable to form extra-embryonic tissues and organize into an embryo independently. Examples include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). 3). Multipotent stem cells: Can differentiate into a limited number of closely related cell types within a germinal layer or lineage. Examples include bone marrow stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. 4). Oligopotent stem cells: Even more limited differentiation potential than multipotent cells, typically differentiating into just a few specific cell types (e.g., lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells). 5). Unipotent stem cells: The most specialized, only able to differentiate into one specific cell lineage. Yet, they still maintain self-renewal capabilities unlike non-stem cells. (e.g., skin epithelial stem cells).
Development Stage: This focuses on when in an organism's development the stem cells arise: 1). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs): During the formation of an embryo, a blastocyst is formed containing an inner cell mass (ICM) that gives rise to all structures of the embryo. This occurs five days after fertilization of the egg and includes embryonic stem cells derived from this ICM[15, 16]. These pluripotent cells can differentiate into any somatic cell lineage[17]. 2). Fetal stem cells: After 9 weeks of gestation, the structures developed by the embryo commence further maturation and growth. The developing organism is subsequently classified as a fetus. From this point until birth, harvested stem cells are referred to as fetal stem cells (FSCs). These cells can be harvested from fetal organs and extra-embryonic tissues, such as the liver and placenta, respectively[18, 19]. 3). Perinatal stem cells: This term is used to describe stem cells obtained from tissue surrounding the fetus like umbilical cord blood or amniotic fluid[20, 21]. Unlike FSCs, perinatal stem cells can include maternally derived stem cells19. 4). Adult stem cells: Found in various tissues throughout the body after birth. The location of these cells is widely distributed throughout the body and they generally differentiate into the type of tissue or fluid cellular components they inhabit[22]. 5). induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): Artificially created in the lab by reprogramming adult cells to de-differentiate into an embryonic-like state[23].
Origin: This classifies stem cells depending on their source within the body
Tissue-derived stem cells: Reside within tissue niches and play a role in maintaining and repairing those tissues. Tissue niches are specific microenvironments within solid tissues where stem cells reside. These niches provide essential support and signaling molecules that regulate stem cell behavior, including proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal. This tissue niche as a specialized "home" for stem cells, where they receive the necessary cues to maintain their unique properties, (e.g., bone marrow stem cells[24], hair follicle stem cells[25].
Body fluid-derived stem cells: Extracted from fluids containing cells that initially migrate from their solid tissue niches. This phenomenon is not fully understood in many cases, but it is believed to be influenced by various factors, including a) developmental processes: during embryonic development and growth, stem cells may be released into body fluids to reach new locations where they contribute to anti-inflammation or tissue repairing if needed, (such as amniotic fluid stem cells)[26]. b) physiological conditions: certain physiological states, such as aging or pregnancy, may influence the migration of stem cells into body fluids to replace the aged cells or maintain the integration of tissue (i.e., urine-derived stem cells12); c) injury or damage: tissue damage can trigger the release of stem cells from their niches to aid in inhibiting inflammation and repair processes (i.e., synovial fluid-derived stem cells)[27].
In summary, BFSCs are a unique population of stem cells that have migrated from their original solid tissue niches into body fluids. While the exact mechanisms underlying this migration process are still being elucidated, these cells possess the potential for regeneration and repair, making them an exciting area of research for developing new therapeutic approaches.
Cell Types: This classification focuses on the specific lineages or tissues that the stem cells can differentiate into. 1). Epithelial stem cells: Found in the skin[28], lining of organs, and surfaces that serve as protective barrier. They can differentiate into various epithelial cell types during the wound healing process like epidermal stem cells[29]. 2). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): Located in connective tissues like bone marrow, fat, and muscle. These cells have been extensively researched due to their ability to influence the surrounding microenvironment through immunomodulation, regenerative properties, and supportive roles for other cell types[30]. 3). Hematopoietic stem cells: Found in bone marrow. They can differentiate into all types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)[31]. 4). Neural stem cells (NSCs): They have the potential to differentiate into new neurons and glial cells. These cells can be harvested and isolated from the central nervous system or pluripotent stem cells can be selectively induced to differentiate into NSCs[32].
By considering all four of these classification methods, scientists can gain a deeper understanding of the unique properties of different stem cell types. This knowledge is crucial for exploring their potential applications in regenerative medicine and treatment of various diseases.
Classify based on: | Description | Examples |
Potency | Ability of a stem cell to give rise to various cell types |
|
Development Stage | When the stem cells arise during an organism’s development |
|
Cell Types | Focuses on the specific lineages or tissues that the stem cells can differentiate into. |
|
Origin | Source of the stem cells within the body. |
|
Abbreviations: BFSCs: Body fluid-derived stem cells; ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; FSCs: Fetal Stem cells; HSCs: Hematopoietic stem cells; iPSCs: Induced pluripotent stem cells; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; TSCs: Tissue-derived stem cells |
Table 1. Classification of stem cells
Body fluid stem cells
These stem cells are from different sources: such as amniotic fluid, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, menstrual fluid, urine, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and breastmilk (Table 1). The key characteristic is that these fluids circulate throughout various bodily systems. Thus, most known body fluid-derived stem cells are either within fluids (like PBSCs in blood) or present in readily extracted fluids (like AFSCs in amniotic fluid). In contrast, stem cells present in areas such as bone marrow, dental pulp, and adipose tissue require invasive procedures to access. Therefore, despite their therapeutic potential they are not considered "body fluid-derived stem cells" due to their location and required methods of extraction.
The susceptibility of pathogen contamination can greatly affect the therapeutic potential of body fluid derived stem cells[33]. Despite having a potential source of stem cells, the minimally and non-invasive harvest of stem cells from fluids with prolonged exposure to the external environment, like secretions from mucous membranes, do not have the same therapeutic potential compared to sterile body fluids for cell-based therapy.
Unsterile body fluids where stem cells are not as widely available for therapeutic application due to potential contamination by pathogens: mucus, saliva, tears, sweat, and vaginal fluid.
Body fluids where stem cells can be obtained and potentially used therapeutically due to the fluids’ sterility: amniotic fluid, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, menstrual fluid, urine, synovial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and breastmilk
Several body fluids harbor populations of stem cells with distinct properties and advantages over bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells. Here, we explore some of the most promising candidates:
A. Fetal Sources:
This fluid surrounding a developing fetus contains a unique population of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs). AFSCs exhibit multilineage differentiation potential (ability to become various cell types) and immunomodulatory properties19, making them attractive candidates for treating various diseases, including neurological disorders and inflammation-related diseases [34, 35].
AFSCs exhibit a remarkable ability to differentiate into cell types representing the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)[36], which give rise to various organs and tissues: 1). Ectoderm: AFSCs can become cells of the nervous system (neurons, glial cells) and skin (epithelial cells). 2). Mesoderm: They can differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, and cells of the blood and circulatory systems. 3). Endoderm: AFSCs show potential to form cells of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract.
AFSCs are a heterogeneous population of cells that come from the fetus and the amniotic membrane[37]. These cells can come from the developing embryo's three germ layers, the amnion, the skin, the respiratory system, the intestinal tract, and the urinary tract. They are thought to be mostly cells that have been shed from the epithelium and digestive and urinary tracts of the fetus .The origin of this multi-lineage potential likely stems from the fact that the amniotic fluid contains cells shed from different organs or tissues of the developing fetus.
While AFSCs demonstrate promising differentiation capabilities in vitro, translating this potential into effective in vivo therapies remains an active area of research. The specific mechanisms underlying their differentiation towards diverse cell types are still under investigation. The heterogeneity within the AFSC population, as discussed earlier, presents both challenges and opportunities. Understanding and potentially isolating specific subpopulations with desired characteristics could further enhance their therapeutic potential.
Cord blood, which is collected form the umbilical cord after it is cut from the newborn, contains hematopoietic stem cells that can further differentiate into mature blood cells. These cells are primarily used in allogenic hematopoietic blood cell transfusions for treating a wide range of diseases like leukemias, lymphomas, aplastic anemia, thalassemia, and diabetes[38]. Additionally, the hematopoietic stem cells isolated from cord blood are relatively immune incompetent compared to hematopoietic stem cells isolated from bone marrow and peripheral blood. Therefore, this characteristic allows them to tolerate a higher disparity in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching and significantly reduces the probability of developing graft vs host disease during an allogenic transplant[39].
MSCs have also been isolated from umbilical cord blood, which makes it a potential therapeutic alternative to bone marrow MSCs in regenerative medicine and particularly tissue engineering. Of note, MSCs originating from cord blood demonstrated a higher proliferative potential and preserved differentiation capacity when compared to MSCs from the bone marrow[40].
B. Adult Sources:
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from peripheral blood are less concentrated than UCBSCs but offer a more feasible collection method through apheresis after growth factor injection[41-43]. They've been used to treat various conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma through both autologous and allogenic hematopoietic stem cells transplants. HSCs, characterized by the CD34 surface marker, are the most used subtype of PBSCs in the clinical setting. Other populations of PBSCs have been discovered, but their expression patterns and characteristics are not as explicitly defined[44]. Ultimately, continued research on these additional subtypes could lead to a wider range of therapeutic applications for PBSCs.
MenSCs express markers that have been previously identified to be specific to mesenchymal stem cells[45]. This expression pattern, along with their anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, makes them a promising option for cell-based therapies[46]. These MSCs have been shown to differentiate into numerous cell types and offer an additional non-invasive alternative to MSCs harvested from the bone marrow. Their potential in treating gynecological disorders, wound healing, and neurological diseases is being explored.
Present in small quantities in voided urine, these cells offer a non-invasive collection method and likely originate from the kidney mesoderm. Furthermore, they show similarities to mesenchymal stem cells through their proliferative, migratory, and differentiation capacities[47]. Research is ongoing to explore their potential in regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and drug discovery[48, 49].
Residing in joint synovial fluid, SFSCs contribute to joint health. Their ability to differentiate into cartilage cells makes them promising candidates for osteoarthritis treatment33. In addition, their anti-inflammatory properties offer potential benefits for joint-related inflammatory conditions.
Present in breast milk, these cells show potential for differentiating into various cell types, including mammary epithelial cells, adipocytes, and neurons. Their potential applications in regenerative medicine and infant health are under investigation[50].
Despite the inability to produce stem cells itself, CSF is near the subventricular zone which participates in neurogenesis and the production of NSCs[51]. This body fluid, produced by the choroid plexus, has been shown to promote proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation of NSCs through its microenvironment and cell signaling[51, 52] . Additionally, in diseases like multiple sclerosis, NSCs try to repair damage but may be negatively affected by the disease environment[53]. This study found that cerebrospinal fluid from MS patients can hinder the growth and function of these stem cells, suggesting that the etiology of neurologic diseases could interfere with the brain's natural repair process involving CSF.
It is imperative to acknowledge that the research surrounding many of these stem cell types remains in its preliminary stages. The full spectrum of their therapeutic potential and safety necessitates comprehensive exploration. To harness the complete capabilities of BFSCs for clinical application, continued investigation and optimization are indispensable. Furthermore, the unique nature of each source of BFSCs demands meticulous refinement of parameters such as dosage, administration route, and treatment frequency. Preclinical evaluation in large animal models is crucial to assess safety, efficacy, and potential long-term consequences prior to human trials. Specific areas requiring concentrated effort include: a) dosage optimization: precise determination of the optimal dosage is essential to maximize therapeutic efficacy while mitigating adverse events; b) route of administration: Identification of the most effective delivery method (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, or localized injection) is critical for achieving optimal outcomes; c) treatment frequency: Establishing the optimal treatment regimen to sustain therapeutic benefits is a priority; d) preclinical evaluation: Rigorous testing in large animal models is indispensable to assess safety, efficacy, and potential long-term implications. Despite these ongoing challenges, the promising characteristics of BFSCs offer a compelling avenue for future medical advancements.
Summary of body fluid-derived stem cells key characteristics:
Body fluid-derived stem cells (BFSCs) offer a significant advantage in regenerative medicine due to their unique properties and ease of access. Isolated from various bodily fluids through non-invasive or minimally invasive methods[54], BFSCs are a readily available source compared to traditional therapeutic sources of stem cells obtained from tissues like bone marrow. These stem cells share characteristics with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow12. They can also possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types like bone, cartilage, muscle, and nerve cells.
In addition, BFSCs exhibit immunomodulatory properties, making them potentially suitable for treating autoimmune diseases Immunomodulatory properties play a crucial role in tissue regeneration by influencing the body's immune response to promote healing and repair. These properties facilitate a balanced immune response that reduces inflammation, enhances tissue repair, prevents rejection, and promotes angiogenesis, all of which are critical for effective tissue regeneration. This combination of advantages – non-invasive collection, abundant source, immunomodulatory properties, and regenerative potential – positions BFSCs for exciting applications in: 1) Regenerative medicine: Treating conditions like skin wounds[55, 56] bone injuries43, [57-59] and kidney diseases49, [60, 61].2). Cell therapy: Targeting various disorders, including neurological diseases[62-64] and diabetes[65, 66]. 3). Drug discovery and development: Utilizing BFSCs for disease modeling and drug screening[67, 68]. However, body fluid research is still in its early stages, and more clinical trials are needed to evaluate their full potential and safety for therapeutic use. Ultimately, the non-invasive nature of their collection and promising therapeutic potential makes them a fascinating area of ongoing research with significant potential for future clinical applications.
In summary, extracellular bodily fluids such as urine, blood, breast milk, menstrual fluid, umbilical cord blood, and other specific fluids like amniotic fluid and CSF are emerging areas of exploration for potential stem cell sources. These sources offer some advantages, including non-invasive or minimally invasive collection and potentially unique stem cell populations. However, it's important to note that existing research primarily focuses on identifying and characterizing potential stem cell populations within these fluids. While their applications in disease modeling, drug testing, and therapeutics hold great promise, these areas are still in the exploratory phase. Continued research is needed to understand the properties, isolation techniques, expansion methods, and potential applications of these stem cells. Therefore, the potential of body fluids as a future source of stem cells is intriguing. It is a promising avenue for further research for therapeutic applications requiring a reliable source of stem cells.
The authors would like to acknowledge funding supports Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. Funding Sources NEI, R21 EY0358332024; HIAID, R21 AI152832, R03 AI165170; HHSN272201400006I; NIDDK, R21DK071791; R56DK100669; 2024 Translational Team Science Pilot Award, Translational Eye and Vision Research Center (TrEVR), Wake Forest School of Medicine (WFSM); 2024 Pilot Research Grant, Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA); (PI: Y. Z).
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.