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*Corresponding Author: Agustin Aviles. Oncology Research Unit. Department of Hematology. Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS. Mexico City, MEXICO.
Citation: Agustin Aviles and Sergio Cleto, (2024), Follicular lymphoma. Controlled Clinical Trial with An Integral Therapy in Untreated Patients, J Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics, 8(6); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/211
Copyright: © 2024, Agustin Aviles. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 27 September 2024 | Accepted: 07 October 2024 | Published: 21 October 2024
Keywords: follicular lymphoma; maintenance; thalidomide; toxicities
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and until now the best treatment has not been defined, most studies show an excellent Overall Survival (OS), but relapse is observed at very short time. Thus, actually the goal of most studies is to Increase Progression-free survival (PFS)
Patients and Methods:
We developed an regimen on patients with FL, untreated, stage III-IV, to include: 6 cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone), if the patient achieve Complete response (CR) patients received 375 mg/m2 at monthly cycles (days 1,8,15) for six months. Subsequently were allocated in a proportion1:1: thalidomide, 100 mg, oral, days 1 to 21, at monthly interval for 3 years.
Results:
CR was achieved in 701 (91%); 343 patients received thalidomide an 358 were the control group. PFS in maintenance group was 88% (95% Confidence Interval: 82%-965) and OS was 93% (95CI: 87%-97%), that were statistical better that the control group: 69% (61%-77%) <and71 % (95CI :67%-73%) respectively. Severe acute and late toxicities were not observed.
Conclusion:
The use of a continuous chemotherapy: induction, consolidation with rituximab and maintenance with low doses of thalidomide, achieve excellent response because significantly increase PFS and OS.
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma: is most common in > 50 years and advanced stages (III and IV). Recently progress in the understanding on the biology of this lymphoma led to modest progress in the treatment, however, results can be no concordant. The knowledge in tumor environment and clonal changes, contributed to define the best treatment to improve outcomes. [1-4]
However, until now, specific treatment has not was defined; in early stages (I, II) the use of radiotherapy is the best option, with complete response (CR) in > 90%, and overall response > 10 years [5]. In early stages, combined anthracycline -based, chemotherapy achieved CR in most of 85 %, but, continued relapse remain as an problem, specially, because relapse is most frequent at < 2>
Thus, we development a new therapeutic approach, used a different time the treatment and employed, to treat to maintain cell lymphoma under continues attack, employed adjuvant radiotherapy and thalidomide as maintenance. The first end point I to increase the PFS, to avoid the use of more aggressive treatment in the patient relapse.
From March 2001 to December 2014, patients with confirm pathology and histochemistry of follicular lymphoma, that were untreated and fulfilled the following criteria entry were considered to entry at the study; normal complete blood counts, serum chemistry, serum determinations of lactic dehydrogenase and beta 2 microglobuline, negative test for viral of immunodeficient human, virus B and C. Computed tomography of thorax, abdomen and pelvis, Evaluation of cardiac state with electrocardiogram, ecocardiogram. All studies will be normal, performance status < 2>
Response Criteria:
Complete response (CR): was defined as disappearance of all detectable clinical and radiologic of nodal disease, normalization al abnormal laboratory test, secondary to tumor activity, were normal. For criteria in this study, partial response was considered failure.
Progresion free-surviva PFS) l,was considered from the time of initial treatment until the first, clinical, laboratory or radiological studies, were observe or death secondary to other cause; overall survival was considered to the time of diagnosis to the die secondary to either cause.
Treatment:
Phase I: Six cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone) at conventional doses, every 21 days. At the end, complete restage were performed. Patients with nodal bulky disease (tumor mass> 10 cm) received involved field radiotherapy at doses of 25 Gy.
Phase II: All patients in CR were receive a consolidation, with Rituximab standard doses, days 1, 8 and 14 days every 28 day cycle, for 2 years.
Phase III. After rituximab, the patients were allocated to received maintenance in a proportion 1:1, of thalidomide, 100 mg oral, days 1 to 21 in monthly interval.
To avoid bias, the study was finished in December 2014, but, the final results were evaluate until July 2024, to had s minimal time of observation of 10 years.
A total of 768 patients entry in the study; the baseline characteristics are show in the Table1, no statistical differences were observed in these characteristics, only female were most common probably because it is a single center and homogenous population. CR was achieved in 701 (91.5%). All patients received rituximab at complete doses. The patients that received maintenance, did
received the planned phase. Actuarial curves at 10-years, show the PFS was better in patients that received Thalidomide: 88% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 82% to 96%) compared with control group: 69 % (95%:63%-77%) (p < 0>
Toxicity: Neutropenia grade I and II were observed during CHOP administration, but no significance in delay treatment was necessary, another, including cardiac damage and second neoplasms has not has been observed. Rituximab were well tolerated, with minimal effects that no affect the dosage and time of the drug. Patients that received Thalidomide has neurological grade I, 23 cases, were observed, in all cases the drug was diminished to 50 mg, for 1 to 3 months, when the drug were newly taken, no toxicity was observed.
FL has is a clinical and pathological heterogenous presentations, is a very sensitive neoplasm to different treatments, and have easy response to a many therapeutics’ approaches, achieved CR in most of 80 % of cases, but relapse is also common, and in most cases before 2 months. In the other hand, 80% of patients, can are alive > 10 years, because FL response to more lines of, until 6 or 8. It is possible because FL response, but. accumulative side effects late toxicities are common. Multiple studies have been conducted, introduction of new drugs; but not statistically differences have been observed [5-13]. Some years ago, we performed various studies, and observed that relapse is common in nodal sites with a tumor mass > 10 cm; and that addition of adjuvant radiotherapy increase PFS and OS (9). Also, the use of maintenance employed low-doses of cyclophosphamide, or interferon also, show modest results [7,8]. The use of maintenance appears to be the better option, and multiple agents as considered, but most of these drugs have a greater possibility of had severe toxicities, acute and late, and are more expensive. Thalidomide, was the first immunomodulator agent in multiple myeloma, that improve outcomes, contolerated toxicities well controlled and late events are very rare. However, without any specific reason, thalidomide was supplied for another immunomodulator: lenalidomide, that are associate with frequent acute toxicities: severe infections, immunodefiency, and second neoplasms. When we developed the study, we considered that taking in consideration the low growth the tumor cells, is better employ the same drugs, but in a low administration. As show in these that PFS and OS were better in patients who received Thalidomide compared with the control group with minimal acute and late toxicities, Thus, we suggested that use of treatment in FL, will be considered at minimal effective doses, but, for prolonged time, it is clear that more studies are necessary to confirm these results.
The word did not receive any external funds, and was performed by the owner resources of our Institution
Conflict of interest: Both authors disclose any conflict of interest,
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