AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
ResearCh Article
*Corresponding Author: Steven Rinehart, Registered Patent Attorney.
Citation: Steven Rinehart (2022). Cross-Sectional Study of the Ability of those Educated Using the Imperial System of Measurement to Estimate Weights and Measures Relative to those Educated Using the Metric System. Journalism and Intellectual Property. 2(1); DOI :10.31579/jip-2022/004
Copyright: © 2022 Steven Rinehart, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 27 July 2022 | Accepted: 03 August 2022 | Published: 10 August 2022
Keywords: .
Objective: To determine whether those educated using the metric system (i.e., the International System of Units) are better able to estimate weights and measures than those educated using the imperial system, including temperature, speed, weight, volume, and distance. This information is prospectively useful in evaluating whether the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) should require weights and measures in U.S. patent applications to be expressed in the metric system or the imperial system.
Competing Hypotheses: (1) Because the metric system uses base 10 standard units, the metric system is easier to understand and better suited for use for scientific and lay use; and (2) Because the imperial system uses base units which have been organically derived, the imperial system is more intuitive.
Setting: Office centers and controlled outdoor environments in the United States.
Participants: A variety of men and women from varying professions and vocations, with varying educational and socioeconomic backgrounds, raised in different countries, of varying ages, including inter alia teachers, computer programmers, contractors, police officers, writers, soldiers, students, accountants, engineers, convicted criminals, therapists, postmen, physicians, models, migrant workers, tradesmen and repairmen.
Methods: A total of 103 participants participated in the study between 2019 and 2021. Each participant was asked to estimate 17 weights and measures. Participants were asked to estimate the weight of a steel pipe in pounds and kilograms. Participants were asked to estimate the speed of a vehicle shown in a video in miles per hour and kilometers per hour (the vehicle moving in front of recognizable points of reference). Participants were asked to estimate the temperature of water in a fishbowl in Celsius and Fahrenheit, the distance between two visual points, and the volume of fluid in a vile. Importantly, participants were also asked to the estimate the weight of a book in the imaginary unit of a “marble” to determine if weight could be intuitively estimated in terms of smaller, intuitively-understood, control units. Statistical analysis of the results was undertaken in January and February of 2022.
Results:
Volume. There was no statistically significant difference in the abilities of those raised and educated using the metric system and those raised and educated using the IMPERIAL system to estimate the volume of water in a hot tub using gallons and liters.
Weight. Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were better able to estimate weight than those raised using the metric system.
Speed. Participants raised using the imperial system were slightly better able to estimate speed in miles per hour than individuals raised using the metric system were in kilometers per hour.
Distance. Participants raised using the imperial system were better able to estimate distance in feet than individuals raised using the metric system were in meters.
Small Volume. There was no statistically significant difference between those raised and educated using the imperial system and metric system to estimate small volumes in milliliters versus fluid ounces. Medical professionals were better able to estimate small volumes in milliliters.
Temperature. Participants raised using the imperial system were better able to estimate temperature in Fahrenheit than participants raised using the metric system could in Celsius.
Weight in Imagined Units. There was no statistically significant difference in the ability of those raised using the metric system and imperial system to estimate the weight of a book in marbles. Those educated raised using the metric system were statistically better able to estimate the weight of a book in marbles than they were a steel pipe in kilograms.
Conclusion:
In general, participants raised using the imperial system were able to accurately estimate weights and measures in the imperial system than individuals raised using the metric system were in the metric system.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a directive on January 15, 1992, instructing that weights and measures submitted in U.S. Patent applications be presented in the metric system rather than the imperial system and codified this directive in the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) § 608.01. Patent attorneys in the United States have largely ignored this directive, and controversy exists in the United States, specifically in the context of patent law, as to whether weights and measures should be expressed in the imperial system or metric system. Controversy also exists generally as to whether the United States as a whole should “metricate” (accept the metric system as a superior system to the imperial system). This study was conducted to help give guidance to those determining whether weights and measures are better expressed in units of the imperial system or metric system before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
The metric system had its origins in 1791 during the French Revolution when it was developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Thomas Jefferson rejected European pressure to convert, as did John Quincy Adams. Gradually, most of the countries in Europe converted to the metric system over the next 200 years. The United States has resisted pressure to do so. In 1975, the United States enacted the Metric Conversion Act, amended by the Omnibus Trade Act of 1988, in an attempt to compel America citizenry to adopt the modern metric system as their official system of measurement. The U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technologies also established the U.S. Metric Board in the 1970s, which was eventually disbanded, for this purpose. Pressure from continental Europe on Asia has resulted in most Asian countries adopting the metric system over the last century. Efforts to persuade the United States to adopt the metric system have failed.
Data Source and Study Sample
Participants were solicited from the public and universities using printed advertisements run in local newspapers, with an emphasis on trying to solicit participants studying and working in diverse technical and vocational fields, particularly prospective participants raised in foreign countries where said participants were educated using the metric system. Some prospective participants were contacted directly by administrators of the study. Most participants were paid between $7.50 and $20.00 for participating in the study.
Summary and Statistical Analysis
The results of the study were analyzed using a two-sample Z test for proportions of successful participants using a two-tailed approach. First, successful estimators of weights and measures were determined to be those who successfully estimated the measure presented within 0.67 standard deviations of the actual measure, with some adjustments made for outliers creating large standard deviations. Secondly, successful estimators of weights and measures were determined to be those who successfully estimated the measure presented within 1.0 standard deviations of the actual measure, without adjustments made for metrics having many outliers creating large standard deviations. The results of both approaches were compared and averaged based on alpha and p-value results, with a 95% confidence interval.
Speed
Based on these guidelines, participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating vehicular speed 72% of the time, while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating speed 63% of the time.
Weight
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the weight of a steel pipe (weighing 4.2 lbs) 71% of the time,
while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating the weight of the same steel pipe only 38% of the time. Those raised and educated using the imperial system were statistically more adept in estimating weight than those raised and educated using the metric system.
Volume
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the volume of 390 gallon tub 63% of the time, while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating
the same volume 63% of the time. There was no statistically significant difference in the ability to estimate volume of those raised and educated using the imperial system relative to those raised and educated using the metric system.
Weight in Imagined Units
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the weight of a book in marbles (an imaged unit) in 63% of cases, while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating the same weight in marbles in 54% of cases. Those raised and educated using the imperial system were statistically equivalent in their ability to estimate the weight of a book in marbles as those raised and educated using the metric system.
Volume of a Vile
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the volume of a vile (of 0.85 fluid ounces) in 98% of cases, while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating the same volume using milliliters in 100% of cases. Those raised and educated using the imperial system were statistically equivalent in their ability to estimate volume. Physicians were better able to estimate this volume than other subjects.
Distance
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the distance to a car from a fixed observation point (the distance being 69 feet) in 72% of cases while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating the same distance in meters to the car in 48% of cases. Those raised and educated using the imperial system were better able to estimate distance than those raised and educated using the metric system.
Temperature
Participants raised and educated using the imperial system were successful in estimating the temperature of a fishbowl in 78% of cases while those raised and educated using the metric system were successful in estimating the same temperature in 50% of cases. Those raised and educated using the imperial system were better able to estimate temperature than those raised and educated using the metric system.
Results Summary
In general, participants in the study who were raised and educated using the imperial system were better able to estimate weights and measures than those raised and educated using the metric system. In general, blue-collar vocational workers in both the United States and elsewhere were better able to estimate weight, speed, distance and temperature than professionals in white-collar fields (with the exception of physicians, who were better able to estimate temperature and small volume in the metric system).
Limitations
The relatively small sample size of 103 participants makes statistically significant conclusions with respect to some of the estimates less certain. No attempt to measure time was made in this study, as both the imperial system and metric system have adopted the UTC time standard (based on canonical hours defined in the Didache and the sexagesimal subdivisions of Persian scientist Al-Biruni in 1000 CE). No attempt was made to study the nautical/aeronautical units of the imperial system, including knots. Although subjects from many countries were included in the sample, all of these participants were residing in the United States at the time the study was conducted, potentially limiting the geographic applicability of the study.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
