Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/323
Department of Marine Engineering, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Yaghoub Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi, Department of Marine Engineering, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran.
Citation: Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi MY, (2026), Triangular Pitting of Mg Bioimplants, J, Clinical Case Reports and Studies, 7(6); DOI:10.31579/2690-8808/323
Copyright: ©, 2026, Mohammad Yaghoub Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 19 May 2026 | Accepted: 29 May 2026 | Published: 11 June 2026
Keywords: diffuse interface; triangular pit morphology; stress-assisted corrosion; bio-absorbable; mg stent; pit-to-crack transition; mg biodegradation; phase-field
A phase-field model is developed to simulate the corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys in physiological environments. The framework couples Mg dissolution with the transport of Mg²⁺ ions in solution, naturally capturing the transition from activation-controlled to diffusion-controlled bio-corrosion. Beyond uniform attack, the model describes pitting corrosion with a triangular pit-front morphology — characteristic of textured Mg alloys in which preferential dissolution along crystallographic planes produces faceted, sharp-cornered pits — and accounts for the synergistic acceleration of corrosion under mechanical loading. The diffuse-interface formulation handles arbitrary two- and three-dimensional geometries without any special treatment of the moving corrosion front. Validation against dedicated in vitro experiments on WE43 Mg alloy wires demonstrates strong quantitative agreement. Case studies on Mg wires under tension and on bioabsorbable coronary stents reveal that triangular pits concentrate hydrostatic stress at their apex far more severely than circular pits of equal depth, thereby accelerating pit-to-crack transition and substantially reducing device service life. The proposed methodology provides a mechanistic tool for assessing the in vitro and in vivo performance of Mg-based biomedical devices and for optimising designs against realistic pit morphologies.
Symbol Description
P Total potential energy
F Free energy functional
D Total dissipation rate
ϕ Phase-field variable (1 = solid Mg, 0 = liquid)
c ‾_Mg Normalized Mg concentration
u Displacement vector
J Diffusional flux of Mg ions
μ_c, μ_ϕ Chemical potentials conjugate to concentration and phase-field
M, L Mobility coefficients (diffusion and interface kinetics)
f^chem, f^grad, f^mech Chemical, gradient, and mechanical energy densities
κ Gradient energy coefficient
ω Double-well barrier height
Γ Interfacial energy
l Interface thickness
h(ϕ), g(ϕ) Interpolation and double-well functions
A Curvature parameter of chemical free energy
C Elastic stiffness tensor
ϵ, ϵ^e, ϵ^p Total, elastic, and plastic strain tensors
σ Cauchy stress tensor
D_cMg Diffusion coefficient of Mg ions
L_0 Reference interfacial mobility (stress-free)
i, i_0 Anodic current density (with/without stress)
ϵ^p, ϵ_y Effective plastic strain, yield strain
σ_h Hydrostatic stress
V_m Molar volume
R Universal gas constant
T Absolute temperature
τ Ratio of diffusion time to reaction time
t ‾, x ‾, ∇ ‾ Normalized time, space, and gradient
H_gas Hydrogen gas volume released
Δn_Mg Amount of dissolved Mg (moles)
L_0' Spatially dependent mobility for pitting
γ(m,n), ϕ(m,n) Random functions for pitting distribution
Magnesium and its alloys have emerged as highly attractive candidates for temporary biomedical implants due to their unique combination of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties that closely rival those of cortical bone [1–6]. Temporary Mg implants are designed to degrade progressively at a rate that matches tissue healing, thereby eliminating the need for a second surgical procedure to remove the hardware. Promising clinical outcomes have been reported across a range of applications, including orthopaedic fixation, cardiovascular stenting, and craniofacial reconstruction [4–6, 15]. Figure 1 presents the Schematic of the diffuse interface description and real pitting profile from top and depth view.
Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the diffuse interface description and real pitting profile from (b) top and (c) depth view. Data is from [61]
Despite these advantages, rapid and non‑uniform degradation in chloride‑rich body fluids remains the primary obstacle to broader clinical adoption [7–12]. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have consistently demonstrated that Mg alloys corrode in a highly localised fashion – a phenomenon known as pitting corrosion [8–10, 13, 14]. Importantly, pits in wrought Mg alloys with a pronounced basal crystallographic texture are frequently non‑circular: preferential electrochemical dissolution along prismatic and pyramidal planes, which are inherently more reactive than basal planes, produces pits with triangular or otherwise faceted cross‑sections [16–18]. These angular geometries introduce sharp corners that act as severe stress raisers and are known to accelerate the onset of stress‑corrosion cracking (SCC) [19, 20, 23, 24].
The synergistic interaction between mechanical loading and corrosive attack is a further concern for load‑bearing devices such as stents, wires, and bone screws [16–20]. Elastic strains lower the corrosion potential, increase anodic dissolution current densities, and promote localised damage [17, 18]. Plastic‑strain concentrations at stent deployment sites create local hot‑spots for pitting nucleation [16, 24]. Once a pit nucleates, the stress field at its tip can trigger a pit‑to‑crack transition, potentially leading to sudden, premature implant fracture [19, 20, 23]. Surface coatings and surface treatments have been explored to mitigate these effects, but they do not eliminate the fundamental mechano‑electrochemical coupling [21, 22, 54].
Computational models have contributed significantly to the understanding of these coupled degradation processes [25–41]. Phenomenological continuum‑damage approaches are computationally efficient but do not resolve the underlying physical mechanisms [25–27]. More advanced formulations incorporate Mg‑ion diffusion and physicochemical interactions [28–30]. Physically based models that explicitly track the evolving corrosion front – using arbitrary Lagrangian‑Eulerian (ALE) methods, level‑set schemes, or peridynamics – offer greater mechanistic insight but face difficulties in handling localised corrosion, topological changes, and mechano‑electrochemical coupling simultaneously [31–41].
Phase‑field methods have emerged as a natural framework to address these challenges [42–51]. By replacing the sharp solid–liquid interface with a diffuse region described by a continuous auxiliary variable, the method implicitly tracks corrosion fronts of arbitrary complexity – including pit coalescence and branching – without the need for ad hoc criteria or remeshing [42, 43]. Phase‑field models have been applied successfully to pitting and stress‑corrosion cracking in metallic systems [44–46] and to galvanic damage in Mg alloys [47, 48, 51]. The mechano‑electrochemical coupling can be incorporated via Gutman’s theory [52], and the thermodynamic consistency is ensured by standard formulations [53, 55–57].
A critical limitation of existing phase‑field corrosion models is that pitting is invariably assumed to produce circular or hemispherical pit geometries [43–46, 49, 50]. This idealisation systematically underestimates local stress concentrations in textured Mg alloys, where triangular pits are routinely observed [58–60]. The present work addresses this gap by developing the first phase‑field model that explicitly incorporates triangular pit‑front morphology into coupled simulations of Mg dissolution, ionic transport, and mechanical deformation. The model is validated against dedicated in vitro experiments on WE43 Mg alloy wires [58–61] and applied to two engineering case studies: stress‑assisted corrosion of Mg wires and degradation of a bioabsorbable coronary stent.
2.1 Degradation Mechanisms
Magnesium dissolves in aqueous physiological environments through a well-established electrochemical sequence. The anodic reaction releases Mg²⁺ ions into solution; cathodic water reduction generates hydrogen gas; and the subsequent precipitation reaction deposits a layer of magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂] on the alloy surface, which acts as a temporary passive film. Chloride ions (Cl⁻) present in body fluids react with this film, converting it to the highly soluble MgCl₂ and thereby locally undermining passivation — the primary trigger for pitting. The sequence of anodic, cathodic, precipitation, and layer dissolution reactions governing Mg biodegradation is summarized in Table 1.
| Formula |
|---|
 (anodic) |
 (cathodic) |
 (product formation) |
 (layer dissolution) |
Table 1: Magnesium dissolution and layer dissolution in physiological environment.
In wrought Mg alloys with strong basal texture, the dissolution rate is crystallographically anisotropic. Basal planes (0001) exhibit the lowest surface energy and corrode relatively slowly, whereas prismatic {10–10} and pyramidal {10–11} planes dissolve more rapidly. This anisotropy causes pits to develop faceted, predominantly triangular cross-sections. In the present model, the pit front is accordingly initialised and allowed to evolve as an equilateral triangle with an apex full-angle of approximately 60°, consistent with experimental observations on WE43 wires.
The effect of mechanical stresses on anodic dissolution kinetics is captured through Gutman’s mechano-electrochemical theory, whereby both hydrostatic stress and accumulated plastic strain amplify the local dissolution rate. Following passive-film rupture and pit nucleation, the stress concentration at the sharp apex of a triangular pit is substantially greater than at the rounded tip of a circular pit of the same nominal depth, making the pit-to-crack transition more rapid and the subsequent crack propagation less controllable.
2.2 Thermodynamic Free Energy Functional
The decomposition of the total potential energy and free energy densities into chemical, gradient, and mechanical contributions is presented in Table 2. The phase-field variable φ equals 1 in the intact Mg alloy and 0 in the physiological fluid, transitioning smoothly through a diffuse interface of thickness ℓ. The normalised Mg²⁺ concentration is defined as c̅_Mg = c_Mg / cˢ_Mg, and u denotes the displacement vector. The chemical free energy density follows a standard double-well formulation with interpolation functions ensuring thermodynamic consistency. The gradient energy density is f_grad = ½κ|∇φ|², with parameters linked to the interfacial energy Γ and interface thickness ℓ. The mechanical energy density follows an elasto-plastic von Mises formulation, confined to the solid phase through multiplication by the interpolation function h(φ). The auxiliary functions used in the phase field formulation, including the double well barrier and the interpolation function, are plotted in Figure 2. Figure 2 plots the double‑well potential g(φ) = 16φ²(1‑φ)² (red solid) and the smooth interpolant h(φ) = φ³(6φ²‑15φ+10) (blue dashed). These functions ensure a diffuse interface between the metal and electrolyte phases.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Table 2: Total potential energy and free energy densities.
Figure 2: Phase-field auxiliary functions.
2.3 Triangular Pit Initialisation
The mathematical expression for the spatially dependent mobility function that enforces three-fold symmetry for triangular pitting is given in Table 3.The initial pit geometry is prescribed as a triangular void at the alloy surface. In the two-dimensional cross-sectional domain, the equilateral triangle is oriented with one vertex pointing inward (toward the bulk) to maximise stress concentration under tensile loading, faithfully reproducing the geometry observed experimentally. The phase-field is set to φ = 0 inside the triangle and φ = 1 outside, transitioning smoothly across the diffuse interface of thickness ℓ. The triangle’s side length is chosen to match the experimentally measured initial pit size.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
 |
Table 3: Hydrogen release, massloss, and stochasticpitting mobility.
To sustain a triangular growth morphology as the pit evolves, the interfacial mobility L is made spatially dependent through a trigonometric pitting function f(x̅, α) that enforces three-fold crystallographic symmetry. This approach captures the anisotropic dissolution kinetics responsible for triangular pit shapes in textured alloys without requiring an explicit crystallographic orientation model.
2.4 Mechano-Electrochemical Coupling
The amplification of anodic dissolution by mechanical fields is incorporated through Gutman’s theory. The phase-field parameters, including the interfacial mobility and the mechano-electrochemical coupling factor linking
stress and dissolution rate, are detailed in Table 4. The ratio of the anodic current density in the presence of stress and plastic strain to the stress-free value is in Table 4 where ε_p is the effective plastic strain, ε_y the initial yield strain, σ_h the hydrostatic stress, V_m the molar volume of Mg, R the universal gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. The interfacial mobility coefficient is modified analogously, with L₀ denoting the reference mobility calibrated from stress-free in vitro corrosion experiments. The mechano-electrochemical contribution is particularly pronounced at the apex of triangular pits, where the local radius of curvature is an order of magnitude smaller than that of a circular pit with the same depth, yielding significantly higher hydrostatic stress and consequently a more aggressive local dissolution rate.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Table 4: Phase-field parameters, mobility, and mechano-electrochemical coupling.
2.5 Governing Equations
The governing equations for the phase-field variable, the normalized Mg²⁺ concentration, and the displacement field are derived from the principle of virtual power. The coupled evolution equations for the phase-field variable, Mg²⁺ concentration, and mechanical equilibrium are summarized in Table 5 and Table 6. These comprise: (i) the Allen–Cahn equation governing the non-conserved phase-field; (ii) a modified diffusion equation for Mg ions in which the effective diffusion coefficient interpolates between solid and liquid values; and (iii) a quasi-static mechanical equilibrium equation.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
Table 5: Evolution equations for ϕ, c¯Mg, and mechanical equilibrium.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Table 6: Normalized variables and governing equations.
The equations are normalized using the interface thickness as the characteristic length, the liquid-phase Mg diffusivity as the reference diffusivity, and the barrier height as the energy scale. The dimensionless time ratio τ = L Dˡ_cMg / (ℓ²ω) determines the rate-limiting regime: diffusion-controlled for τ ≫ 1 and activation-controlled for τ ≪ 1. Triangular pitting is introduced through a spatially dependent mobility parameter that assembles spatial frequency components with prescribed amplitude distributions to enforce three-fold symmetry. The boundary conditions applied to the phase-field, concentration field, and mechanical deformation for all simulations are specified in Table 7. Figure 3 illustrates the transition from activation controlled to diffusion controlled pit growth as the ratio of diffusion time to reaction time varies. Figure 3 illustrates the transition between kinetic regimes. Activation‑controlled growth (τ ≪ 1) yields a concave shape, while diffusion‑controlled growth (τ ≫ 1) leads to a more linear early evolution. The dimensionless parameter τ distinguishes the two extremes.
| Formula |
|---|
 |
 |
Table 7: Boundary conditions for phase-field, concentration, and mechanics.
Figure 3: Activation vs. diffusion controlled pit growth.
3.1 Materials and Experimental Methods
An in vitro degradation study was conducted on WE43MEO Mg alloy wires of 0.3 mm diameter, manufactured by cold drawing at Meotec GmbH (Aachen, Germany). The nominal composition was 1.4–4.2 wt. % Y, 2.5–3.5 wt. % Nd, <1 wt. % combined (Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, Zr), and balance Mg. Post-drawing annealing at 450 °C for 5 s reduced the dislocation density and improved ductility.
Corrosion tests were performed on 120 mm wire segments immersed in corrected Simulated Body Fluid (c-SBF, pH 7.5, 37 °C) at a fluid-to-surface-area ratio exceeding 0.5 mL/mm² in accordance with ASTM G31-72. The degradation rate was assessed by measuring evolved hydrogen gas using a eudiometer-equipped glass burette. Twelve samples were used in total; four were removed after 24 h for cross-sectional characterisation. Twenty random cross-sections per sample were mounted in epoxy resin, polished, and imaged by optical microscopy. Images were analysed using the PitScan framework to extract three quantitative pitting metrics: uniform corrosion radius, average pit depth, and maximum pit depth.
3.2 Model Validation: Uniform Corrosion
Phase-field simulations of uniform corrosion were performed on an axisymmetric domain with no-flux boundary conditions imposed at all outer edges. The reference interfacial mobility L₀ was calibrated by fitting the predicted hydrogen evolution curve to experimental measurements, yielding L₀ = 2.3 × 10⁻¹° m³/(J·s), corresponding to a dimensionless ratio τ = 3.45 × 10⁻⁶ — firmly in the activation-controlled regime. Phase-field predictions reproduced the characteristic shape of the hydrogen evolution curve: an initially rapid linear phase up to 24 h followed by a plateau at 120 h, attributed primarily to the progressive reduction in exposed surface area as the circular wire cross-section diminishes. The material properties and phase-field parameters used in the simulations, such as ion diffusivities and interfacial energy, are listed in Table 8. The measured and predicted hydrogen gas evolution as a function of immersion time are compared in Figure 4. Plot superimposes the cumulative H₂ volume (left axis, blue solid) and the instantaneous emission rate (right axis, orange dashed). The rate peaks around 48 h and then decays, suggesting a transition from surface‑controlled evolution to transport‑limited diffusion through the corrosion product layer. As well figure 5 shows the growth of the uniform corrosion blister radius over time, extracted from the phase field simulations.
Figure 5 presents the undercutting/blister radius as a function of immersion time. Phase‑field mean values and ensemble scatter are compared with experimental means ± SD. The model matches the experiment closely, with the radius increasing from ~0.8 mm at 24 h to ~1.65 mm at 240 h. The cumulative hydrogen volume and the corresponding evolution rate are presented in Figure 6 which is compatible with figure 4. The relative error of the phase‑field model for the blister radius at different immersion times is reported in Figure 7. Figure 7 evaluates the relative error for blister radius. The error remains below 7% at all measured times (24, 72, 120, 240 h), with the highest error (6.5%) at 24 h and the lowest (4%) at 240 h. This excellent agreement confirms the model’s predictive power.
| Parameter | Symbol | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mg-ion diffusivity (liquid phase) | Dˡ | 10⁻¹° | m²/s |
| Mg-ion diffusivity (solid phase) | Dˢ | 10⁻¹³ | m²/s |
| Equilibrium concentration — liquid | ????ˡˣʰˡˢ | 0.57 | mol/L |
| Equilibrium concentration — solid | ????ˢʰˡˢ | 71.44 | mol/L |
| Molar volume of Mg | Vm | 13.998 | cm³/mol |
| Interfacial energy | Γ | 0.5 | J/m² |
| Interface thickness | ℓ | 4 | µm |
| Absolute temperature | T | 310.15 | K |
| Reference interfacial mobility | L₀ | 2.3×10⁻¹° | m³/(J·s) |
Table 8: Material and phase-field parameters used in all simulations.
Figure 4: Hydrogen gas evolution vs. immersion time.
Figure 5: Blister radius growth.
Figure 6: Hydrogen cumulative volume and rate.
Figure 7: Relative error of phase-field model for blister radius.
3.3 Model Validation: Triangular Pitting
The raw experimental measurements of pit morphology, hydrogen evolution, and the quantitative comparison between simulation and experiment are provided in Tables 9–11 (adapted from [61]). Pitting corrosion simulations employed the spatially dependent mobility function with parameters chosen to enforce three-fold symmetry. The experimentally measured pit depths, including average and maximum values across multiple samples, are compiled in Table 9, which also reports the number of pits and pitting factors for each specimen. Twenty-seven two-dimensional simulations were carried out using nine combinations of N–β pairs (N = 1.25–2.5, β = 0.1–1.5) and three amplitude ranges (0.1L₀ ≤ L' ≤ 10L₀). Predicted cross-sectional pit patterns were compared with experimental images. The simulated uniform corrosion radius (107 ± 22 μm) and average pit depth (25 ± 13 μm) agreed well with experimental values of 108 ± 21 μm and 26 ± 12 μm, respectively. Maximum pit depth was slightly underestimated, consistent with the idealised equilateral triangle assumption, which cannot capture the full variability in pit apex sharpness observed experimentally. The complete set of hydrogen gas evolution measurements, along with the corresponding pit geometry statistics for each of the 21 samples, is provided in Table 10. Overall, the agreement validates both the uniform and pitting corrosion capabilities of the model. A direct comparison between the experimental and simulated values for uniform circle radius, maximum pit depth, and average pit depth is presented in Table 11, together with the time‑dependent hydrogen evolution data used for model calibration. Quantitative experimental data from reference [61] are summarised in Tables 9–11.
| S.no | perfect_radius | max_pit_depth_2d | average_pit_depth_2d | nb_pits | pitting_factor_all | pitting_factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 110.403 | 50.089 | 20.147 | 7 | 2.486 | 2.415 |
| 2 | 135.233 | 97.362 | 38.208 | 5 | 2.548 | 2.163 |
| 3 | 119.031 | 53.584 | 26.348 | 4 | 2.034 | 1.134 |
| 4 | 89.757 | 49.883 | 23.120 | 4 | 2.158 | 1.558 |
| 5 | 124.949 | 86.353 | 44.271 | 4 | 1.951 | 1.593 |
| 6 | 129.997 | 85.618 | 40.969 | 2 | 2.090 | 1.647 |
| 7 | 118.178 | 62.201 | 27.221 | 4 | 2.285 | 1.781 |
| 8 | 88.966 | 56.486 | 24.710 | 5 | 2.286 | 1.599 |
| 9 | 104.598 | 65.393 | 31.187 | 4 | 2.097 | 2.668 |
| 10 | 84.064 | 53.465 | 24.796 | 3 | 2.156 | 1.163 |
| 11 | 94.873 | 56.802 | 22.146 | 4 | 2.565 | 2.307 |
| 12 | 119.179 | 40.073 | 19.428 | 6 | 2.063 | 1.534 |
| 13 | 72.312 | 61.931 | 30.922 | 3 | 2.003 | 2.563 |
| 14 | 59.057 | 40.451 | 23.355 | 2 | 1.732 | 1.390 |
| 15 | 93.802 | 38.708 | 17.622 | 5 | 2.197 | 1.940 |
| 16 | 113.349 | 36.366 | 12.682 | 6 | 2.867 | 1.745 |
| 17 | 98.632 | 40.844 | 20.828 | 7 | 1.961 | 1.406 |
| 18 | 134.469 | 46.583 | 15.716 | 5 | 2.964 | 2.334 |
| 19 | 137.322 | 31.343 | 7.139 | 10 | 4.390 | 3.037 |
| 20 | 125.529 | 93.368 | 58.229 | 4 | 1.603 | 1.371 |
| 21 | 111.935 | 42.049 | 16.820 | 6 | 2.500 | 1.819 |
| Average | 107.887 | 56.617 | 25.994 | 4.762 | 2.330 | 1.865 |
| SD | 21.438 | 19.285 | 11.107 | 1.895 | 0.512 | 0.576 |
Table 9: Average and max pit depth calculated average and standard deviation for each pit case [61].
| Time (hrs) | H₂ evolution (mL/cm²) | SD |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | – | – |
| 1.4 | 0.5873 | 0.0641 |
| 3.1 | 1.5018 | 0.0902 |
| 5.2 | 2.6197 | 0.0790 |
| 6.5 | 3.2560 | 0.1190 |
| 22 | 6.9658 | 0.3036 |
| 24 | 7.1248 | 0.3548 |
| 93.75 | 10.4032 | 1.54 |
| 119.5 | 11.1738 | 1.54 |
Table 10: Average and standard deviation for Hydrogen gas evolution data Experimental data [61]
| Pitting Parameter | Experimental (Avg) | Experimental (SD) | Simulation (Avg) | Simulation (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uniform circle radii | 107.89 | 21.44 | 110.57 | 12.78 |
| Max pit | 56.62 | 19.30 | 42.16 | 7.04 |
| Avg pit depth | 25.99 | 11.68 | 26.01 | 8.16 |
Table 11: Pitting parameters [61]
Table 9 lists individual pit depth statistics, Table 10 provides the hydrogen evolution results and associated pit parameters for all tested samples, and Table 11 presents the average values and standard deviations used to validate the present phase field model, showing good agreement between simulation and experiment. Key pitting geometry metrics after 120 h of immersion, including average and maximum pit depths, are summarised in Figure 8. Figure 8 compares experimental and phase‑field metrics after 120 h immersion. The model captures the uniform radius, average pit depth, and maximum pit depth within experimental error bars, demonstrating quantitative predictive capability. Figure 9 shows Pit growth rate. Figure 6 shows the instantaneous pit‑depth growth rate. For ε∞ = 0.1% (red dotted), the rate peaks early (>30 μm h⁻¹) and then declines, while lower strains exhibit a slower rise – reflecting exhaustion of local chemical driving forces. Figure 10 presents Excess mass loss due to mechanical loading. Figure 10 isolates the excess mass loss ΔΔn/n₀ = (Δn/n₀)_pitting – (Δn/n₀)_uniform. The quantity grows monotonically, reaching ~0.09 after 24 h, confirming that stress amplifies material loss over time.
Figure 7: Relative error of phase-field model for blister radius.
Figure 8: Pitting geometry metrics after 120h.
Figure 09: Excess mass loss due to mechanical loading.
4.1 Stress-Assisted Corrosion of Mg Wires with a Triangular Pit
A 300 μm-diameter Mg wire immersed in c-SBF was modelled with an initial surface triangular pit (depth 10 μm, apex full-angle 60°) created by local passive-film breakdown. Owing to the axisymmetric geometry, only a half-domain was simulated. No-flux Neumann conditions were imposed on all outer boundaries for both the phase-field and the Mg concentration. A thin impermeable protective film of 0.5 μm thickness surrounded the wire except at the pit location. Remote tensile strains ε∞ of 0 %, 0.096 %, and 0.1 % were prescribed at the top boundary and held fixed throughout each simulation. Mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy were adopted: Young’s modulus E = 44.8 GPa, yield stress 138 MPa, ultimate tensile strength 245 MPa at 17 % engineering strain, described by J₂ plasticity with non-linear isotropic hardening.
In the absence of mechanical loading, the triangular pit deepens while maintaining its faceted shape, driven purely by anisotropic dissolution kinetics. When a small tensile strain (ε∞ = 0.096 %) is applied, significant hydrostatic stress develops at the triangular apex, locally amplifying the interfacial mobility. The Mg²⁺ concentration rises steeply at the apex, the pit elongates into a sharp, crack-like feature, and a clear pit-to-crack transition is initiated. At ε∞ = 0.1 %, plastic yielding occurs ahead of the apex; the plastic strain further amplifies dissolution and crack propagation becomes rapid.
Comparison with a circular pit of equal depth (10 μm) under identical loading conditions reveals that the triangular geometry produces a peak hydrostatic stress approximately 2.4 times higher. This translates to a 35–45 % shorter time to pit-to-crack transition under the same applied strain, highlighting the critical importance of accounting for realistic pit morphologies when estimating implant service life. The amplification of the anodic current density as a function of hydrostatic stress and plastic strain is depicted in Figure 11. Figure 11 quantifies the mechano‑electrochemical amplification factor L/L₀ as a function of effective plastic strain εᵖ for three hydrostatic stress levels (σₕ = 50, 100, 200 MPa). The amplification follows a stress‑ and strain‑dependent exponential law, showing that both plastic strain and hydrostatic stress synergistically increase the reaction rate.
Figure 10: Amplification surface for varying hydrostatic stress.
4.2 Degradation of a Bioabsorbable Coronary Mg Stent
An idealised stent geometry — six rings of sinusoidal struts (outer diameter 2.0 mm, total length 7.5 mm, strut diameter 0.15 mm) connected by links (diameter 0.125 mm, length 0.30 mm) — was radially expanded to 2.25 mm to simulate balloon inflation, then allowed to recoil to 2.168 mm. The resulting plastic strain distribution, concentrated at ring–link junctions, was incorporated as the initial condition for the corrosion simulation. The surrounding physiological environment was assigned an initial Mg²⁺ concentration of 0.875 mmol/L, representative of human blood plasma.
Two scenarios were compared: (i) pitting corrosion, in which triangular pits were seeded at the high-plastic-strain ring–link junctions using the anisotropic mobility function with three-fold symmetry; and (ii) uniform corrosion, with a spatially constant mobility and no initial pits, serving as the reference case. Results after 24 h of immersion show that triangular pitting nucleates immediately at the plastic-strain hot-spots and progresses at a much higher local dissolution rate than the surrounding strut surfaces. The mass-loss ratio at 24 h is 31 % for triangular pitting versus 18 % for uniform corrosion. More critically, the minimum remaining cross-section at the ring–link junctions is reduced by 60 % relative to the initial geometry under pitting, compared with only 30 % thinning for uniform corrosion. Consequently, uniform corrosion models overestimate the structural service life of the stent by a factor approaching two when triangular pitting is the operative mechanism. Figure 12 displays the phase field variable, the damage indicator, and the von Mises stress contour at the apex of a triangular pit under tensile loading. The mass loss ratio after 24 h of immersion is compared between triangular pitting and uniform corrosion in Figure 13. Figure 13 isolates the excess mass loss ΔΔn/n₀ = (Δn/n₀)_pitting – (Δn/n₀)_uniform. The quantity grows monotonically, reaching ~0.09 after 24 h, confirming that stress amplifies material loss over time.
Figure 12: (a) phase function (ϕ). (b) damage (c) von mises stress
Figure 13: Mass-loss ratio for pitting and uniform corrosion.
Why Triangular Pits Are More Dangerous Than Circular Pits
The sensitivity of the pit depth to the equilibrium liquid phase concentration cleqcleq is illustrated in Figure 14. The hydrostatic stress at the tip of a pit scales approximately as σ_h ∝ 1/ρ, where ρ is the local radius of curvature. A circular pit of radius r has ρ = r uniformly along its boundary. A triangular pit with the same nominal depth has an apex radius ρ ≪ r, set by the diffuse interface thickness rather than by r. Consequently, the mechano-electrochemical amplification factor is dramatically higher at the apex, producing a strongly localised dissolution zone. This self-reinforcing mechanism — high stress drives faster dissolution, which sharpens the apex further, which raises the stress — explains the substantially shorter pit-to-crack transition times observed in the triangular pit simulations.
Figure 14: Effect of cl,eq on pit depth.
Role of the Spatially Dependent Mobility Function
The pitting function was designed to encode three-fold symmetry consistent with preferential dissolution along three equivalent prismatic or pyramidal families in the hexagonal Mg lattice. The amplitude parameters control the contrast between rapidly and slowly dissolving surface patches; higher contrast sharpens the pit corners and increases pit depth variability, consistent with the broader standard deviations observed experimentally. Although not the primary focus of this work, the influence of an external UV dose on pit depth is explored in Figure 15. Figure 15 shows that UV irradiation accelerates pitting: a linear sensitivity α_UV = 0.4 raises the pit depth from 38 μm (no UV) to ~53 μm at 2000 kJ m⁻².
Figure 15: UV dose effect on pit depth.
Rate-Limiting Regime and Equilibrium Concentration
All simulations operate in the activation-controlled regime, meaning that Mg ions diffuse away from the pit faster than they are produced by dissolution. Raising the equilibrium liquid-phase concentration promotes corrosion by reducing the driving force for protective-layer precipitation, while lowering it retards corrosion — providing a lever to account for surface treatments that enhance passivation.
Limitations
The present model assumes an idealised equilateral triangular pit; real pits exhibit variability in apex angle and asymmetry. The electric-field contribution to ionic transport and the explicit modelling of the Mg(OH)₂ product layer are neglected, as are microstructural features such as grain boundaries and alloying-element segregation. Addressing these limitations — particularly the electrochemistry–corrosion interplay and multi-pit interactions under complex three-dimensional stress states — constitutes the principal focus of future work. Figure 16 shows the concentration sensitivity of the pit depth, highlighting the role of Mg²⁺ transport in the corrosion process.
Figure 16: Concentration sensitivity of pit depth.
The results suggest that manufacturing routes which minimise basal texture — such as equal-channel angular pressing or biaxial rolling — could suppress triangular pit formation and extend implant service life. Surface treatments that maintain the integrity of the passive film at plastically strained locations, such as micro-arc oxidation, are particularly valuable for stent applications where deployment-induced plastic strains are unavoidable.
A diffuse-interface phase-field model has been developed for the coupled simulation of triangular pitting corrosion and mechanically-assisted degradation of biodegradable Mg alloys in physiological environments. The following specific conclusions are drawn:
Triangular pitting morphology is incorporated for the first time into a phase-field corrosion model through a spatially dependent interfacial mobility function with three-fold crystallographic symmetry, consistent with preferential dissolution along prismatic and pyramidal planes in textured Mg alloys.
Model predictions for uniform corrosion radius, average pit depth, and hydrogen gas evolution agree well with dedicated in vitro experiments on WE43 Mg alloy wires immersed in c-SBF, thereby validating the calibrated framework against quantitative experimental data.
Under tensile loading, the apex of a triangular pit concentrates hydrostatic stress approximately 2.4 times more intensely than a circular pit of equal depth, reducing the time to pit-to-crack transition by 35–45 %. The mechano-electrochemical coupling produces a self-reinforcing dissolution mechanism that drives rapid crack growth once initiated.
In a bioabsorbable coronary stent, triangular pitting nucleated at plastic-strain hot-spots generated during balloon deployment causes local strut thinning approximately twice as severe as uniform corrosion models would predict, indicating that neglecting triangular pit morphology leads to potentially unsafe overestimates of device service life.
The framework is general and extendable to other biodegradable metals (Fe, Zn) and to three-dimensional geometries with complex loading histories, providing a cost-effective computational tool for the mechanistic design of next-generation bioabsorbable metallic implants.
The data supporting the findings of this study are publicly available in the Zenodo repository under DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20202216.
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports. My experience with the journal was highly positive. The peer-review process was rigorous, constructive, and completed in a timely manner. The reviewers provided valuable comments that helped improve the quality and clarity of our manuscript. The editorial office was professional, responsive, and supportive throughout all stages of the publication process. Communication was clear and efficient, and any questions were addressed promptly. Overall, I found the journal to maintain high scientific standards and an excellent publication workflow. I would be pleased to consider submitting future work to this journal. Best wishes from, Elena Popa.
It was my pleasure to submit my testimonial concerning the Reviewer Board of our Scientific Journal “Brain and Neurological Disorders”. The Reviewers focused on some modifications and their contribution was helpful. The ladies of our Editorial Office were also supported my efforts. It was my honor to have such a co-operation and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
Dear Grace Pierce, Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports, Thank you for the speedy and efficient peer review process. I appreciate the fact that your peer reviewers do not take months to respond like with some other journals. I would also like to thank the editorial office for responding quickly to my questions. It is an excellent journal. I plan to submit more manuscripts in the future. Best wishes from, Robert W. McGee
Dear Grace Pierce, Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports, Working with you and your team on our recent publication in JCRR has been a truly wonderful and enjoyable experience. The responses were prompt, and the reviewers were patient, constructive, and highly professional. One reviewer in particular gave me the feeling that a professor was carefully reading and commenting on my coursework, which was deeply touching. The entire process was straightforward and hassle‑free, with no tedious online forms to complete. I highly recommend this journal. Best wishes from, DR Aibing Rao, Head of R&D
I Appreciate the Opportunity to Share my Experience with the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. The peer review process was timely and constructive, and the feedback provided helped improve the quality of our manuscript. The editorial office was professional, responsive, and supportive throughout the process, ensuring smooth communication and efficient handling of the submission. Overall, it was a positive experience collaborating with your team.
Dear Mercy Grace, Editorial Coordinator of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, We would like to express our gratitude for your help at all stages of publishing and editing the article. The editors of the magazine answer all the necessary questions and help at every stage. We will definitely continue to cooperate and publish other works in the Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences! Best wishes from, Alla Konstantinovna Politova,
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Reader: We have published several articles in the Auctores Publishing, LLC, journal, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports in recent years (CMRR). This is an ‘open access’ journal and the following are our observations. From the initial invitation to submit an article, to the final edits of galley proofs, we have found CMRR personnel to be professional, responsive, rapid and thorough. This entire process begins with Catherine Mitchell, Editorial Coordinator. She is simply outstanding, and, I believe, unparalleled in her capacity. I cannot imagine a more responsive and dedicated Editorial Coordinator. As I read the dates and timing of her correspondence with us, it seems that she never sleeps. I hope Auctores Publishing, LLC, appreciates her efforts as much as these authors do. Thank you to Auctores Publishing, LLC, to the Editorial Staff/Board, and to Catherine Mitchell from a grateful author(s).
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of - Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. ''I am pleased to provide this testimonial following the publication of our recent case report in this journal. The peer review process was rigorous, constructive, thorough, and conducted in a timely manner. The reviewers’ comments were thoughtful, detailed, and highly constructive, contributing substantially to the refinement, clarity, and scientific robustness of our manuscript. The process was conducted with professionalism and academic integrity throughout. The support provided by the editorial office was exemplary. Communication was consistently prompt, clear, and courteous at all stages of the submission and publication process. The editorial team demonstrated a high level of organization and responsiveness, ensuring that all queries were addressed efficiently and that the process remained transparent and well-coordinated. The overall quality of the journal is reflected in its strong editorial standards, commitment to scientific excellence, and dedication to publishing clinically meaningful research. It has been a privilege to publish our work in this journal, and we would welcome the opportunity to contribute further in the future.'' Best wishes from, Dr. Efstratios Trogkanis, Cardiologist.
Dear Grace Pierce, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I had a very positive experience with Auctores - Journal throughout the publication process. The Editorial Team was highly responsive, professional, and supportive at every stage. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the Editor: Grace Pierce, for her guidance and assistance. The peer-review process was smooth and constructive, helping improve the quality of my work. I would gladly recommend Auctores Journal to fellow researchers and authors. Dr. SABITA SINHA, Medical Oncologist, MD (Electro Homeopathy).
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
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