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Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9759/157
1Chief, Pediatric and Adult Cardiology, Prakash Heart Station, Nirala Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India.
2Cardiac Technician, Prakash Heart Station, Nirala Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India.
*Corresponding Author: Akhil Mehrotra, Chief, Pediatric and Adult Cardiology, Prakash Heart Station, Nirala Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India.
Citation: Akhil Mehrotra, Faiz Illahi Siddiqui, (2025), Transthoracic Echocardiography: Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus accompanied by myriads of Congenital Cardiac Defects. A Rare Case Report, Cardiology Research and Reports, 7(3); DOI:10.31579/2692-9759/157
Copyright: © 2025, Akhil Mehrotra. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 28 March 2025 | Accepted: 08 April 2025 | Published: 15 April 2025
Keywords: dextrocardia; situs inversus; dorv; pulmonary valvular stenosis; cavcd; hypoplastic mitral valve annulus; complete av septal defect, malposition of great arteries
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the detection of congenital heart defects (CHD), is an indispensable and first line imaging technique. A nine year old female child presented to us with breathlessness, central cyanosis and clubbing of all the fingers and toes. We performed a TTE in a structured manner by the sequential segmental approach (SSA) and were able to establish a categorical diagnosis of Dextrocardia, Situs Inversus accompanied by a conundrum of congenital cardiac defects.
Dextrocardia with situs inversus (SI) incidence is 1-2 per 20,000 normal population [1-3] and about 2% - 5% have associated congenital cardiac disease [4, 5]. Currently, TTE is the standard number one imaging technique in the diagnostic assessment of CHD [6-9] (Figure 1), due to its characteristics of versatility, non-invasiveness and probability.
Figure 1: Sequential segmental analysis. Diagrammatic representation of segments of the heart (1. atria; 2. ventricles; 3. great arteries) and bridging components (atrio-ventricular canal and infundibulum).
The SSA comprises of numerous echocardiographic interpretative imaging steps for methodical assessment of morphology of the heart. The stepwise approach enables precise recognition of the morphological anatomy of heart, in patients of CHD [10] (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Stepwise approach to sequential segmental analysis (SSA). How to proceed in the SSA is elaborated in the figure 2.
Here, we are reporting a case of 9 year old cyanotic female child suffering from confirmed CHD. We performed a succinct SSA with TTE and were able to establish a detailed diagnosis of CHD encompassing myriads of anomalies: Dextrocardia, Situs inversus, Malposition of great arteries (MGA), Double outlet right ventricle (DORV), Pulmonary valvular stenosis (PS), Complete atrio-ventricular canal defect (CAVCD), Hypoplastic mitral valve annulus, left atrium (LA), left ventricle and accompanied with left aortic arch.
A private hospital referred a 9 year old female child to us for comprehensive color echocardiography and opinion regarding treatment of cyanotic CHD.
The parents provided the history of cyanosis since birth, shortness of breath and failure to thrive. On clinical examination, the child was slim and lean, very active and lively. Pectus excavatum was noticed along with prominent chest wall. Central cyanosis was obvious over her lips, fingers tips and toes. Conspicuous clubbing was also noticed over nails of fingers and toes (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Facial appearance and other clinical features in our index patient. (A) Facial appearance; (B) Chest wall abnormalities- Pectus excavatum was observed alongwith prominent chest wall; left > right; (C) Clubbing and cyanosis was detected in all the fingers; (D) Clubbing and cyanosis was noticed in all the toes.
The child’s weight was 13 kg, height was 168 cm, BP was 90/60 mmHg, HR was 105/min, respiratory rate was 20/min and SPO2 was 72% at room air. Cardiac examination revealed apical impulse in the right chest, in the 4th intercostal space, just medial to the mid-clavicular line. A grade 3/6 ejection systolic murmur was best heard in the pulmonary area of right chest. P2 component was soft. No clicks or gallop sound were heard.
Xray chest (PA) view demonstrated dextrocardia with reduced pulmonary arterial flow (Figure 4).
Figure 4: X-ray chest (PA) view- Dextrocardia is recognized. The pulmonary blood flow is decreased.
Resting ECG showed the following features (Figure 5):
Figure 5: Resting ECG demonstrated: Ventricular rate of 96/ min with a normal sinus rhythm T wave inversion in L1, AVL, V2- V6 , Tall R waves in V1 (consistent with right ventricular hypertrophy), lack of normal R wave progression in precordial leads.
Transthoracic Echocardiography
TTE assessments according to SSA, were performed by employing My Lab X7 4D XStrain echocardiography machine, Esaote, Italy.
M-mode Echocardiography
For estimating various ventricular parameters (Table 1), M-mode echo was conducted.
| Measurements | LV | RV |
| IVS d | 6.4 | 7.2 |
| ID d | 12.1 | 21.4 |
| PW d | 4.3 | 8.3 |
| IVS s | 7.2 | 7.0 |
| ID s | 8.0 | 16.6 |
| PW s | 5.9 | 8.3 |
| EF | 67 % | 48 % |
| %FS | 33 % | 22 % |
| EDV | 3.4 ml | 15.2 ml |
| ESV | 1.1 ml | 7.9 ml |
| SV | 2.3 ml | 7.3 ml |
| Mass | 9 g | 34 g |
| IVS, interventricular septum, ID, internal dimension; PW, posterior wall; values are mentioned in millimeter. | ||
Summary of M-mode echocardiography
M-mode echocardiography depicted dilated RV with mildly reduced RVEF (48 %). On the contrary the LV was hypoplastic with normal LV systolic function LVEF (67 %).
2Dimensional-Transthoracic Echocardiography
2Dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was conducted in explicit detail and it demonstrated the following features (Figures 6-18):
Both the great arteries are arising from the morphological right ventricle.
A subaortic conus was recognised
Aorta is anterior and to the right of PA
PA is posterior and to the left of aorta
Common AV valve (CAAV) orifice
Common AV valve with separate MV (Right AV valve) and TV (Left AV valve) orifices
MV orifice was hypoplastic and TV leaflets were large and thickened.
Size: 9.8 mm.
Ostium primum type.
Lt. to Rt. shunt.
Size 15.9 mm.
Inlet type
Lt. to Rt. shunt.
The chordae of left AV valve (Tricuspid valve) were attached to the lateral wall of RV and RV apex. MV chordae were attached to ventricular septal crest and lateral wall of LV.
On color flow mapping a mild, central tricuspid regurgitation jet was identified in RA. The jet area was 2.80 sqcm.
PV domed
Peak/mean gradient across PV = 83/64 mmHg.
Hypoplasia of PV annulus, MPA, LPA and RPA
PV annulus (D): 4.0 mm
MPA (D) : 5.3 mm
LPA (D) : 3.6 mm
RPA (D) : 3.5 mm
Morphological LV was hypoplastic
Normal LV systolic function LVEF (67 %)
Peak/mean gradient across PV = 83/64 mmHg.
Figure 6: Dextrocardia. Subcostal view identifies dextrocardia.
Figure 7: Situs Inversus: In the subcostal view aorta is right sided and inferior vena cava (ivc) is left sided. Liver is also left sided ; ao, aorta; ivc, inferior vena cava; sp, spine.
Figure 8: Situs Inversus. Ultrasound of abdomen reveals: (A) Right sided spleen; (B) Left sided Liver; sp, spine.
Figure 9: Malposition of great arteries. In the SX view from the right chest shows aorta is anterior and to the right of pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery is posterior and to the left of aorta.
Figure 10: Apical 4C view from right chest with cursor probe placed at 9 o’clock position. Morphological right ventricle was dilated and morphological LV was hypoplastic; la, left atrium; lv, left ventricle; ra, right atrium; rv, right ventricle; vs, ventricular septum; TV, tricuspid valve; as, atrial septum; AL, anterior leaflet; SL, septal leaflet.
Figure 11: Double outlet right ventricle. (A) and (B) In the right LX and right apical 5C view both great arteries are arising from morphological RV. Aorta was anterior and pulmonary artery was posterior and hypoplastic. Pulmonary valve was domed. A subaortic conus was also recognized. (C) In the right apical 5C view, the diameter of hypoplasic pulmonary arteries was estimated. PV annulus, MPA, LPA and RPA diameter was 4.0 mm, 5.3 mm, 3.5 mm and 3.6 mm respectively; DORV, double outlet right ventricle, Ao, aorta, PA, pulmonary artery; C, conus; LA, left atrium; TV, tricuspid valve; RV, right ventricle; mv, mitral valve; l, left pulmonary artery, r, right pulmonary artery; vs, ventricular septum.
Figure 12: Color flow mapping in apical 5C view from right chest. The classical movement of blood flow in DORV is depicted. The anterior aortic flow is non turbulent and the posterior pulmonary arterial flow is highly turbulent because of severe pulmonary valvular stenosis; la, left atrium; lv ,left ventricle; laa, left atrial appendage; AO, aorta; PA, pulmonary artery.
Figure 13: Color flow mapping across pulmonary valve identifies pulmonary valvular stenosis with a peak/mean gradient of 83.1/ 64.8 mmHg; PS, pulmonary stenosis.
Figure 14: Complete atrio-ventricular canal defect (CAVCD). (A) Apical 4C view from right chest portrays common AV valve with two components: large anterior and septal leaflet of TV and bileaflet MV. (B) Apical 4C view from right chest discerns the ostium primum ASD (**) CAVCD (****); mv, mitral valve; lv, left ventricle; vs, ventricular septum; mb, moderator band; rv, right ventricle; ra, right atrium; AL, anterior leaflet of TV; SL, septal leaflet of TV; as, atrial septum; TV, tricuspid valve.
Figure 15: Complete AV canal defect in the subcostal view. (A) Large TV annulus, TV leaflets, hypoplastic MV annulus, ostium primum ASD, dilated RA and Hypoplastic LA were deciphered; (B) Large inlet VSD dilated RV and hypoplastic LV were exhibited; (C) On color flow imaging an ASD jet is displayed across ostium primum ASD; (D) Peak/mean gradient across ASD was 2.1/0.7 mmHg.
Figure 16: Left AV valve (TV) regurgitation. Apical 4C view from right chest shows mild TV regurgitation.
Figure 17: Direction of blood flow across ostium primum ASD and TV in the apical 4C view, imaged from right chest. Color flow mapping across ostium primum ASD is denoted as (**) and across TV is denoted as (****). Green arrows portray the direction of blood across ASD and TV; la, left atrium; ra, right atrium; rv, right ventricle; as, atrial septum; ao, aorta; mv, mitral valve; AL, anterior leaflet of tricuspid valve.
Figure 18: Suprasternal view. (A) Left aortic arch; (B) Color flow mapping demonstrating non turbulent blood flow in the left aortic arch; aa, ascending aorta; da, descending aorta.
Summary of color echocardiography
On TTE, in our index patient, we detected numerous cardiac defects: Dextrocardia, Situs inversus, Malposition of great arteries, DORV, PS, CAVCD-Rastelli Type B, Hypoplastic MV annulus, LA, and LV accompanied by left aortic arch. Due to the presence of significant breathlessness and central cyanosis, we suggested to the parents to consult a tertiary care cardiovascular institute for palliative or corrective surgery.
A “segmental approach” was advocated by Richard Van Praagh in 1972. According to this methodology the heart structure were classified into three crucial components: 1. Atria, 2.Ventricles and 3.The great arteries [11]. Nonetheless, Anderson had his exclusive version of segmental approach [10]. Undoubtedly, multiple imaging technique including, Cardiac MRI, Cardiac CT and TEE play a paramount role in the detection and confirmation of CHD. Currently, TTE , because of its non-invasive nature, free availability and adaptability, stands out as a number one imaging technique in the diagnosis of CHD [6-9].
In SIT, around 2-5% of patients have associated cardiac anomalies [4, 5]. Typically, normal life expectancy is observed in patients with situs inversus (SI) and dextrocardia (DXA) unaccompanied by other CHD. Nevertheless, in those accompanied by CHD, reduced life span is expected, determined by the seriousness of the CHD [12]. Clinical manifestation in the patient is variable depending on associated malformations [13-15].
A perplexing mystery of congenital heart defects
The salient TTE features in our index patient, were deeply puzzling and mystifying. However, with great determination and endurance, we were able to construct a complex albeit a clinching diagnosis of SI, DXA, Malposition of great arteries, DORV, Pulmonary valvular stenosis, CAVCD, hypoplastic MV annulus, LA, LV and left aortic arch. Despite these complexities our patient has survived into mid-childhood with significant symptomatology of breathlessness, cyanosis and clubbing, due to a balanced circulation.
We have considerably searched the literature and were unable to find a similar case report. Nonetheless, many authors have published rare case reports of SI, DXA with multiple and or complex CHD [16-20]. We are mentioning here three such interesting complex case reports A “Triply Reversed Heart” [17] comprising of SI, DXA and congenitally corrected TGA in 57 year old female, was published by Chang et al [17]. A noteworthy report of Nigerian infant who presented with SI, DXA with multiple cardiac anomalies (Common atrium, CAVCD, Pulmonary atresia and PDA) [20]. Importantly, Chang et al published 2 case report of complex congenital heart disease in whom cardiac transplantation was performed. One of them was afflicted with dextrocardia, situs inversus with single ventricle, D-TGA, severe valvular PS, left aortic arch and bilateral SVC.
The uniqueness of our case was concomitant existence of CAVCD, DORV, Malposition of great arteries and PS creating a complicated hemodynamics.
Our patient spotlights, the presence of Dextrocardia, situs inversus, CAVCD, DORV and malposition of great arteries accompanied by severe PS and left aortic arch, which has not been described in literature. Complex congenital cardiac defects require a considerable amount of knowledge of CHD and moreover strong determination and endurance is necessary, while performing the TTE. The procedure may consume plenty of time in a busy practice of non-invasive cardiologist. The patient being at high risk of mortality, was referred to a tertiary care Cardiovascular institute for a definitive corrective/palliative surgery.
We are deeply indebted to Faiz Illahi Siddiqui, our co-editor, who has innovated the scheme and presentation of Figure 2 of our manuscript.
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I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
