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Short Communication | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/088
College of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street, Washington D.C., 20059, USA
*Corresponding Author: Bisrat Hailemeskel, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street, Washington D.C., 20059, USA
Citation: Delande E, Hoegy D, Plantier D, Maglia G, Mouchoux C, Pivot C, Mandy B et all (2023), Towards a New Model: Construction of a Clinical Pharmacy Program Integrated into the Care Pathway for Brain Patients, J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice, 6(1); DOI:10.31579/2639-4162/088
Copyright: © 2023, Bisrat Hailemeskel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 23 February 2023 | Accepted: 08 March 2023 | Published: 13 February 2023
Keywords: care pathway ; clinical pharmacy ; stroke
Introduction: Approximately 15 million adult women in the United States suffer from stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the most common form of incontinence among women. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medication for the treatment of SUI. Therefore, it is necessary to review potential drugs that have shown some benefits in clinical studies. One of these drugs is duloxetine. Many studies have shown a knowledge gap among healthcare providers regarding the off-label use of medications. However, studies show that one in five prescriptions written today are for off-label use. The goal of this study is to assess the knowledge and opinion of students regarding the off-label use of duloxetine in the treatment of SUI.
Methods: The Survey questions were provided during the Drug Information Course at Howard University (HU) College of Pharmacy in a class where first-year pharmacy students learn how to conduct a literature search and a survey. A total of 39 students responded to the survey.
Results: There were more females (n=23; 56.1%) with an age range between 18 – 24 years. About two-thirds (n=29; 70.7%) had a four-year degree before starting the pharmacy program. Overall, participants scored less than the passing 70% mark on the knowledge questions, which may call for educators to make a special effort to incorporate off-label and approved indications of medication teaching therapeutic-related courses. For example, more than sixty percent of respondents (n=25; 61%) incorrectly stated that duloxetine is a narrow therapeutic drug. The majority (n=; 34; 82.9%) of the participants responded wrongly that urinary incontinence is more common in women during their childbearing age. The opinion survey showed that most participants (n=25; 61%) did not believe there were many FDA-approved effective drugs for treating UI. Over sixty percent of participants (n=25; 61%) considered UI a severe illness and did not agree to use a non-approved drug such as duloxetine, although several published clinical studies support its effective use. Participants were split in their opinion regarding the non-approved use of medications.
Conclusion: Study results suggest that students may need encouragement to explore medications with non-FDA approvals.
Targeting patients within their care pathway (PS) and personalizing clinical pharmacy activities in a gradual manner, according to the risk of adverse events, is a necessity to gain relevance in a constrained economic context. Non-adherence to therapy leads in particular to recurrence of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)1 and clinical pharmacy activities could help prevent this risk.
Objective
Structuring a clinical pharmacy program integrated into the PS of brain-damaged patients in neurological follow-up and rehabilitation services (SSR) and day hospitalization (HDJ), through collaboration between pharmacists - doctors - caregivers.
Method
Semi-directed exploratory interviews were conducted with medical, paramedical and pharmaceutical professionals from the PS concerned, using an interview guide and literature [2]. It consisted of three parts: description of the iatrogenic risks according to the stages of the PS, the factors influencing these risks, the clinical pharmacy activities to be offered and their integration into the PS, as well as the barriers that could prevent their deployment.
Results and discussion
Ten professionals participated between October 6 and November 1, 2020, including 3 doctors, 1 pharmacists, 1 health executive, 1 neuropsychologist, 1 speech therapist, 1 psychomotrician and 2 nurses. Twelve iatrogenic risks cited by the speakers with in particular non-adherence, the unsuitable galenic form, the taking of contraindicated drugs, as well as the loss of autonomy. Twenty-one factors influencing these risks, including cognitive, memory, phasic and swallowing disorders, polypharmacy associated with the taking of risky drugs as well as a lack of education in the prescribed therapy sometimes associated with the absence of a caregiver. The stage of the PS particularly at risk was the discharge of the patient. The proposed pharmaceutical activities were participation in multidisciplinary meetings (RM) and clinical pharmaceutical expertise, motivational interviewing, collective educational workshop and remote tele-monitoring. The barriers were mainly the understanding of brain-damaged patients and the inclusion of caregivers. These elements are compared with the literature.[3]
Conclusion
Thanks to this multi-professional structure, a clinical pharmacy program integrated into the PS of brain-damaged patients is currently being deployed in SSR and HDJ, integrating all the activities identified. Its objective is to gain autonomy for the patient and/or those around him. Targeting is set up, by medical request or pharmaceutical opinion in consultation with the healthcare team during MR. Pharmacists are being trained in motivational interviewing. In addition, a re-educational workshop on the management of a pill dispenser is being created.
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