AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/320
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Takatu Campus, Airport Road, Quetta, Balochistan.
*Corresponding Author: Nida tabassum khan, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Takatu Campus, Airport Road, Quetta, Balochistan.
Citation: Nida tabassum khan, Dilawar khan. (2023). To Assess the Effect Of Hospitalization On Adult Patients’ Mental Health, J Clinical Research and Reports, 13(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/320
Copyright: © 2023, Nida Tabassum Khan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 08 April 2023 | Accepted: 06 June 2023 | Published: 15 June 2023
Keywords: stress; isolation; medical expenses; psychological; inadequacy
Based on the analysis and findings of this research, it can be concluded that hospitalization can have a significant impact on adult patients’ mental health. The results indicate that hospitalization was associated with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among adult patients. This suggests that hospitalization can be a stressful and emotionally challenging experience for many patients. Additionally, the study found that the length of hospitalization was a significant factor in predicting the severity of mental health symptoms. Patients who had longer hospital stays tended to report higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress during their stay period and even after discharge. These findings highlight the importance of providing psychological support and counseling services to patients during and after hospitalization. Therefore, the healthcare system should prioritize mental health care for hospitalized patients to help them cope with emotional and psychological stress of hospitalization. Future research in this area could explore the effectiveness of different interventions such as mindfulness-based stress reduction or cognitive-behavioral therapy in mitigating the negative mental health effects of hospitalization. Overall, the results of this study add to the growing body of research on the importance of mental health care in the hospital setting.
Hospitalization of adult patients often results in their functional decline affecting their capabilities and cognitive responses during their stay or even after discharge [1,2]. These negative impacts on patients’ mental well-being are not only brought about by the patient's acute or chronic condition but other psychological risk factors including depressive symptoms, bridge between the patients’ environment and the unfamiliar hospital setting, restricted mobility, health expenses, sense of isolation etc act as contributing factors in functional decline of the admitted or discharged patients [3,4,5].In addition, hospitalization adversely influences patients' capacities to adapt and change [6]. It apparently fuels patients' feelings and expands anxiety and depression among them [7]. So understanding these aspects might assist medical practitioners with supporting adult patients through their hospital stays and even after discharged could be assessed for their mental-well-being [8]. Accordingly, there is a need to develop an executive health management framework for psychological comorbidities based on the medical care rules as a part of the mental health policy [9,10]. Hospitalization may sternly disrupt sleep, which can worsen pain, mental status, and the psychiatric health of ill patients [11]. Inadequate sleep may lead to both psychological and physiological consequences on adult patients thus instigating anxiety, anger and stress among hospitalized patients [12,13].Like vital signs, the patient sleep quality reveals much about patients' overall well-being, and should be a routine part of medical evaluation [14].Subsequently, occurrence of psychophysiological capability should be examined in adult patients during their medical stay alongside adequacy of assessment outside the medical setting when they are discharged in order to decide if there are patients for whom hospitalization isn't the only optimal treatment required but other medical interventions are needed to ensure wellbeing of their mental health [15,16] . Thus, the aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of hospitalization on adults’ patients’ mental health and also to identify the contributing factors that effects their behaviour and functionality.
Materials and Methods
This study is a cross sectional study included 100 adult patients aged ≥18.Data was collected from Jilani and Gilani hospital located in satellite town Quetta. The patients were selected at random and participation was voluntarily. All patients provided informed consent.
Inclusion criteria
• Age group ≥18 and patients who could respond
• Only those patients were included in the study who were hospitalized for about 7 days or more and were expected to stay more days based on doctors’ advice.
Exclusion criteria
• Age group less than18 years of age
• Patients which were about to discharge, or were hospitalized for less than 7 days.
Assessment of hospitalization effect on patients’ mental health was achieved with the help of a self-designed questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data was achieved using Microsoft excel 2013
Results
Table 1 and Graph 1 depicts the respective age group of the patients who participated in this study.
| S.no | Age group (yrs) | No of patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | 18-28 yrs | 17 |
| 2 | 29-39 yrs | 32 |
| 3 | 40-50 yrs | 37 |
| 4 | ≥ 51 | 14 |
Table 1: Age group of patients
Table 2 and Graph 2 depicts the gender of the adult patients who participated in this study.
Table 2: Gender distribution of the adult patients
| S.no | Gender | No of patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | Females | 26 |
| 2 | Males | 74 |
Psychological factors affecting hospitalized patients were given in Table 3 and Graph 3.
| S.no | Psychological factors | No of adult patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | Feeling of inadequacy | 67 |
| 2 | Emotional disturbance | 74 |
| 3 | Immobility | 78 |
| 4 | Sense of isolation/separation | 65 |
| 5 | Inadequate sleep | 73 |
Table 3: Psychological factors affecting hospitalized patients
| S.no | Psychological factors | No of adult patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | Feeling of inadequacy | 67 |
| 2 | Emotional disturbance | 74 |
| 3 | Immobility | 78 |
| 4 | Sense of isolation/separation | 65 |
| 5 | Inadequate sleep | 73 |
Table 4: Socioeconomic factors affecting hospitalized patients
Socioeconomic factors affecting hospitalized patients were given in Table 4 and Graph 4.
| S.no | Socioeconomic factors | No of patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | Hospital charges/cost of treatment | 87 |
| 2 | Absence from job/work | |
| Employed | 73 | |
| Non-employed | 27 | |
| 3 | Hospital environment | |
| Medical staff behaviour/doctor availability (satisfied/not satisfied) | 68 not satisfied | |
Hospital management/facilities (satisfied/not satisfied) | 72 not satisfied |
Table 5: Duration of hospitalization among adult patients
Duration of hospitalization of adult patients were given in Table 5 and Graph 5
| S.no | Duration (no of days) | No of patients (%) (n=100) |
| 1 | 7 days | 28 |
| 2 | 10 days | 31 |
| 3 | 15 days | 24 |
| 5 | 20 days | 11 |
| 6 | > 20 days | 6 |
The effect of hospitalization on adult’s mental health is a crucial aspect in this research as our study revealed that hospitalization could have long-lasting impacts on a patient’s mental wellbeing. Based on the obtained result it was concluded that the considered age group from 18 to above 50 years, individuals belonging to the age group 40 to 50 years were more affected by hospitalization followed by age group 29-39 years indicating higher prevalence of these particular age groups being hospitalized and then by age group 18-28 however patients of age ≥ 51 years were accounted for the lowest number of patients being hospitalized as shown in graph 1.The possible reason may because of progressive deteriorating age of these patients, the severity or complication of the disease is worsen with the passage of time and is now beyond medication or surgery [17,18].Hospital stay from time to time is required by these patients for short period in order to minimize the pain/symptoms of the diseases to reduce their suffering to some extent [19].
Another finding in our research indicated higher prevalence of hospitalization among patients with chronic health conditions plus the stress associated with family or work further worsen the symptoms of exsisting medical ailment thus resulting in a greater number of days being spent in hospital. As a consequence, hospitalized patients experience psychological issues including depression, anxiety, emotional disbalance, inadequacy etc [20,21] as depicted in graph 3. Moreover, lack of sleep, immobility and sense of isolation triggers the patient’s mental stability and has a negative impact on their mental health which requires intensive medical care [22].
Multiple factors may affect adult male/female patient’s mental health during or after hospitalization, the factors to some extents are same but may vary in accordance with gender including stigma, lack of support, challenges with communication, underlying health conditions and social norms [23,24]. However, it is important to note that mental health concerns can affect anyone regardless of gender, and seeking support is a vital step towards recovery [25]. Immobility can significantly impact patient’s mental state in hospital setting, leading to increased risk of complications such as loss of muscle mass, psychological impacts, delayed readiness for discharge etc [26,27]. Thus, healthcare professionals must address these issues proactively by promoting early mobilization, encouraging activity, and providing appropriate interventions to improve patient’s overall health outcomes [28,29].
Our studies also revealed that socioeconomic factors can have a significant impact on adult patient’s mental health these factors include hospital costs, employment status of patients, hospital management, hospital staff performance etc [30,31] as shown in graph 4. In addition, it has been seen in numerous hospitalization scenarios that the hospital management tends to pressurize the patient for longer stay for financial profit or health insurances [32].
it’s important to note that the reason for prolonged hospitalization may vary depending on the patients’ health condition and the specific hospital in any case. Nevertheless, the length of hospital stay should be determined by the patients’ medical needs and not influenced solely by financial or insurance consideration [33]. Our research study also concluded that addressing social determinants of health, providing high- quality care, and implementing preventative measures can help reduce healthcare costs for patients from lower socioeconomic background [34] and therefore these patients would have one less socioeconomic factor to worry.
A potential limitation of this study is that mental health assessments are often subjective in nature and can be influenced by a patient’s mood or other factors. Another limitation is that the study does not include patients with certain mental health conditions which may limit the generalizability of our findings. Hence, the findings of this research can lead to improvements in the hospital environment by supporting mental health care for hospitalized patients for instance, regular mental health assessments during hospitalization and the implementation of mental health interventions for patients who exhibited deteriorating mental health [35,36].Subsequently it is important to identify how hospitalization can affect patients mental well-being, and provide possible solution to improve mental health outcomes for hospitalized patients
Conclusion
Based on the analysis and findings of this research, it can be concluded that hospitalization can have a significant impact on adult mental health. The results indicate that hospitalization was associated with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among adult patients. This suggests that hospitalization can be a stressful and emotionally challenging experience for many patients.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
