AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/234
Department of Medical laboratory, high institute of sciences and medical technology abuslaim Tripoli, Libya.
*Corresponding Author: Hamida Amer Master degree in Microbiology Assistant Professor - Department of Medical Laboratories.
Citation: Hamida Mohammed Amer, (2024), The vaginal microbiome in women's health and bacterial vaginosis, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports; 6(8): DOI: 10.31579/2690-8794/234
Copyright: © 2024 Hamida Mohammed Amer, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 04 October 2024 | Accepted: 11 October 2024 | Published: 18 October 2024
Keywords:
Background:
You may have heard of the gut microbiome, but the vagina also has a microbiota. The bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiome is thought to be associated with women's health and disease states. The vaginal microbiome is a complex and dynamic micro-ecosystem that fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle and throughout a woman's life. The vaginal mucosa consists of a stratified, non-keratinised squamous epithelium covered by cervicovaginal secretions. The composition of the vaginal microbiota varies greatly between healthy and diseased individuals, and there are many factors that can influence the balance of microbiota in the vagina.
Aim of study:
The aim of the study was to review the current literature on the importance of the vaginal microbiota and to discover what factors may influence the composition of the vaginal microbiome.
Matherials and methods:
A systemic review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases and the search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2024. The search strategy was based on following terms: microbiome, vaginal bacteria, health and microbiome, vaginal microflora and human vaginal microbiota.
The vaginal microbiota is the collective term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the human vagina. As with all microbiota, it includes bacteria,fungi, viruses, archaeaand protists [1]. The human body can be considered a holobiont, comprising the host organism and a diverse range of microbial species. Over the course of approximately half a billion years of human–microbial coevolution, the interdependencies between these two entities have undergone a significant evolution [2]. The vaginal microbiota establishes a mutually beneficial relationship with their host, exerting a significant influence on health and disease [2].
Vaginitis is defined as an inflammatory process affecting the vagina. Furthermore, vulvovaginitis is characterised by inflammation of the external female genital organs [2,4]. The aetiology of vaginitis is multifactorial, with infection, alterations in hormonal equilibrium, mechanical irritation and allergic reactions all identified as potential causes. Vaginitis is frequently a source of discomfort and can also become a significant source of pain [4].
It is thought that the vaginal microbiota, which is formed by several aerobic, anaerobic and facultative bacteria, plays an important role in maintaining reproductive function. This is because it prevents the growth of pathogenic microorganisms [3].
The vaginal microbiota is the collective term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the human vagina. As with all microbiota, it includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists. However, the relative abundance of microorganisms other than bacteria is not yet well mapped. Over the past decade, the advent of advanced sequencing techniques has enabled a shift from traditional characterisation methods, such as microscopy and culturedependent approaches, towardsa more comprehensive understanding of the vaginal microbiota [4].
Vaginal infections are classified into three principal categories: candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. Of these, candidiasis, also known as "yeast infection," is the cause of 20 to 40 percent of all cases of infectious vaginitis. Furthermore, it is the most frequently occurring form of vaginal infection [5].
It seems that the individual microbiome achieved during birth is subject to change throughout life, which would appear to indicate microbiome specificity. In the vagina, the close relationship between microbes and the host provides a kind of first line of defence against the migration of opportunistic pathogens [5-6] . This healthy balance is referred to as eubiosis. However, if the opportunistic pathogens are allowed to outweigh the pathogens, this can disrupt the symbiotic balance, which is referredto as dysbiosis. This can then lead to inflammation [6].
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common mild imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. The vagina normally contains harmless bacteria. BV occurs when that a bacterium over-grows [10]. BV is an inflammatory condition caused by vaginal dysbiosis. A BV-associated vaginal microbiome is generally Lactobacillus- depleted with an increase in the relative number of anaerobic bacteria such as of anaerobic bacteria such as G. vaginalis, Prevotella and Mobiluncus spp. BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, affecting an estimated estimated to affect approximately 25% of women worldwide. The most common symptoms of BV include excessive vaginal discharge, fishy odour, vaginal irritation and a vaginal pH higher than 4.5 [10-11] .
1.1Candidiasis:
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an opportunistic yeast infection. A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that can cause irritation, discharge, and intense itching of the vagina and the vulva - the tissues at the opening of the vagina [8-10].
Candida albicans is the organism most responsible for infection. which is a commensal fungal species that is part of the normal vaginal microbiota in many women. There are no symptoms of infection in most women colonised with C. albicans, however, candidiasis can occur as a result of changes in host and behavioural factors [7-8].
It would be fair to say that women around the world use a variety of intimate hygiene products as part of their daily cleansing routine [7]. It is important to recognise that these practices are influenced by a number of factors, including personal preference, cultural norms, religious practices and guidance from healthcare professionals. Despite the wealth of literature on the vaginal environment, there is still much to be discovered about the vulvar area and how personal hygiene practices can affect its biological and physiological stability [7].
A multitude of factors contribute to the formation of feminine hygiene practices, including personal preference and the influence of cultural and societal norms. Although vaginal douching is a common practice among many women, there is currently no evidenceto suggest that it offers any confirmedhealth benefits [8-9]. Furthermore, it may potentially undermine the innate immune defences by altering the normal vaginal flora and predisposing women to infections. Vaginal douching has also Furthermore, there is an increased risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and sexually transmitted infections. Conversely, it is beneficial to perform routine washing of the vulva in order to prevent the accumulation of vaginal discharge, sweat, urine and faecal
contamination, which can otherwise result in offensive body odour [9]. While vulvar cleansing may be beneficial as an adjunct to medical treatment, it is important to note that vulvar cleansing products are not designed to treat infections. There has been a notable increase in the availability of intimate hygiene products for the purpose of maintaining cleanliness and controlling odour. However, some of these products may disrupt the pH balance in the vulvovaginal area, which could potentially affect the composition of the normal vulvovaginal microbiota, which is necessaryfor protection againstinfection [8-9]
Due to the limited blood supply, the vaginal mucosa obtains oxygen, glucose and other nutrients from the underlying submucosal tissues by diffusion. This creates a habitat that is relatively anaerobic in nature [14]. A complex microbial community living in a symbiotic relationship with the host is foundin the vagina. Thus, the indigenous environment, the microorganisms and their genomes together constitute the entire habitat, also known as the vaginal microbiome [13]. Vaginal yeast infections occur when there is a change in the number and type of bacteria that live in the vagina. Lactobacilli are a type of bacteria normally found in vaginas. The levels of lactobacilli are reduced and other bacteria are increased in people with BV. The reason for these changes is not known [15]. Vaginal dysbiosis can be definedas a non-optimal state wherebythe vaginal microbiota is disrupted due to a range of factors such as stress, antibiotics, and sexual activity. It is thoughtthat a reduction in the relative abundanceof protective Lactobacillus spp. may potentially lead to an increase in the vaginal pH and allow colonisation by a range of pathogenic organisms [6].
The vaginal microbiome, which is associated with bacterial vaginosis, is thought to be a contributing factor to infertility in women of reproductive age [30]. A higher incidence of abnormal vaginal microbiota has been reported in women with idiopathic infertility [31].
Vaginal discharge from bacterial vaginosis is yellow-green or grey, thin and foul- smelling, usually with a fishy odour, often increasing with more alkaline dischargeafter coitus and during menstruation. It is not common to have pruritus, irritation, erythema or oedema. [17]
The vaginal microbiota is the collective term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the human vagina. As with all microbiota, it includes bacteria,fungi, viruses, archaeaand protists [1]. The human body can be considered a holobiont, comprising the host organism and a diverse range of microbial species. Over the course of approximately half a billion years of human–microbial coevolution, the interdependencies between these two entities have undergone a significant evolution [2]. The vaginal microbiota establishes a mutually beneficial relationship with their host, exerting a significant influence on health and disease [2].
Vaginitis is defined as an inflammatory process affecting the vagina. Furthermore, vulvovaginitis is characterised by inflammation of the external female genital organs [2,4]. The aetiology of vaginitis is multifactorial, with infection, alterations in hormonal equilibrium, mechanical irritation and allergic reactions all identified as potential causes. Vaginitis is frequently a source of discomfort and can also become a significant source of pain [4].
It is thought that the vaginal microbiota, which is formed by several aerobic, anaerobic and facultative bacteria, plays an important role in maintaining reproductive function. This is because it prevents the growth of pathogenic microorganisms [3].
The vaginal microbiota is the collective term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the human vagina. As with all microbiota, it includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists. However, the relative abundance of microorganisms other than bacteria is not yet well mapped. Over the past decade, the advent of advanced sequencing techniques has enabled a shift from traditional characterisation methods, such as microscopy and culturedependent approaches, towardsa more comprehensive understanding of the vaginal microbiota [4].
Vaginal infections are classified into three principal categories: candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. Of these, candidiasis, also known as "yeast infection," is the cause of 20 to 40 percent of all cases of infectious vaginitis. Furthermore, it is the most frequently occurring form of vaginal infection [5].
It seems that the individual microbiome achieved during birth is subject to change throughout life, which would appear to indicate microbiome specificity. In the vagina, the close relationship between microbes and the host provides a kind of first line of defence against the migration of opportunistic pathogens [5-6] . This healthy balance is referred to as eubiosis. However, if the opportunistic pathogens are allowed to outweigh the pathogens, this can disrupt the symbiotic balance, which is referredto as dysbiosis. This can then lead to inflammation [6].
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common mild imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. The vagina normally contains harmless bacteria. BV occurs when that a bacterium over-grows [10]. BV is an inflammatory condition caused by vaginal dysbiosis. A BV-associated vaginal microbiome is generally Lactobacillus- depleted with an increase in the relative number of anaerobic bacteria such as of anaerobic bacteria such as G. vaginalis, Prevotella and Mobiluncus spp. BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, affecting an estimated estimated to affect approximately 25% of women worldwide. The most common symptoms of BV include excessive vaginal discharge, fishy odour, vaginal irritation and a vaginal pH higher than 4.5 [10-11] .
1.1Candidiasis:
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an opportunistic yeast infection. A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that can cause irritation, discharge, and intense itching of the vagina and the vulva - the tissues at the opening of the vagina [8-10].
Candida albicans is the organism most responsible for infection. which is a commensal fungal species that is part of the normal vaginal microbiota in many women. There are no symptoms of infection in most women colonised with C. albicans, however, candidiasis can occur as a result of changes in host and behavioural factors [7-8].
It would be fair to say that women around the world use a variety of intimate hygiene products as part of their daily cleansing routine [7]. It is important to recognise that these practices are influenced by a number of factors, including personal preference, cultural norms, religious practices and guidance from healthcare professionals. Despite the wealth of literature on the vaginal environment, there is still much to be discovered about the vulvar area and how personal hygiene practices can affect its biological and physiological stability [7].
A multitude of factors contribute to the formation of feminine hygiene practices, including personal preference and the influence of cultural and societal norms. Although vaginal douching is a common practice among many women, there is currently no evidenceto suggest that it offers any confirmedhealth benefits [8-9]. Furthermore, it may potentially undermine the innate immune defences by altering the normal vaginal flora and predisposing women to infections. Vaginal douching has also Furthermore, there is an increased risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and sexually transmitted infections. Conversely, it is beneficial to perform routine washing of the vulva in order to prevent the accumulation of vaginal discharge, sweat, urine and faecal
contamination, which can otherwise result in offensive body odour [9]. While vulvar cleansing may be beneficial as an adjunct to medical treatment, it is important to note that vulvar cleansing products are not designed to treat infections. There has been a notable increase in the availability of intimate hygiene products for the purpose of maintaining cleanliness and controlling odour. However, some of these products may disrupt the pH balance in the vulvovaginal area, which could potentially affect the composition of the normal vulvovaginal microbiota, which is necessaryfor protection againstinfection [8-9]
Due to the limited blood supply, the vaginal mucosa obtains oxygen, glucose and other nutrients from the underlying submucosal tissues by diffusion. This creates a habitat that is relatively anaerobic in nature [14]. A complex microbial community living in a symbiotic relationship with the host is foundin the vagina. Thus, the indigenous environment, the microorganisms and their genomes together constitute the entire habitat, also known as the vaginal microbiome [13]. Vaginal yeast infections occur when there is a change in the number and type of bacteria that live in the vagina. Lactobacilli are a type of bacteria normally found in vaginas. The levels of lactobacilli are reduced and other bacteria are increased in people with BV. The reason for these changes is not known [15]. Vaginal dysbiosis can be definedas a non-optimal state wherebythe vaginal microbiota is disrupted due to a range of factors such as stress, antibiotics, and sexual activity. It is thoughtthat a reduction in the relative abundanceof protective Lactobacillus spp. may potentially lead to an increase in the vaginal pH and allow colonisation by a range of pathogenic organisms [6].
The vaginal microbiome, which is associated with bacterial vaginosis, is thought to be a contributing factor to infertility in women of reproductive age [30]. A higher incidence of abnormal vaginal microbiota has been reported in women with idiopathic infertility [31].
Vaginal discharge from bacterial vaginosis is yellow-green or grey, thin and foul- smelling, usually with a fishy odour, often increasing with more alkaline dischargeafter coitus and during menstruation. It is not common to have pruritus, irritation, erythema or oedema. [17]
Physical examination and laboratory tests are used to diagnose BV. The physical examination will usually include an examination of the pelvic area, which will allow the healthcare provider to observe and test the vaginal secretions. Doctors can examine vaginal discharge with a microscope or use laboratory tests [15-16]. It can be difficult to know whether vaginal discharge is caused by BV, another type of infection (such as a yeast infection), or both, without an examination and tests. Testing for sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis, is usually offered to people being tested for BV [16].
TREATMENT OF BV
Metronidazole or clindamycin
Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days
Metronidazole 0.75% gel 5g (applicator full) intravaginal once daily for 5 days
2% clindamycin vaginalcream once dailyfor 7 days
Metronidazole is preferred for topical treatment. Clindamycin is an alternative.
For patients who are not pregnant, oral metronidazole is the treatment of choice. In pregnant patients, topical treatments are preferred because of the potential for systemic effects with oral medications [18-19].
Women should not use latex products (e.g. condoms or diaphragms) to prevent pregnancy because the cream can make latex weaker.
Another option for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis is a single oral dose of secnidazole 2 g Because only one dose is needed, secnidazole may improve patient compliance.
It is not recommended that sex partnersbe treated [18].
Metronidazole vaginal gel should be used to treat vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy, although treatment during pregnancy has not been shown to reducethe risk of pregnancy complications. To avoid endometritis, doctors may give prophylactic oral metronidazole prior to elective termination of pregnancy to all patients or only to those testing positive for bacterial vaginosis.
With treatment, symptomatic bacterial vaginosis usually resolves within a few days, but recurrences are common. Ongoingsuppressive antibiotics may be needed for frequent recurrences (current infection and at least 2 previous episodes within the last 12 months). In patients with recurrent bacterial vaginosis, suppressive therapy with metronidazole gel twice a week for 16 weeks can be considered [18-19]
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This is a review paper. All the information has been taken from the various books, articles, reviews and guidelines published by the CDC, WHO, NIH, etc.
Bacterial vaginosis is caused mainly by Gardnerella vaginalis, which produces vaginal fluid with a pH above 4.7 and a fishy odour when mixed with KOH solution (whiff test). Bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by the clue cells. It may be associated with previous STDs, vaginal discharge, multiple sexual partners and spontaneous abortion. It is important to identify women with these risk factors as soon as possible because of the likelihood of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. This can prevent problems and ensure a good pregnancy [20].
Conflict of interests:The author declareno conflicts of interest regardingthe publication of this Paper
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
