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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/384
Euclid University / Engelhardt School of Global Health and Bioethics, 1101 30th Street NW Suite #500 (Fifth Floor), Washington, D.C. 20007, United States.
*Corresponding Author: Julian Lloyd Bruce, Euclid University / Engelhardt School of Global Health and Bioethics, 1101 30th Street NW Suite #500 (Fifth Floor), Washington, D.C. 20007, United States.
Citation: Julian L. Bruce, (2025), The Stentrode™ System by Synchron: Architectural Design and Clinical Translation of a Minimally Invasive Brain–Computer Interface, J. Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, 18(2); DOI:10.31579/2578-8868/384
Copyright: © 2025, Julian Lloyd Bruce. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Received: 09 July 2025 | Accepted: 25 August 2025 | Published: 08 September 2025
Keywords: neurosurgical; endovascular; brain
The Stentrode™ system, developed by Synchron, introduces a minimally invasive endovascular architecture for brain–computer interfacing by enabling chronic electrocorticographic recording from within the superior sagittal sinus adjacent to the motor cortex. This review analyzes the system’s engineering framework, emphasizing the integration of mechanical design, materials science, signal conditioning, and chronic biostability. The device consists of a self-expanding nitinol stent embedded with thin-film platinum–iridium electrodes, delivered transvenously via the internal jugular vein and deployed without penetrating cortical tissue. Neural signals are amplified and digitized through a subcutaneous telemetry unit designed for low-noise, high-fidelity acquisition, particularly in the high-gamma band. Preclinical and clinical data confirm endothelialization of the implant, preserving venous patency and ensuring long-term signal stability. While the system sacrifices the spatial resolution of intracortical arrays, it offers a lower-risk, outpatient-compatible alternative that redefines the trade space between signal fidelity, procedural complexity, and translational scalability. By shifting the neurointerface paradigm from neurosurgical to endovascular access, the Stentrode™ establishes a new class of BCIs optimized for chronic deployment with minimal disruption to neural architecture.
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are rapidly evolving from experimental tools into viable clinical systems for restoring lost motor and communicative function. Historically, BCI platforms have prioritized signal fidelity by employing intracortical or subdural electrode arrays. However, these approaches often necessitate open-brain surgery and carry risks related to tissue injury, inflammation, and long-term device stability. In response, alternative architectures that seek to reduce procedural burden while preserving meaningful neural signal acquisition are being explored.
The Stentrode™ system represents one such architectural innovation: a fully implantable, endovascular neural interface capable of recording brain activity without penetrating cortical tissue. By integrating a flexible electrode array onto a self-expanding stent structure, the device can be deployed through the venous system and positioned near eloquent cortical areas, enabling neural recording through the vessel wall. This paradigm shift in neurointerface design offers the potential for broader clinical adoption by leveraging well-established endovascular techniques and minimizing neurosurgical complexity.
This manuscript provides a detailed engineering analysis of the Stentrode™ system, emphasizing its mechanical configuration, materials selection, signal processing pipeline, and long-term compatibility with the neurovascular environment. In doing so, it aims to elucidate the design considerations that distinguish this platform from more invasive BCI systems and clarify the trade-offs in achieving chronic functionality within a minimally invasive framework.
This review synthesizes scientific and technical sources published between 2019 and 2025, including peer-reviewed articles, clinical trial reports, conference proceedings, and regulatory filings. Targeted searches were conducted via PubMed, IEEE Xplore, bioRxiv, and Google Scholar using terms such as “Stentrode,” “endovascular brain–computer interface,” “venous neural implant,” and “Synchron BCI system.” Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were applied where appropriate to refine results.
The methodology was structured to capture the full engineering stack and translational evolution of the Stentrode™ system, with emphasis on thin-film neural electronics, mechanical compliance, wireless telemetry, and long-term endothelial integration. Priority was given to sources detailing device architecture, deployment techniques, signal acquisition pathways, and chronic biocompatibility.
Where peer-reviewed data were limited due to proprietary constraints, supplementary information was drawn from company white papers, FDA documentation, and investigator-authored briefings. All technical claims were cross-validated across multiple sources, and references with persistent identifiers—such as DOIs or stable institutional URLs—were prioritized to ensure transparency and reproducibility.
The Stentrode™ system, developed by Synchron, represents a paradigm shift in brain–computer interface (BCI) design by leveraging endovascular access to the cerebral cortex. Unlike traditional intracortical or subdural systems that require craniotomy, the Stentrode is deployed via the venous system, specifically the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), to record neural activity from the motor cortex [1]. This approach minimizes surgical morbidity while maintaining sufficient signal fidelity for motor decoding applications.
The architecture of the system comprises three primary components:
This section focuses on the engineering principles, materials science, and neurovascular interface dynamics underpinning Stentrode's functionality.
3.1 Stentrode Scaffold and Electrode Design
The mechanical core of the system is the nitinol stent scaffold. Nitinol, a near-equiatomic nickel–titanium alloy, is selected for its superelastic and shape memory properties, enabling it to undergo significant compressive deformation during catheter-based deployment and recover its original geometry intravascularly. A reversible martensitic phase transformation governs this thermomechanical behavior, and at normothermic physiological temperatures, nitinol resides in its austenitic phase. Its ability to maintain stable radial force within highly compliant venous environments ensures that the stent conforms closely to the wall of the superior sagittal sinus without exerting excessive pressure that might cause venous stenosis or flow disruption [3].
The stent’s final deployed dimensions—approximately 40 mm in length and 8 mm in diameter—have been optimized to align anatomically with the posterior SSS overlying the primary motor cortex. Laser-cut from drawn nitinol tubing and subjected to electropolishing, the scaffold features a repeating open-cell geometry that provides both flexibility and circumferential anchoring. Finite element modeling simulations have confirmed that radial and hoop stresses remain within safe margins under pulsatile hemodynamic loading, even during Valsalva maneuvers or other transient intracranial pressure elevations [4].
Sixteen platinum-iridium electrodes are embedded along the stent's luminal surface, each coated with iridium oxide to enhance charge injection capacity and reduce electrode polarization. The selection of platinum–iridium (typically 90:10 or 80:20) is predicated on its high corrosion resistance, inert electrochemical behavior, and historical biocompatibility in neural stimulation applications. Iridium oxide, applied via sputtering or reactive deposition, further increases the effective surface area of the electrode through nanoroughness and promotes capacitive coupling for stable signal acquisition across a broad frequency spectrum [5].
These electrodes are lithographically patterned onto a polyimide film substrate using standard MEMS thin-film processes. The layout includes gold or platinum metal traces insulated by biocompatible dielectrics, such as parylene-C, to prevent electrical crosstalk and signal leakage. The flexible electrode array is subsequently wrapped around the interior curvature of the stent and adhesively bonded, ensuring that electrode contact sites are circumferentially distributed and maintained in close apposition to the venous endothelium following deployment [6].
Following implantation, the device undergoes a natural endothelialization process wherein the stent struts and electrode surfaces become enveloped by migrating endothelial cells, typically within four weeks. Preclinical studies in ovine models—commonly used due to their comparable cortical hemodynamics—demonstrated that endothelialization stabilizes the electrode–vessel interface without inducing thrombus formation or intimal hyperplasia. Histological analyses confirmed the preservation of endothelial integrity, absence of lymphocytic infiltration, and sustained vessel patency up to 190 days post-implantation. These findings are critical for long-term device stability, as they confirm that the neurovascular interface remains biologically inert and mechanically robust under chronic conditions [7].
To mitigate early-stage thromboembolic risk, Synchron employs a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen consisting of aspirin and clopidogrel for the first 90 days, followed by aspirin monotherapy [8]. Computational hemodynamic modeling supports this clinical protocol, showing that shear stress along the stent–vessel interface remains within thresholds that discourage platelet aggregation, particularly around electrode junctions. This is especially important given the device's proximity to cortical draining veins, where stagnant flow or turbulent eddies could otherwise pose an embolic risk [6].
Altogether, the Stentrode scaffold and electrode array design represents a balance between neuroanatomical access, mechanical compliance, electrochemical performance, and chronic biostability. The convergence of thin-film MEMS fabrication with endovascular deployment strategy establishes a viable paradigm for minimally invasive neurosensing and offers a compelling alternative to traditional intracortical or subdural BCI platforms.
3.2 Lead Routing and Telemetry Unit Design
A critical component of the Stentrode™ system’s functionality lies in the design and integration of its lead routing and subcutaneous telemetry unit, which together form the conduit between the intravascular electrode array and external signal processing infrastructure. This subsystem must satisfy a complex set of engineering constraints: it must preserve signal fidelity, withstand chronic mechanical stress, ensure biocompatibility, and support wireless data transmission, all within the anatomical and physiological limitations of the human body.
The electrode array is connected to a flexible, insulated lead that traverses the venous system via the internal jugular vein. This lead is tunneled subcutaneously and terminates in a titanium-encased implantable receiver–transmitter unit (IRTU) housed in a subclavicular pocket. The lead itself is constructed from helically wound, biocompatible conductors embedded in a silicone or polyurethane sheath. It accommodates repetitive neck and shoulder motion without inducing mechanical fatigue or insulation breach. Strain-relief loops are incorporated at the venous exit site and the IRTU interface to mitigate tensile loading and reduce the risk of lead fracture or migration over time [1][8].
The IRTU performs several essential functions. First, it digitizes the analog neural signals received from the electrode array using low-noise amplification and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) circuitry. The ADC operates at a sampling rate sufficient to capture high-gamma ECoG activity (typically ≥1 kHz per channel), with resolution optimized to preserve signal-to-noise ratio while minimizing power consumption. Second, the IRTU handles wireless telemetry, transmitting digitized neural data to an external telemetry unit (ETU) via a secure, low-power radiofrequency (RF) link. The system employs Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocols with custom firmware to ensure robust packet delivery, forward error correction, and low-latency communication suitable for real-time decoding applications[9].
Power is delivered to the IRTU via inductive coupling from the ETU, which is worn externally over the subclavicular region. The ETU contains a primary coil that transmits energy at a resonant frequency (typically 6.78 MHz), which is received by a secondary coil embedded in the IRTU. This wireless power transfer eliminates the need for percutaneous connectors, thereby reducing infection risk and improving patient comfort. The IRTU includes onboard energy storage capacitors to buffer transient power fluctuations and ensure continuous operation during brief misalignments of the external coil [10].
Thermal management is a nontrivial design consideration. The IRTU’s power budget must remain below thresholds that could induce local tissue heating, typically constrained to <2>
The entire telemetry subsystem is hermetically sealed using laser-welded titanium enclosures with ceramic feedthroughs for electrical isolation. This packaging strategy ensures long-term biostability and resistance to fluid ingress, with accelerated aging studies predicting operational lifetimes exceeding five years. The IRTU’s form factor—approximately 50 × 30 × 8 mm—has been optimized for subcutaneous implantation without impinging on adjacent anatomical structures such as the clavicle, brachial plexus, or subclavian vessels [1][8].
Together, the lead and telemetry unit form a robust, fully implantable interface that bridges the intravascular neural recording array with external computational infrastructure. Their design reflects a careful balance between mechanical resilience, electrical performance, and biological integration, enabling the Stentrode™ system to extend the user's neural intent seamlessly.
3.3 Endovascular Deployment Methodology
The deployment of the Stentrode™ system leverages established neurointerventional techniques to access the cerebral venous system and position the electrode array adjacent to the motor cortex. This approach is modeled on procedures routinely performed in interventional neuroradiology, such as venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension or embolization of dural arteriovenous fistulas. The procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia in a hybrid angiography suite equipped with biplanar fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) capabilities.
Vascular access is obtained via percutaneous puncture of the right internal jugular vein using a modified Seldinger technique. A 9 French introducer sheath is advanced under ultrasound guidance, and systemic anticoagulation is initiated with intravenous heparin to maintain an activated clotting time (ACT) of 250–300 seconds. A guide catheter is then navigated superiorly through the jugular bulb into the transverse sinus and ultimately into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), which overlies the precentral gyrus of the dominant hemisphere [1][8].
Once the target segment of the SSS is reached, a microcatheter–microwire system is used to deliver the Stentrode™ device. The stent-electrode array is preloaded into a delivery catheter and constrained in a compressed configuration. Under continuous fluoroscopic visualization, the device retracts the outer sheath, allowing the nitinol scaffold to self-expand and anchor against the venous endothelium. The deployment is performed with submillimeter precision, guided by preoperative MRI-venography fusion imaging and intraoperative roadmap overlays to ensure alignment with the cortical motor strip [9].
Device positioning is confirmed using contrast-enhanced DSA, which delineates the stent's radiopaque markers and verifies patency of the SSS. Intraoperative cone-beam CT may assess three-dimensional conformation and proximity to cortical landmarks. Once deployed, the electrode lead is tunneled subcutaneously through the neck and chest wall to the subclavicular pocket, which is connected to the implantable receiver–transmitter unit (IRTU). The venous access site is closed using a figure-of-eight suture or vascular closure device, and hemostasis is confirmed prior to extubation[11].
Intraoperative monitoring includes impedance testing of each electrode channel to verify electrical continuity and detect potential short circuits or open leads. Baseline neural signals may be recorded intraoperatively to confirm functional contact with the cortical surface. The entire procedure typically lasts 90–120 minutes, with the endovascular phase requiring less than 30 minutes of fluoroscopy time. Compared to traditional craniotomy-based BCI implantation, this approach significantly reduces operative time, blood loss, and postoperative recovery duration [5].
Post-deployment imaging at 3 and 12 months has demonstrated submillimeter positional stability of the device, with no evidence of migration, thrombosis, or venous occlusion[12]. The minimally invasive nature of the procedure, reproducibility, and compatibility with standard neurointerventional workflows underscore its potential for widespread clinical adoption.
The fidelity of neural signal acquisition in the Stentrode™ system is governed by electrode design and placement and by the architecture of its analog front-end (AFE), digitization pipeline, and packaging constraints imposed by its fully implantable form factor. These components must operate within stringent power, thermal, and spatial budgets while preserving the spectral and temporal integrity of electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals recorded from within the superior sagittal sinus. This section thoroughly examines the signal conditioning architecture, emphasizing the trade-offs inherent in implantable neural electronics.
4.1 Analog Front-End Design
The AFE is the first stage in the signal chain and is responsible for amplifying low-amplitude neural signals—typically in the range of 10–100 µV peak-to-peak—while rejecting common-mode noise and preserving bandwidth. Each electrode channel is connected to a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with an input-referred noise floor below 2.5 µV_rms, optimized for the 1–300 Hz frequency band that encompasses motor-related μ (8–13 Hz), β (13–30 Hz), and low-γ (30–100 Hz) oscillations [9][13].
The LNA employs a capacitively coupled architecture with chopper stabilization to achieve high input impedance (>1 GΩ) and minimize signal attenuation across the electrode–tissue interface. This technique modulates the input signal to a higher frequency band where 1/f noise and DC offset drift are less pronounced, then demodulates it post-amplification. The result significantly reduces low-frequency noise and thermal drift, which is critical for stable long-term decoding performance [14].
The AFE also incorporates a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) stage, allowing dynamic channel gain adjustment to accommodate inter-subject variability in signal amplitude and electrode impedance. This adaptability is crucial in endovascular systems, where signal transduction occurs across the venous endothelium and may be influenced by vascular remodeling or fibrin sheath formation over time [7].
4.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Sampling Constraints
Following amplification, neural signals are digitized using a low-power analog-to-digital converter (ADC) integrated within the implantable receiver–transmitter unit (IRTU). The ADC operates at a sampling rate of 1 kHz per channel with 12- to 16-bit resolution, balancing the need for temporal precision with constraints on data throughput and implant power consumption [5].
The choice of sampling rate reflects a compromise between capturing high-gamma activity—often associated with motor intention—and minimizing aliasing and quantization noise. Anti-aliasing filters are implemented prior to digitization using low-pass finite impulse response (FIR) filters with a cutoff near 400 Hz, ensuring compliance with the Nyquist criterion while preserving signal bandwidth [13][14].
The digitized signals undergo on-chip compression to reduce data volume and transmission latency using delta encoding or predictive coding algorithms. These methods exploit the temporal correlation of neural signals to encode only the difference between successive samples, thereby reducing the bit rate without significant loss of information. This is essential for maintaining real-time performance over the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) telemetry link, which has a practical upper limit of ~1 Mbps in implantable configurations [15].
4.3 Electromagnetic and Motion Artifact Mitigation
The endovascular location of the Stentrode™ confers several advantages in artifact suppression. The superior sagittal sinus is shielded from scalp muscle artifacts and environmental electromagnetic interference (EMI), which commonly degrade signal quality in surface EEG systems. However, the system remains susceptible to motion-induced artifacts, particularly cardiac pulsatility and respiratory excursions [16].
To mitigate these effects, the AFE incorporates differential amplification with a high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR > 100 dB), and the signal processing pipeline includes adaptive filtering algorithms that subtract out periodic artifacts synchronized to physiological rhythms. Additionally, the mechanical compliance of the stent and lead reduces micromotion at the electrode–endothelium interface, further stabilizing the signal baseline [16].
5.4 Thermal and Power Constraints
To prevent tissue heating, all signal conditioning components must operate within a strict thermal envelope. The total power budget for the implant is constrained to <10>
The system employs duty-cycling strategies and low-leakage CMOS design techniques to achieve this. Power gating deactivates unused channels or reduces sampling rates during idle periods, extending battery life and reducing thermal load. These architectural decisions are critical for enabling chronic implantation without active cooling or frequent recharging [6].
The chronic viability of the Stentrode™ system hinges on its ability to maintain structural integrity and electrochemical performance within the neurovascular environment over extended periods. Unlike intracortical or subdural interfaces, which often contend with gliosis and fibrotic encapsulation, the endovascular approach leverages the natural healing dynamics of the venous endothelium to stabilize the implant. This section synthesizes preclinical and clinical findings that characterize the device architecture's long-term mechanical, biological, and electrochemical compatibility [5].
5.1 Endothelialization and Vascular Integration
Following deployment in the superior sagittal sinus, the Stentrode™ undergoes rapid endothelialization, a process by which endothelial cells migrate over the stent struts and electrode surfaces to form a continuous, non-thrombogenic lining. In ovine models, complete endothelial coverage has been observed within 28 days, confirmed via scanning electron microscopy and histological staining for CD31 and von Willebrand factor [7]. This biological encapsulation is essential for anchoring the device, minimizing micromotion, and reducing the risk of thrombus formation or neointimal hyperplasia [17].
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have demonstrated that the stent’s open-cell nitinol geometry maintains wall shear stress above the critical threshold (~0.4 Pa) required to support endothelial quiescence and alignment [6]. These simulations also show that the strut spacing and curvature avoid regions of recirculating flow, which promote platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition [4].
5.2 Mechanical Strain and Lead Fatigue
The Stentrode™ must endure the mechanical demands of the cerebral venous system, which is subject to pulsatile flow, respiratory-induced pressure fluctuations, and cervical motion. The nitinol scaffold exhibits superelastic behavior, allowing it to accommodate cyclic deformation without plastic fatigue. Mechanical testing has shown that the stent withstands over 10⁸ loading cycles without fracture, delamination, or loss of radial force [4].
The electrode lead, which traverses the jugular vein and subcutaneous tissues to reach the subclavicular implant site, is engineered with helically wound conductors and strain-relief loops to mitigate tensile stress. Accelerated aging and mechanical cycling studies have demonstrated that the lead maintains electrical continuity and insulation integrity after simulated multi-year use [5]. In the COMMAND trial, no lead fractures, telemetry failures, or migration events were reported over 12-month follow-up intervals [8].
5.3 Histological and Immunological Response
Histological analysis of explanted devices from ovine models has revealed minimal perivascular inflammation or foreign body response. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed intact venous architecture and preserved endothelial monolayers, while immunohistochemistry for CD68 and CD45 indicated negligible macrophage or lymphocyte infiltration [7]. These findings suggest the device elicits a low-grade immune response, consistent with other nitinol-based endovascular implants.
Clinical data from the SWITCH and COMMAND trials corroborate these findings. Across all participants had no device-related serious adverse events (SAEs) such as venous thrombosis, hemorrhage, or infection. Imaging follow-up using MR venography and contrast-enhanced CT confirmed stable device positioning and vessel patency up to 12 months post-implantation [8].
5.4 Electrochemical Stability and Signal Integrity
The electrochemical performance of the Stentrode™ electrodes remains stable over chronic implantation periods. In vivo impedance spectroscopy has shown that electrode impedance stabilizes within the first two weeks post-implantation and remains within the functional range (10–50 kΩ at 1 kHz) thereafter [16]. This plateau corresponds to the completion of endothelialization and establishing a stable electrode–tissue interface.
Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for motor-related ECoG signals have remained consistent over multi-month recordings, with no significant channel dropout or baseline drift. These metrics are critical for maintaining decoder performance in assistive communication applications and suggest that the device’s structural and electrochemical interfaces are robust to chronic implantation [14].
The architectural design of the Stentrode™ system reflects a deliberate prioritization of surgical accessibility and chronic biostability over spatial resolution and channel density. This trade-off distinguishes it from intracortical and subdural brain–computer interface (BCI) platforms, which offer higher signal granularity but at the cost of increased procedural complexity and long-term biological risk. Understanding these trade-offs is essential for contextualizing the Stentrode's engineering philosophy and translational trajectory.
6.1 Invasiveness vs. Signal Resolution
Intracortical systems such as the Utah array or Neuralink’s N1 platform achieve single-unit resolution by penetrating cortical layers II–V with microneedle electrodes. These architectures enable high-bandwidth decoding of motor intention and speech-related activity but require craniotomy and cortical penetration, which introduce risks of hemorrhage, gliosis, and long-term signal degradation due to reactive tissue encapsulation [18]. In contrast, the Stentrode™ records electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals from within the superior sagittal sinus, avoiding direct cortical contact. While this limits spatial resolution to the mesoscale (millimeter-level), it preserves the blood–brain barrier and reduces the risk of neuroinflammatory sequelae [7].
Preclinical comparisons have shown that the Stentrode™ achieves signal-to-noise ratios and bandwidths comparable to subdural ECoG arrays, particularly in the high-gamma band (70–150 Hz), critical for motor decoding [14]. However, it lacks the laminar specificity and spike resolution of penetrating arrays, making it less suitable for applications requiring fine-grained neural discrimination, such as speech synthesis or high-dimensional prosthetic control [19].
6.2 Scalability and Channel Density
The Stentrode™ currently supports 16 recording channels, constrained by the physical dimensions of the venous sinus and the need to maintain hemodynamic patency. In contrast, subdural platforms such as Precision Neuroscience’s Layer 7 array offer up to 4,096 channels across an 8 cm² footprint, and intracortical systems like Paradromics’ Connexus platform scale to 6,400+ channels via modular silicon shanks [20]. These high-density systems enable population-level decoding and spatiotemporal mapping of cortical ensembles but require extensive cranial access and complex implantation workflows.
Efforts to scale the Stentrode™ architecture must contend with vascular anatomy, electrode miniaturization, and telemetry bandwidth. While future iterations may incorporate multiplexed leads or endovascular branching arrays, the current design is optimized for low-channel, high-safety applications such as binary click selection and directional cursor control [8].
6.3 Manufacturability and Deployment Complexity
From a manufacturing standpoint, the Stentrode™ benefits from its compatibility with established stent fabrication workflows and MEMS-based thin-film electrode processing. Laser-cut nitinol scaffolds and polyimide-based electrode arrays allow batch fabrication and quality control within existing medical device supply chains [9]. In contrast, intracortical arrays often require manual assembly, micromachining, and cleanroom-intensive processes that limit scalability and increase cost.
Deployment of the Stentrode™ is performed via standard neurointerventional techniques, requiring only fluoroscopic guidance and jugular vein access. This contrasts sharply with the neurosurgical infrastructure required for craniotomy-based systems, which may involve stereotactic navigation, robotic insertion platforms, and intraoperative electrocorticography. The procedural simplicity of the Stentrode™ reduces operative time, anesthesia exposure, and hospital resource utilization, making it more amenable to outpatient workflows and broader clinical adoption [1].
6.4 Upgradeability and System Modularity
The modularity of the Stentrode™ system is currently limited by its monolithic design and fixed telemetry interface. In contrast, subdural and intracortical platforms are increasingly exploring modular architectures that allow for staged implantation, hardware upgrades, and multi-array configurations. However, the Stentrode’s endovascular route offers a unique opportunity for future upgradeability via catheter-based interventions, potentially enabling in situ replacement or augmentation without reoperation [21].
The Stentrode™ system introduces a novel architectural solution to the chronic brain–computer interfacing challenge by combining thin-film neural electronics with an endovascular delivery platform. Its design reflects a deliberate rebalancing of priorities, trading the micrometer-scale resolution of penetrating arrays for a minimally invasive, biologically stable interface that integrates seamlessly into existing neurointerventional workflows. The system achieves long-term neural recording without breaching the cortical surface or compromising vascular patency through mechanical compliance, biocompatible materials, and low-power signal processing.
This review has outlined the technical principles underpinning Stentrode's functionality, from stent-based electrode deployment and endothelial integration to real-time telemetry and thermal regulation. Notably, the system's architecture demonstrates that high-fidelity neural data can be acquired within the venous system using scalable manufacturing techniques and outpatient-compatible procedures. While current limitations in channel density and spatial resolution constrain the complexity of decoded outputs, early clinical data validate the platform's feasibility for motor restoration and digital communication applications.
Looking forward, the endovascular route provides a unique foundation for future enhancements, including multiplexed electrode arrays, bidirectional stimulation capabilities, and in situ upgradability. These possibilities position the Stentrode™ not merely as an alternative to traditional BCIs, but as the prototype of a new class of neural interfaces engineered for safety, scalability, and long-term integration within the dynamic physiological environment of the brain.
All journal policies and submission guidelines were carefully reviewed to ensure full compliance, and the manuscript has not been previously published or submitted elsewhere. The author declares no conflicts of interest. No human, animal, or plant subjects were involved in this literature review, so ethics approval, participant consent, and studies involving plants are not applicable. Additionally, no personal details, images, or videos of individuals are included, which makes publication consent unnecessary. The research did not receive external funding, and no data or supplementary materials are associated with the manuscript. Grammarly AI was used solely to refine grammar, syntax, and paragraph structure. It did not generate ideas or content, thereby preserving the originality of the work
All journal policies and submission guidelines were carefully reviewed to ensure full compliance, and the manuscript has not been previously published or submitted elsewhere. The author declares no conflicts of interest. No human, animal, or plant subjects were involved in this literature review, so ethics approval, participant consent, and studies involving plants are not applicable. Additionally, no personal details, images, or videos of individuals are included, which makes publication consent unnecessary. The research did not receive external funding, and no data or supplementary materials are associated with the manuscript. Grammarly AI was used solely to refine grammar, syntax, and paragraph structure. It did not generate ideas or content, thereby preserving the originality of the work
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Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
